Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

Microbial fermentation have several advantages to produce pure lactic acid (LA) by using cheap material. Whey is a byproduct of cheese industry utilized as fermentation media with local isolate L.paraplantarum. LA diagnosed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of HPLC shows appearance time of peak is equal to 5.361. The acid yield is 65%. The NMR spectrum indicates that, the band (1-1.5) ppm attributed to the CH3 group while the band within (4-4.5) ppm belonged to the hydroxyl protons and the proton of the second carbon atom. The FTIR spectrum of isolated LA confirmed the main peaks for lactic acid.

Seaweed and plants extracts can be applied as biostimulants during vegetable improvement owing to their improvement effects on plant growth, so this study was conducted in Horticulture Department, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan region-Iraq to investigate the influence of different treatments such as Sea weed (Alga Mix) with (0, 5 and 10 ml.l-1) and Garlic extraction at levels (0, 10% and 20%) V/V on growth and yield of cauliflower. Effect of Alga Mix with (10 ml-1) significantly increased in vegetative growth characteristics; included plant height (47.14 cm), stem diameter (21.18 mm). Also, using garlic extraction with (20%) V/V significantly enhanced plant height (45.65 cm), Number of (34.11 leaf.plant-1), stem diameter (21.31 mm), plant fresh weight (2030.33 g), curd fresh weight (g.plant-1) (613.0 g.plant-1) root weight (121.00 g.plant-1). From these results, it could be recommended that Alga Mix and Garlic extraction individually or in combination are important for improving the cauliflower growth and productivity.

Apple is an important fruit desired for taste and nutritive value. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative analysis between six local apple fruit samples (A: red Irani, B: France, C: yellow Irani, D: Staric, E: red Lebanon and F: yellow Lebanon), (A-C) taken from Haje Omran in (Erbil) and (D-F) samples from Barwari Bala in (Duhok) and to determine the physiochemical properties such as moisture content, ash content, pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, crude protein and crude fiber. From the results of this study, it was found that the moisture content of apple samples D and F which were from Barwari Bala (Dohuk) is higher D with 89.746% and F with 89.066%, this causes that to become these apple samples more softness and delicious taste than Haje Omran (Erbil) samples, whereas ash content of (Duhok) samples especially E with 1.976% and F with 1.950% has lowers content, only sample C mostly of minimum amount than all other samples with 1.883%. However, sample E showed minimum value of pH and TSS quantity 3.436% and 12.23% respectively. Whereas of high TTA content or malic acid 0.469 gl-1. According to the crude protein and crude fiber higher quantity obtained in sample F with 1.600% and B with 8.310%, respectively. From this study, it could be concluded that the apple samples D, E and F from Barwari Bala (Dohuk) have a good quality and more softness than Haje Omran (Erbil) samples and serve as good supplementary source of essential nutrient in the term of its physiochemical properties.

The aims of this study are determination the change of chemical traits for canned meat tuna storage at different temperatures for different periods.
A total number of 56 samples of canned tuna meat products by Iran was collected from Sulaimani city markets.
Different indicators were measured (pH, Total volatile base nitrogen, Free fatty acids, and Thiobarbaturic acids), to determine chemical traits in canned meat tuna stored in 3 different storage temperature (5, 15, and 25 ˚C) and stored for 120 days, and comparing them with the acceptable limits for each trait. All tests were made in the post-graduate laboratories of the Animal Sciences Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, from November 2020 to the end of February 2021 (4 months).
this study examined the effects of temperature and duration of storage on pH, TBA, TVN, and FFA in canned meat tuna. There was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in pH, TBA, TVN, and FFA for tuna sample types during storage, the highest pH value in tuna, after 120 days was (8.500) when the canned meat storage at (25˚c), in addition,
TBA value for canned tuna, the highest TBA values recorded in Tuna meat from treatment 3(25˚c) (2.301 mg MDA/ kg meat) in 120 days, also, the highest TVN value in tuna, after 120 days was (19.855 mg N/ 100g meat) when the canned meat storage at (25˚c), on the other hand, the highest FFA percentage in tuna after 120 days was (2.580) when the canned meat storage at (25˚c). the values of chemical indicators within the standard limits.

