Hammurabi journal for studies

Abstract.. The current study aims to present a theoretical reading about the (old-modern) dialectic regarding the reference of extremism, the stigma that was associated with one belief rather than another, and a religious group without another, and what are the secrets and reasons behind the tight bonds and the strong connection between some people until they reach the limit Absolute immersion in their group and the adoption of the highest degrees of hatred and rejection as well as violent practices in presenting the collective self and the faith, ideas and beliefs it adopts.
The current study expresses a psychological reading of a social nature that stems from a zero-headed hypothesis, which is the absence of Sharia or religion and an extreme heavenly belief, because the heavenly abundance is characterized by kindness and tolerance and the prevention of compulsion in religion.
We believe that extremism is a psychological feature and social learning and the product of a dynamic interaction between these two causes and the cognitive, emotional and social behaviors associated with them, and then these behaviors were religiously wrapped in an unnoticed silky manner that is difficult to identify and diagnose as well as confront them and get rid of their effects.
In this study, we talked about the development of human behavior, and about intermittent behavior versus continuous behavior, then we touched on bilateral relations, and we referred to the concept of control and the behavior of social integration, and then we concluded the five psychological foundations that contribute to a very large extent in crystallizing the extremist personality and shaping its behavior extreme.

In recent years, the methods of operation of armed terrorist groups and organizations that use cyber violence to achieve their goals have evolved, as have organized criminal hacking groups, along with the role of giant technology companies that manufacture and manage these technologies. There is no doubt that highly advanced technologies, artificial intelligence, high-precision communications systems, and the internet have helped terrorist groups acquire cyber power and build global networks beyond state control and oversight. In addition to the low cost, ease of communication, and fragility of oversight capabilities, cyberspace has provided a suitable environment and a vast space for terrorist groups to communicate and achieve their goals of terrorist operations.
Cyber ​​threats to terrorist or armed groups, whether in the Islamic world or the West, include phishing, ransomware, website defacement, and the use of social media to spread misleading news for the purpose of committing or inciting terrorist acts, recruiting youth, financing, or planning.

This study deals with the thought and emergence of the extremist group Sepah-Sahaba (or Sepah-Sahaba in Urdu) and its relationship with the Islamic Jihad mother movement.

There is no doubt that the Wahhabi movement, which emerged in the mid-eighteenth century in the Arabian Peninsula, was built on ideas and principles that departed from Islamic law, despite its assertion that it was an Islamic movement that came to correct and remove the impurities that had clung to the Islamic religion, as it claimed. However, these ideas and principles showed everyone that it was a movement that was destructive to Islam and had no connection to it in any way, because it cast doubt on and claimed that many Islamic laws were heretical innovations. Moreover, it began to declare some Muslims infidels for no reason, but because they differed with them in opinion. On this basis, the Wahhabi movement has adopted an aggressive terrorist approach to pressure groups and individuals who do not believe in its ideas, which has created a situation that we can term terrorism mixed with the idea of ​​excommunicating others. This duality has been the basis and foundation of the Wahhabi movement, which this research attempts to address and clarify its historical roots. It begins by addressing the meaning of terrorism in language and terminology, as well as its definition by some international institutions, and also clarifying the Quranic verses that address the word terrorism and the multiple meanings it carries, as well as identifying the characteristics that distinguish terrorism and the historical roots of those behaviors that Wahhabi thought has adopted to achieve its goals. The research also addresses the meaning of excommunication and the excommunication fatwas issued by Wahhabi scholars, and also clarifies the opinions of a large number of orientalists on this movement, which they described as a terrorist excommunication movement.

The importance of this research comes from the fact that it is legal and scientific. Terrorism has become a widespread phenomenon, a complex organization not only at the national level, but also at the international level. International and national cooperation is required by States to combat this scourge internationally and its regional repercussions, divergence of views regarding the concept of terrorism. This has created some disruption in the means of combating it at the national and international levels. All international and national counter-terrorism mechanisms and efforts must be monitored, accordingly, in order to succeed in the fight against terrorism factors conducive to its increase must be eliminated, the forefront is its funding factors, with reference to the 1999 United Nations Convention for the Suppression of Financing Terrorism.
In its preamble, it noted the relationship between mastery of terrorist groups, its actions and also its ability to destroy and its economic strength. Accordingly, combating financing of terrorism topped the international community's priorities and national legislation to stop the flow of resources that facilitate their terrorist acts. It was therefore necessary to identify the concept of terrorism and its financing from the perspective of the international community and Egypt's national legislation and how to combat it. I will therefore follow the analytical approach in this research.

