Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

This research aims to reveal the representations of expressive realism in the poetry of the Islamic poet Kaab Ibn Malik Al-Ansari. It shows the state of mixing between what is realistic and what is expressive in the linguistic units of his poetic texts. On the one hand, it manifests the style in which the poet invested the various elements of reality in a way that the poet himself became a witness to the images of that reality. On the other hand, how the poetry became a means of expressing the poet’s emotions and buried feelings. The aims also exhibit the emphasis of representations of a new reality that the researcher believes that such representations have not studied nor previously referred to in the ancient Arabic poetry in general nor the poet’s poetry in particular.
The methodology: This research relied on the stylistic approach because such approach focuses on studying the poet’s style and the poetic techniques he employs. It also reveals the semantic, psychological and aesthetic aspects. The way chosen in writing is appropriate for such a study that bases on observation, description, analysis and interpretation. The nature of the study required a simple introduction to the reader to simplify the concept of (expressive realism), its objectives, which we are studying here, and its most prominent and artistic representations in the Kaab Al-Ansari’s poetry.
The results: The poet’s work revealed his expressive ability in constructing creative texts. In his works, there was no language possibility that was left unemployed to convey the poetic messages. The words were chosen in a way that made the reader think that the poet lived the emotional moment that overflew with different expressions. There were no empty words ,that is to say, words were full of the nature of the situation or the event in a way that the meanings were hard or impossible to be conveyed without them. Hence, ancient Arabic poetry in general and Kaab’s in particular is not just a realistic, but it is an expressive and realistic simultaneously.
The gist: what is known as (Expressive realism) is an artistic and literary style that focuses on depicting reality without limiting itself by the literal description of events or things. By doing so it can reach to the depth of human feelings and emotions associated with that reality. This style seeks to combine two things, the first is showing reality as it is, while the other is expressing different subjective visions and feelings by using that reality. Such scene creates a balance between objectivity and subjectivity. Therefore, the poet’s texts in which this style was observed are named (expressive realism) due to the combination of what is external and what is subjective. The successful user of such style combines between (realism) with its external approach and (expressionism) with its objective presentation by using subjective forms and shapes that reflects the feelings or emotions which arouse something inside poet.

Since its existence, translation has not ceased to play its fundamental role in transmitting messages across languages in their multiplicity and diversity. Among all the types of problems that translation discusses is translating poetry in general, and Arabic poetry in particular since it requires a deep understanding of the implicit meaning of words and their context in poetry. This study sheds light on the translation of the pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and the efforts made to reduce the gap between the original poem and its translation. One of the most important issues in translating poetry is related to the nature of poetry and its language, since it is the strongest form of language.
This study is divided into two parts: the first one deals with the characteristics of ancient Arabic poetry, and the translation of poetry and the things it entails that must be available to anyone who deals with the translation of this literary genre. Then it shows the obstacles and problems that obstruct the translation of ancient Arabic poetry due to its difficult language that distinguishes most poems and verses of that era, which produced many masterpieces of Arabic literature, especially the Mu’allaqat. The second part will analyze French Orientalist Fouinet's translation of verses from the pre-Islamic Arabic poets Tarfa ibn al-Abd and al-Shanfara. It will examine how effectively the translator preserved the form, spirit, vocabulary, and poetic imagery of the original texts in his French rendition.

This research aims to study the official discourse of Iraqi universities from a pragmatic perspective, represented by its four theories: speech acts, deixis, conversational implicature, and presupposition, and the impact these theories have on the communication process between the sender and the receiver. The study seeks to reveal this impact in announcements and speeches, contributing to the creation of a pragmatic approach in the university environment and fostering an academic and institutional communication environment to enhance institutional productivity and expedite its achievement. One of the most prominent findings of this study is highlighting the language of universities and their commitment to conveying messages with accuracy, clarity, and logic. Their announcements have an effect on recipients through the use of linguistic and non-linguistic communicative advertising tools. The study clarified that speech acts, particularly the performative acts used by the university in official documents, are not explicit in their formulation while still impacting the institutional reality. Some of these acts do not explicitly indicate a command but rather resemble a request or plea. The study also examined the potential words for achievement in university texts using Austin's method of distinguishing between definitive and potential terms, and his student) John Searle (finding that some terms meet the criteria to be performative, while others do not, thus failing to achieve their intended effect.

Objectives: This study aims to reveal underlying presupposition within texts through the use of interpretation of Al-Kifaya, in order to bring together the past lessons in the commentators' statements to the present one. Besides, it explains the significance of presumption in precisely interpreting the Quranic texts and identifying its intents.
Methodology: This research employs a descriptive analytical technique, studying selected Quranic verses and articulating the presuppositions included in these texts in a way that facilitates understanding of what is meant.
Results: Assumptions argue that speakers have relationship before speaking. The recipient understands what the speaker intends without speaking, and the speaker sounds certain that what s/he is about to say will be understood by the recipient with the smallest number of words. The essence of assumption is determined by what is believed among speakers, which vary depending on culture, context and speakers' characteristics.
Conclusion: Presupposition constitutes an essential principle underlying the deliberative approach, and it is central to the discourse process. Every dialogue, including the Holy Quran, is dependent on what the speaker assumes prior to uttering words, as well as the extent to which both parties (sender and recipient) are aware of such knowledge, equally to underlying meanings within speech

Cette recherche analyse les stratégies d’aménagement linguistique employées pour protéger et favoriser les langues en France et en Irak. L’étude met en évidence la tendance de la France à favoriser l’usage exclusif du français par rapport à l’Irak qui a opté pour une démarche multilingue et inclusive en englobant plusieurs langues officielles et minoritaires afin de refléter sa pluralité ethnique et culturelle au sein de ses institutions. Dans l’étude de ces politiques, une analyse comparative a été effectuée sur des textes législatifs ainsi que des documents institutionnels afin d’apprécier leur influence sur la société et les enjeux liés à leur application. Cette étude démontre que la France se fonde sur des principes rigoureux privilégiant l’harmonie linguistique nationale, alors que l’Irak s'efforce de concilier la pluralité culturelle et l’unité nationale par l’officialisation de plusieurs langues. Ce travail souligne deux perspectives contradictoires et interroge la question de l’équilibre entre la sauvegarde de la langue prédominante et l’intégration des autres langues dans les politiques gouvernementales. Par conséquent, malgré les différences d’approche, ces deux cadres d’aménagement linguistique reflètent des contextes sociopolitiques distincts : un système monolingue protecteur en France et un modèle plurilingue conciliant en Irak.