The current study aimed to detect artificial fraud in chemical additives (formalin, hydrogen peroxide) and to detect thickeners (starch) in imported and local dairy products and to determine their suitability for human consumption due to the high demand for their consumption by members of society, 20 samples of products were collected The local and imported milk in the Iraqi markets of the city of Baghdad consisted of 10 samples of yoghurt and 10 samples of cream. The tests were carried out, which were the detection of chemicals and additive thickeners such as formalin, hydrogen peroxide and starch, respectively, as well as the examination of the microbial load, which included the detection of colon bacteria, yeasts and molds, and the results showed that they contained Sample (20) contained formalin, and each of the samples (6,7,8,11,17,20) contained hydrogen peroxide, and samples (3,4,5,8,17) contained starch as for the microbial load. The results showed that all samples were free of coliform bacteria, yeasts and molds on day zero, but after preservation for 5 days in the refrigerator at a temperature of ºC (5), it showed the presence of growth of colon bacteria and molds The yeasts except samples (6,7,8,11,17,20) were characterized as being free, and the reason may be due to the presence of formalin and hydrogen peroxide in the samples.

The experiment was carried out during the autumn season 2018-2019 in the Lathhouse of the Agricultural Research Station/Department of Horticulture and Landscaping/College of Agriculture/University of Basra. The research was conducted for a period from 1/9/2018 to 1/9/ 2019,to study the effect of foliar spraying with a suspension of bread yeast at concentrations 0,2.5,5and7.5g.l-1,in addition to foliar spraying with licorice extract at concentrations 0,2.5,5and 7.5g.l-1,and their interactions in some indicators of vegetative growth of Tamarind seedlings.
A factorial experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. The indicators of the study showed that the foliar spraying treatments with bread yeast suspension led to improving most of the vegetative growth characteristics of tamarind seedlings, and the spraying treatment with a concentration of 5g.l-1 excelled in achieving the best results compared with the control treatment for the characteristics of plant height and leaf carbohydrate content, while the concentration of 2.5g.l-1 in the dry weight of the vegetative total of tamarind seedlings, but in the two characteristics of number of leaves and leaf area, none of the concentrations of yeast suspension had a significant effect. Foliar spraying of plants with licorice extract improved all vegetative growth characteristics of tamarind seedlings, and the spraying treatment with concentration 5g.l-1 was significantly superior in recording the best results compared with the control treatment in terms of plant height and leaf carbohydrate content, while the concentration exceeded 2.5g.l- 1 in the rest of the studied attributes. The result of the interaction between foliar spraying with bread yeast suspension and licorice extract showed a significant effect on all vegetative growth characteristics.

The study was carried out from April to late August 2021 at Nawrrah Bab apiary located in Sharbazher- Sulaimani. The highest average number of frames covered by adult castes (honeybee density) treated with lavender spraying were (6.667, 6.667 and 6.000) frame after (12, 24, 36) days of the treatment respectively. The highest rates of sealed and unsealed workers brood areas were (446.667, 410.000, 194.667) inch². and (438.333, 447.000, 225.333) inch² for sealed and unsealed after (12, 24, 36) days successively, Maximum pollen grain areas were (63.333, 62.000, 76.667) inch². when treated with Lavender Spray after twelve, twenty four and thirty six days alternatively, while the highest rates of sealed honey areas were (170.000, 240.000 and 352.667) inch² when treated with lavender Spray after twelve, twenty four and thirty six days respectively. Ginger smoking obtained the highest taste value which is superior significantly to the others except garlic soaking. No significant differences were found for odor among the treatments. Lavender spray gave the maximum value for color which is different significantly from the others except that of garlic soaking, ginger spray, and control. Lavender spray resulted the highest value for consistency which is superior significantly to the others. Also, lavender spray recorded the highest value for mite mortality which is superior to both garlic spray and control.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of medicinal plants as alternative chemical pesticides in controlling Varroa Mites and increasing honeybee activity.