The clear interest in the renewal of religious thought over the past decades reflects the consensus of most those interested in Islamic studies on the importance of this topic and the necessity of continually reconsidering the contents and formulations of Islamic thought, with the aim of renewing them and activating their dormant elements so that thought can keep pace with the dynamics of society and its cultural choices. Renewal is no longer an intellectual luxury, but rather a necessary and inevitable necessity that affirms human belonging to their time and their influence on what is happening around them. This is especially true since it provides the conditions for the continuity of thought, enabling it to fulfill its role in raising awareness, enlightening, and revitalizing communication between thought and society.
This necessity is dictated by several issues, including the changing reality, emerging events, and the rapid development witnessed by all societies on a daily basis. These successive developments and changes, along with the accompanying new life events, have forced Islamic thought to overcome the state of decline and regression it experienced during past eras. This has necessitated the intensification and expansion of its concerns, as well as the renewal and revision of its methodologies to accommodate contemporary developments. This is in addition to the growing awareness that renewal is a civilizational act and an incentive to keep pace and continue in all fields. It is not limited or restricted to the intellectual field alone, but extends beyond it to the economic, social and political fields, after which it becomes a civilizational project in the life of the nation and society. Thus, the growing awareness of the spirit of the age and openness to its issues has formed the foundations for renewal trends, with the aim of overcoming the cognitive break with the age and being effective in contemporary life after it, the means of launching, i.e., openness and communication with the present and the future.

Military doctrine is the cornerstone and foundational idea of ​​a state's armed forces, as well as the overall scientific outlook on the nature of modern warfare, in its socio-political and military-technical aspects. It is the supreme military policy from which the art and science of preparing and employing military forces are derived to achieve vital national interests. Since terrorist organizations, like all states, have chosen their own military doctrine, developing a clear understanding of the terrorist organizations facing us today and in the future not only requires us to raise our awareness of how to confront them, but also requires adopting new approaches through multinational collaborative efforts by academics, researchers, and practitioners, given that all states have experienced instances of global terrorism as a means of understanding the dynamic environment that generates terrorism.

This study examines the relationship between the symptoms of the dominance of the political system and the logic of absolute gains, and its role in the failure of the state, especially the Arab ones, to confront extremist terrorist groups, within a political environment that dominates other systems, cultural, economic, social, and security, which will lead it to contraction and a decline in its role in favor of these illegal actors and what the latter will impose challenges on it that must be contained and solutions to be found.

Many extremist groups today are considered as an extension of the Khawarijs’ experience and perceptions of religion, the state, society and the system of governance, despite the noticeable differences between the early and contemporary Khawarijs; The conceptual and practical similarities seem more stable than the historical or terminological shift; Both groups (ancient and modern) seem more keen on opposing the authority, accusing society of infidelity and apostasy, and tend to take up arms and permanent revolution against the rulers. Few attempts were made to debate the ancestors of the Khawarijs, among which was the famous debate held by (Abdullah Bin Abbas) with the Khawarijs of Harura, which resulted in very important results, such as the return of many of these The Khawarijs joined the national camp, and the rest of them chose to reject the legitimate authority And start a rebellion. Therefore, this unique debate is full of methodological, political, and educational lessons, which can serve as a starting point for reforming the discourse of power for contemporary extremist groups that still refuse arms, Especially those groups that still refuse to bear arms and armed rebellion.

By reviewing the emergence and development of extremist movements and deviant groups in Iraq, we are trying to reach a kind of understanding of the motives of these movements and the justifications for their existence and expansion. Also, researching the details of security policies and defining the roles, tasks and stages of work in dealing with terrorism for the security and military establishment in dealing with extremist and destructive movements gives the reader a preliminary perception about the extent of that institution to carry out such a task, which represents the most dangerous task in the security and military aspects. As for the challenges facing the implementation of security and military policies and their impact on peace and community security and ways of treatment, the study tried to link the roles of these policies and what is supposed to be complementary to them from other policies that the state and its various institutions should undertake.

The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant “ISIS” formed hierarchical organizational structures according to the principle of hierarchy, with individual authority at the highest hierarchy, followed by successive levels of lower authority, where each entity within the organization is led to another entity, which is very specific to the bureaucracy of managing the organization’s components at the national level. For neighborhoods, sectors, regional and international levels.
Despite the difficulty of evaluating the administrative capacity of terrorist fighting groups, their ability to occupy positions is determined in their organizational scheme, but addressing leadership positions and administrative tasks does not mean the organization’s ability to carry out functions like the institutions of the nation – state, as the lack of human capital impedes the plans of the organization. Organizing to implement the job space that it seeks to create or build in order to impose and consolidate control over certain geographical regions.