Rapeseed oil is considered as one of the high quality plant oils used in human food, industry and medicine , this study was carried out under the rain-fed conditions at Qlyasan research station located 2 Km North West of Sulaimani Governorate/ Iraqi Kurdistan Region during the winter season of 2016-2017, to study the effect of three varieties, namely (Serw, Hybrid and Reandy), NPK levels (0, 150, and 300 Kg ha-1), and their interactions on oil yield, fatty acid compositions and some phenolic acid contents. Using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement, with three replications, the main plots were allocated for the NPK levels and conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, while the varieties implemented in sub-plots. Comparisons between means were carried out by the least significant difference (L.S.D) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance. The results of this investigation confirm that, the application of 300 kg NPK fertilizer ha-1 gave the maximum value of oil yield and all fatty acids composition (Stearic acid, Linolenic acid, Linoleic acid, Oleic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) with the exception of caffeic acid and Ellagic acid were recorded 1558.312 kg ha-1, 0.454%, 0.330%,31.722 %, 47.609% and 0.535% respectively, while the non-fertilizer application of NPK ended up with the highest caffeic acid. Reandy variety produced the best values for oil yield and some fatty acids composition (steairc acid and caffeic acid) % while Serw variety predominated in other fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids)

The experiment was conducted in the Biotechnology Laboratory in the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. The technique of random replication polymorphism of DNA sequence (RAPD) with seven primers was adopted to detect genetic differences between ten carnation cultivars (local,Bizet,Shridea,Orange,Amprose,Mariposa,Grand,White,Viana,Liberty). The work steps included isolating and purifying the DNA of the newly-grown leaves of the cultivars included in the research and detecting the discrepancies between the replicated pieces of each cultivar after the samples were migrated by the electrophoresis device in the RAPD reactions.The results of genetic analysis with RAPD indicators showed a clear difference in the number of DNA replication bands and their molecular weights, depending on the primer used. The total number of differentiated bands reached 368 bundles for all the primers used. The studied varieties were divided into two main groups A and B, the similarity ratio between the two groups was 350., included Group A had eight varieties, while group B included the two cultivars Viana and Liberty, which indicates that the two cultivars are genetically farthest from the rest of the cultivars, and the similarity ratio between the two cultivars was 850. As for the two plant cultivars, Orange and Mariposa, the highest percentage of similarity between the cultivars was 940.After calculating the percentage of the genetic dimension between the cultivars, genetic variations were found in them. The high genetic differences between the carnation cultivars may be due to the geographical locations to which they belong, in addition to the breeding and improvement processes that were conducted on them.

The study was conducted at the Collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq so as to investigate response hardwood cuttings of Callistemon viminalis to some plant extracts. The hardwood cuttings were taken on 11 March 2021 and soaked separately in 3 and 6 g/L aqueous extracts of moringa leaf, licorice root, willow shoot, fenugreek seed and cinnamon bark for 1 hour. They were compared to the cuttings dipped in 3000 ppm IBA for 10s and control cuttings which were soaked in distilled water for 1 hour. The experiment laid out in CRD with three replications in a greenhouse, and each replication included six cuttings which planted in a mixture of sand and rice husk medium. After 4 months, the measurements were taken and analyzed by using XLSTAT computer software in one-way ANOVA, and 5% Dancun’s multiple range was used for comparison. The results showed that the highest (86.66%) rooting was achieved in the cuttings treated with 6 g/L licorice extract and they were significantly different with control cuttings (53.33%), but they were not significantly different with 3000 ppm IBA (66.66%). Cinnamon 3g/L and fenugreek 3g/L extracts gave the lowest (6.66% and 33.33%, respectively) rooting and other studied parameters. The cuttings dipped in 3000 ppm IBA gave the highest (18.91) root number and the highest (66.66%) survival cuttings after transplanting. The longest root (15.54 cm) was found in cuttings were treated with 6 g/L moringa extract. The longest (5.83 cm) shoot was observed in treated cuttings with 3 g/L willow extract. The highest chlorophyll a and b (10.08 and 4.62 mg/L, respectively) were observed in cuttings treated with 6 g/L willow extract. Moreover, 3000 ppm IBA gave the highest (20.23%) total carbohydrate and (1.77 mg/g) IAA content along with 6 g/L licorice, moringa and fenugreek extracts, after 30 days from planting of the cuttings. Licorice root extract at 6 g/L fairly improved the measurements similar to 3000 ppm IBA throughout the study.