A serious and important study that reviews the religious belief on which the terrorist organization ISIS is based, and the various references from which the vocabulary of religious belief is derived, from the origins of religion and branches, which constitute the intellectual belief of this organization, based in this study on the intellectual foundations and important sources, including audio, printed books and brochures from publications of The Ministry of Information of the organization of the so-called ISIS state, which extended between Iraq and the Levant. The study consists of an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. In the first chapter, we dealt with the various references on which the organization relies in establishing its religious belief. The second chapter is a review of all religious beliefs from the origins and branches in which the extremist organization believes. As for the third chapter: it is a study and review of the most important belief, which is the doctrine of takfir that characterizes the organization, as we reviewed the infidelity and faith in the belief of the organization, and the sects, groups and ideologies that the organization rejected. And finally the conclusion of the research.

This research deals with the issue of terrorism, violence and ideological groups after the so-called Arab Spring, the complete chaos in concepts, attitudes, the emergence of extremist groups, and what resulted from that violence in terms of legitimate and counter violence, control and imposition of hegemony by the West, as well as the relationship between political Islam and the West and their practice of democracy, and the factors for the emergence of extremism, and whether the West was really serious in combating terrorism.

Military intervention represents the best option for the rest of options that are adopted to achieve the foreign policy goals of countries, but gradually the countries, especially the largest of them, realized that military intervention results in catastrophic outcomes that lead to material and human losses to the countries that adopt it, so they started looking for alternatives to this option that are more acceptable and with minimum losses on both the level of implementation and the level of consequences. It sought to employ another type of force to achieve its endeavors, and this type was represented by soft power, as it represents non-military tools and means that depend on innovative techniques and leads to greater results than military force. The research seeks to show how the superpowers were able to achieve their goals and strategies in countries that wanted to control their economic capabilities and interfere in their social and political systems through their reliance on soft power policy.

The research reached results, the most important of which is that soft power, despite the temptations of its slogans and the attractiveness of its tools, but its results are no less dangerous than the results of using military force and tools of economic pressure. It did not only lead to a change in the political system, but its changes included the social reality with the inputs it created in the lives of societies that were not previously known. Changes based on stimulating sectarian and ethnic loyalties and based on the interests of a particular group without another.

The first axis dealt with: ISIS being the most prominent extremist takfiri movements and its inhuman practices that it carried out in Iraq and the countries in which it tried to spread its organization.

This axis included its concept and linguistic and idiomatic meaning as well as the 'how to start and train'.

As for the second axis: it deals with the most prominent methods used to suppress the organization, which is the soft power and its role in the struggle with the organization.

Terrorism and extremism are among the most important phenomena affecting societies. They are a general phenomenon that encompasses all societies. Extremism is a prelude to terrorism, and extremist societies are societies that incubate terrorist movements. Extremism adopts a mental trend and a psychological state represented by fanaticism for the group to which the extremist belongs, which is characterized by intellectual stagnation. Although extremism leading to terrorism is an abnormal phenomenon in all peoples and religions, and extremists in every society are few in number compared to other members of society, they are more dangerous to society and individuals, as the magnitude of the danger resulting from them exceeds the magnitude of the phenomenon itself. Terrorism is one of the secretions of extremism, and many societies have been tested by this phenomenon throughout the ages and by its terrorist incidents that shook the conscience of every sane person and humanity. Every society that realizes and appreciates the value of security and peace and feels the blessing of stability realizes the ugliness of terrorism and violence. Many lives have been lost to the mischief of corruptors and the deviation of extremists. Therefore, efforts must be made to study the phenomenon of extremism and to know its causes, roots, and ways to address it, because this is one of the noblest things. It is presented to protect human rights, the most important of which is the right to life and to live in safety and security.

The inclusion of a gender perspective is a prerequisite to effectively preventing violent extremism and reducing gender-based violence, as well as strengthening efforts to protect basic human rights. These endeavors, through their application, can contribute to strengthening the voices of women and girls, increasing their participation, and supporting their protection measures, with the aim of a better contribution in reducing the outbreak of conflicts. Hence, incorporating of gender perspective enhances understanding of violent extremism and identifies why countries need to include gender to ensure the effectiveness of their initiatives and efforts in preventing violent extremism and reducing gender-based violence; Therefore, the study will focus on a set of strategies for integrating a gender perspective into approaches to preventing violent extremism and reducing gender-based violence.

The Lord's Resistance Army movement was established in northern Uganda, and aims to overthrow the regimes under the leadership of (Museveni), and establish a religious system based on the Bible and the Ten Commandments, and the customs and traditions of the Acholi ethnicity, it calls for the use of violence to achieve its goals, and used the Christian religion according to its misinterpretations as a means to justify killing and violent acts of the movement, which made it be classified as one of the most dangerous religious terrorist movements in the world, as a result of its international crimes that violate human rights, which enabled the Ugandan government to achieve a military victory over the movement after its classification by the international community as a terrorist organization. Despite the fragmentation of the movement between the neighboring countries and its successive defeats and the defection of its members, it still exerts the influence of causing chaos.