The study included the preparation of burger beef partial replacement with vegetable sources, including barley powder, oats and wheat bran. The study was conducted on five treatments and the first treatment was the control treatment (without replacement), the second treatment in which meat was replaced with vegetable sources at an average of (5%), and the third treatment in which meat was replaced by (10%) and the fourth treatment was replaced by (15%) and the fifth treatment had the replacement rate (20%). The product was stored in freezing (2±18-) for 120 days, during which the microbial tests of the prepared burger were followed up, which included the total count of aerobic bacteria and counting. Coliform Bacteria Total Count ,Bacteria Psychrophilic of Total Count and Bacteria Staphylococcus of Total Count and the detection of Burger faecal coliform bacteria for periods (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120) days, and the results of the study were that the replacement rates and storage period had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the microbial growth, as it was noted that the microbial growth decreased with an increase in the percentage of replacement and the progression of the period of freezing storage.

A field experiment was conducted for the 2020 agricultural season in Babylon province / Bid’a Al-Musayyab 45 km north of the province with the aim of evaluating the performance of five cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the content of these cultivars of some active substances by the effect of three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 175 and 225 kg ha - 1 )The cultivars are (Amber 33, Michkhab 2, Al-Furat, Yasmin and Black) obtained from the rice research station in Michkhab using a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results can be summarized as follows: The cultivars differed significantly at the 5% probability level for all the studied traits, the Amber 33 cultivar significantly excelled them in most of the traits. While the black cultivar was excelled in the amount of active substances, the third level of fertilization (225 kg H-1) was excelled for most of the studied growth and yield traits, except for the two characteristics of the number of days from sowing to 50% heading of the panicle and from 50% until physiological maturity.While the level of the second fertilization was excelled in the content of cultivars of effective medicinal compounds, the black cultivar in the content of the rice plant of the active substances excelled in all the effective medicinal compounds.

Iraqi buffalo whey was separated by acid method, then its proteins were precipitated using ammonium sulfate and the percentage of proteins was estimated after lyophilization. Beta-lactoglobulin protein was separated and purified by gel filtration technique using a column containing Sephadex G-50. Beta-lactoglobulin protein was separated using electrophoresis technique using polyacrylamide gel in the presence of teratogenic agents.Then prepare a gel of protein purified by the acid and salt method. The properties of the prepared jelly were studied by measuring its strength, porosity and Water-holding capacity . The prepared jelly was used in the milky ice cream industry as a stabilizer. The diffusion and fusion susceptibility of the manufactured mixture was measured and a sensory evaluation of the product was conducted. It was clear from the results that the percentage of separated, purified and lyophilized whey protein was 70%. The electrophoresis technique demonstrated the purity of β-lactoglobulin, separated by gel filtration technique, with a molecular weight of 18.197 kDa. The gel produced using calcium chloride at a concentration of 13 mM and a protein concentration of 12% was superior in strength, porosity, and Water-holding capacity compared to the gel prepared using sodium chloride, glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) and citric acid.The milky ice cream mixture with a higher concentration of jelly excelled in dispersibility and lower melting point compared to less concentrated treatments.

Antioxidants are used to reduce the impact of environmental stresses on plant growth, especially salt stress because they have an effect on reducing the oxidative stress resulting from effective oxygen radicals inside the plant in response to environmental stresses on the plant. Therefore, the study was conducted in Al-Hilla district, Al-Hakania region for the period from (1\9\2020 - 1\5\2021) to investigate the effect of salt stress on the vegetative and root traits of Pomelo seedlings treated with saline water (0, 2, 4, 6 dSm. m-1) using sodium chloride salt,The second factor is spraying the seedlings (salicylic, ascorbic, proline) at a concentration of 300 mg.L-1 in addition to the (control ) treatment at the end of the experiment, the vegetative traits were measured (total chlorophyll pigment in leaves, dry weight of the shoot, number of branches) ) and root traits (dry weight of the root system, number of secondary roots).The results showed the treatment with salicylic acid at a concentration of 300 mg.l-1 excelled in all the studied traits, and proline acid at a concentration of 300 mg.L-1 recorded a significantly excelled in the root traits. The study was designed as a factorial experiment according toThe Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and with three replications with three seedlings for the experimental unit and with two factors (4 * 4), the number of the experiment’s treatments was (16) treatments distributed randomly to (144) seedlings of one and a half years of age, The results were analyzed using the analysis of variance table (ANOVA table) according to the EXCEL program, and the statistical differences between the treatments were tested using the least significant difference L.S.D at the probability level (0.05), and the most important results can be summarized as follows:
1. Increasing the salinity levels of irrigation water to the level of 6 ds.m-1 (S3) led to a decrease in all vegetative and root growth traits(number of branches, vegetative dry weight, chlorophyll pigment, root dry weight, number of secondary roots), reaching (4.7 branches.plant-1, 29.2 g. seedling-1, 59.1 mg g-1 fresh weight, 16.4 g seedling-1, 21.3 root) for the traits, respectively.
2. Treatment with salicylic acid, ascorbic or proline, resulted in a concentration of 300 mg. L-1 improves vegetative and root growth indicators by reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water in varying percentage ,Salicylic acid (A3) achieved greater effectiveness in improving the traits of vegetative and root growth (number of branches, dry weight of vegetative, total chlorophyll, dry weight of the root system and number of secondary roots), reaching (7.1 branches. plant-1, 40.1 g. seedling-1, 72.9 mg g-1 fresh weight, 21.6 g seedlings-1, 28.2 roots) for the traits, respectively.

This study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory, Al Mussaib Technical College , Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, and the other part in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology for the period from 15/8/2020 to 28/3/2021.To know the effect of abiotic stresses represented by salt stress, sodium chloride (Nacl) and dehydration stress polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) on callus growth and the presence of some active compounds in it. The secondary compounds were diagnosed using the GC Chromatography-Mass device. The results showed the following:
The results of the GC analysis of β-carboline alkaloids showed that the highest concentration of β-carboline was the concentration of al-Haramin, which reached 48.32 μg for the 200 mM (NaCl) treatment, and the lowest concentration of HARMINE when the control treatment was (0,35.23) μg, while the highest production of Harmalol appeared at the 200 μg concentration. 4.91 mcg, Harmalin alkaloid wire was the same as the active substances (Al-Harameen and Hermalon), where the higher the salt concentrations (NaCl stress), the higher the concentration of the active substance. The study also included the effect of dehydration stress with concentrations (0.1%,2%,3%), respectively, where the concentration of 3% gave the highest concentration of Harameen alkaloid reaching 34.15 μg, while the control treatment without any stress gave the lowest concentration of alkaloid which was 29.18 μg, while The highest concentration of Hermalon alkaloid was 3.92 µg compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest concentration of 2.73 µg. Also, drought stress led to an increase in the concentration of the Harmaline alkaloid, where it reached 3% when treated, the highest concentration was (21.33) µg.