Humanity suffered, in the past and in present times, from the emergence of extremist terrorist groups – as it seems to the insider – which casts its harbingers on society and pushes it to question sometimes, and research at other times, because violence has existed since the first human being was found in this world, which is our Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) and continued to the present day.
The devastating effects of violence and extremism of these groups in understanding the reality of civil life motivated researchers in various cognitive directions to search for the history and backgrounds of these individuals. There is no doubt that the assimilation of the intellectual, ideological and religious tribes of extremist groups contributes to a certain degree in dismantling the visions on which they are based, and thus creating a pivotal awareness of humanity and living in peace. Accordingly, it was necessary to pursue the religious and doctrinal fundamentalism of these groups in a brief attempt to dismantle the ideological basis on which they are based.

The research aims to identify the causes of terrorism and methods of treatment from the point of view of Islamic education teachers, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (22) paragraphs representing the causes that lead to terrorism and (22) paragraphs representing the methods of treatment. By applying it to the basic research sample, as the research sample reached (100) teachers of Islamic Education teachers distributed in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate, Karkh First and Third, for the academic year 2020/2021. The researcher presented five alternatives against the paragraphs, which are (very high degree, high degree, medium degree, low degree, very low degree). . In light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended spreading the culture of tolerance and cooperation and rejecting racism and sectarianism, the necessity to include a study subject taught in the preparatory stage aimed at establishing good citizens and educating students to learn about terrorism, its forms, causes and methods of prevention, and to hold courses, workshops and seminars in universities to reduce terrorism emphasizing the role of counselors and teachers of Islamic education in educating students against the scourge of terrorism

This study aims to provide a comprehensive briefing on the methods of terrorist organizations in obtaining the financial financing necessary to sustain their military operations. It was enormous that was not available to other terrorist organizations, and the study went in the first axis to the mechanism that the organization went to in obtaining the resources and financing necessary to sustain its operations in Iraq and Syria, with the link between the decline in the volume of financial and economic resources with its control over the lands, while the second axis dealt with the way in which The financial and economic structure of the organization has been dismantled and how the cooperation between the international community contributed to eliminating the organization. Finally, the third axis is trying to give a future vision of the organization in economic and financial terms at a time when it no longer has many resources to carry out operations targeting Iraq or Syria.

Islamic political movements of a violent nature are considered an important social and political phenomenon witnessed by many Islamic countries, especially the Arab countries. Islamism is at the top of its goals, which it worked hard to achieve by adopting violent methods that it built on the basis of extremist ideas and readings of Islam in order to justify its adoption of these methods.

Terrorist groups adopt several ideas through which they work to extend their influence and control over as much territories as possible, by spreading ideas that allow them to move in an easy and flexible way, and they also use ideas that somewhat reflect the reality of the cities in which they are located, in addition to adopting Islamic ideas that aim to liberate the Islamic religion. These intellectual dimensions, which are sometimes well received by societies, are often temporary until the falsehood of these groups is exposed, which is represented by control, killing, etc., and this is what we will learn about from this research.

In order to shed light on the nature of the relationship between what social and anthropological studies have gone through and the social formation of terrorist groups and deviant ideological movements, it is necessary to define the conceptual framework in order to reach a common understanding of these concepts, and the growth of these groups and movements gives us a broader ability to determine the extents of influence and growth of these groups and movements. While the social and anthropological theories explaining the terrorist groups and extremist ideological movements as well as the patterns and their role in achieving social peace must be given enough space for research so that the social and anthropological reading meets what is required.

Terrorist groups play a major role in the use of social media, especially in light of the widespread use of these means. They have started using these means for several purposes, some of which are related to spreading terror, some of them may be a message to the security services, some may be used for the purpose of expansion and building great ties between terrorist groups. We note an increase in accounts of terrorist groups on Twitter, Facebook and others, and the use of this topic has varied depending on the place, time and type of this group.

Cyberspace has become one of the important and critical tools in the daily operations of extremist groups ", which employs it in recruitment, propaganda, ideology development and exchange of ideas, Extremists and terrorists are increasingly using the Internet to create an interconnected group. ", especially after most of their groups suffered significant casualties on the battlefield, without this network, this interconnected group can be made into isolated cells, so we find that the International Information Network (Internet) has played a prominent role in the globalization of extremist thought, thus being the product of the information and communication revolution that enabled extremist and terrorist groups to wage asymmetric information wars. This calls on nations to confront and anticipate threats to their security through the successful and proper recruitment of the competent intelligence services despite their negligence and their weak role in this area for years. The ease of Internet access to these groups provides the intelligence community with a great opportunity to gather and analyses information as security constitutes a threat to national unity and the unity of societies. Iraq is one of the countries most at risk of extremist ideology and in particular, its cyberspace, directly and indirectly affecting society and therefore national policy and security. Therefore, a strategy must be developed to ensure that the impact of this type of threat is avoided.