This study was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Plant Production Techniques, Musayyib Technical College, during the year 2020-2021. The experiment included the use of plant tissue culture technology in the vegetative propagation of tulip bulbs. The experiment included studying the effect of five concentrations of BA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) mg/L and five concentrations of NAA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) mg/L in the stage of growing and multiplication tulip bulbs. The results showed where the concentration of 1.5 mg.L-¹ excelled and gave the highest differentiation average of 56.4%, while the concentration of 2 mg.L-¹ gave the highest rate in the number of shoots and the length of shoots reached 4.447 and 3.044, respectively. As for the treatment with NAA, there were no significant differences in the percentage of differentiation , while the concentration 1.5 mg.L-1 excelled and gave the average number of shoots 4.16 and the concentration of 2 mg.L-¹ recorded the highest average in shoots length 43.30. As for the interaction between BA and NAA, it was noted that the treatment (2 mg.l-1 BA with 1.5 mg.L-1 NAA) in the differentiation average was 70%. While treatment (0 mg.L-1 BA with 2 mg.L-1 NAA) recorded the highest average in the number of shoots 5.55, and the treatment (2 mg.L-1 BA with 0.5 mg.L-1 NAA) recorded the highest average in shoots length 3.820 compared to the control treatment

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2021 at Ibn Al-Bitar Vocational High School in Al-Hussainiya district / Holy Karbala province in order to determine the best concentration of humic acid and the best method of adding magnesium and their interaction in some traits of vegetative and yield growth of vigna radiata L. The experiment was conducted according to the design of randomized complete sectors, according to the order of the global experiments, with three replications, and the number of experimental units (36) experimental units.The results showed the following: Humic acid spraying treatment at a concentration of (10gL- l) (H2) gave the highest averages in leaf area, chlorophyll content of leaves, spad, number of pods, weight of 100 seeds, seed yield and biological yield, which amounted to 379.6 cm2, 52.13 spad, 85.63 pods.plant- 1, 5.76 g, 0.760 tons ha-1, 36.64 tons ha-1) respectively and the method of adding magnesium, where the method of ground addition and spraying (M1) with a concentration of 10 g.L-l and gave the highest averages in the number of pods and weight of 100 seeds, seed yield, and biological yield, as it reached (87.20 pods.plant- 1 , 5.98 g, 0.783 tons.ha- 1 , 3883 ton .ha- 1) respectively, we conclude through the study that the best concentration for spraying humic acid is 10 g.L- l with the addition of half the amount of spray and the ground addition of magnesium for its excelled in most of the traits of vegetative and yield growth of Mung bean.

The study included the preparation of burger beef partial replacement with vegetable sources, including barley powder, oats and wheat bran. The study was conducted on five treatments and the first treatment was the control treatment (without replacement), the second treatment in which meat was replaced with vegetable sources at an average of (5%), and the third treatment in which meat was replaced by (10%) and the fourth treatment was replaced by (15%) and the fifth treatment had the replacement rate (20%). The product was stored in freezing (2±18-) for 120 days, during which the microbial tests of the prepared burger were followed up, which included the total count of aerobic bacteria and counting. Coliform Bacteria Total Count ,Bacteria Psychrophilic of Total Count and Bacteria Staphylococcus of Total Count and the detection of Burger faecal coliform bacteria for periods (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120) days, and the results of the study were that the replacement rates and storage period had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the microbial growth, as it was noted that the microbial growth decreased with an increase in the percentage of replacement and the progression of the period of freezing storage.

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the bioagents Trichoderma harzianum and T. longibrachiatum, some fungicides and CuSO4.5H2O against the fungus Rhizoctonia sp. The causative agent of eggplant root rot in vitro. The results showed that the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp., which was isolated from the roots of eggplant plants infected with root rot, appeared in a higher percentage than the rest of the isolates (36.11%) in all areas studied, so it was selected.The results of the pathogenicity test in dishes showed that the fungus Rhizoctonia sp. reduced the germination rate of eggplant seeds, reaching 20%, compared to the control treatment, which had a 93.3% germination rate. When the disease capacity was selected using plastic pots, the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp. led to an increase in the rate and severity of infecting eggplant seedlings, reaching 60 and 39.0%, respectively, compared to the control treatment in which the rate and severity of infection reached 0%. The pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp. also reduced the germination rate, which amounted to 56.7%, compared to the control treatment of 90%. The results showed that the application of the fungicides Topsin-M and Beltanol at the recommended concentration of 1 g/L and 1 ml/L, respectively, led to the inhibition of the growth of the fungus Rhizoctonia sp. By 100% on the PDA culture medium compared to the fungicides Rizolex, Tachigazole and Medazim, the fungicide inhibition rate was 78.4, 68.23 and 48.10%, respectively. The two bioagents T.harzianum and T. longibrachiatum achieved a high antagonistic ability against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp. on PDA medium, with the degree of antagonism reaching 1 and 2, respectively. The study also showed that the use of copper sulfate at the concentration of PPM 200 led to the inhibition of the growth of the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia sp. 100%.

The experiment was conducted in the Biotechnology Laboratory in the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. The technique of random replication polymorphism of DNA sequence (RAPD) with seven primers was adopted to detect genetic differences between ten carnation cultivars (local,Bizet,Shridea,Orange,Amprose,Mariposa,Grand,White,Viana,Liberty). The work steps included isolating and purifying the DNA of the newly-grown leaves of the cultivars included in the research and detecting the discrepancies between the replicated pieces of each cultivar after the samples were migrated by the electrophoresis device in the RAPD reactions.The results of genetic analysis with RAPD indicators showed a clear difference in the number of DNA replication bands and their molecular weights, depending on the primer used. The total number of differentiated bands reached 368 bundles for all the primers used. The studied varieties were divided into two main groups A and B, the similarity ratio between the two groups was 350., included Group A had eight varieties, while group B included the two cultivars Viana and Liberty, which indicates that the two cultivars are genetically farthest from the rest of the cultivars, and the similarity ratio between the two cultivars was 850. As for the two plant cultivars, Orange and Mariposa, the highest percentage of similarity between the cultivars was 940.After calculating the percentage of the genetic dimension between the cultivars, genetic variations were found in them. The high genetic differences between the carnation cultivars may be due to the geographical locations to which they belong, in addition to the breeding and improvement processes that were conducted on them.

This experiment was conducted in one of the private orchards in the northeast of Halabja city during the growing season (2019). In order to study the effect of foliar spraying with ascorbic acid at a concentration of (0, 750, 1500) mg.L-1 and salicylic at a concentration of (0, 75, 150) mg.L-1 on some quantity traits of pomegranate cultivar Saleh Khani. The trees were sprayed with ascorbic and salicylic acids until completely wet using 0.01% of liquid soap as a diffuser on the first three dates on 04/23/2019, the second on 06/26/2019, and the third on 7/26/2019. The experiment was conducted according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates within the factorial experiments and with two factors. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: For ascorbic acid, it was found that spraying with a concentration of 750 mg.L-1 of ascorbic acid was significantly superior to the control treatment in the average fruit weight (364.144 g),While in salicylic acid, spraying with a concentration of 75 mg.L-1 of salicylic acid resulted in a significantly excelled control treatment in the average yield of one tree (69.577 kg.tree-1).While this concentration reduced the percentage of fruit drop (3.340%) compared to the control treatment .Also, the interaction of 750 mg.L-1 of ascorbic acid with 75 mg.L-1 of salicylic acid was significantly excelled on the control treatment as it led to an increase in the average yield of the fruit and led to a decrease in the percentage of fruits drop.