Hammurabi journal for studies

Iraq sits on huge reserves of oil and other resources, but on the other hand, there is a weakness in the exploitation of these resources, and a large waste of financial revenues, as a result of the (wrong and unwise) policies of successive governments, especially in the period that followed 2003, as a result, indicators of backwardness and deterioration have increased in providing public services in governorates that are not part in a region, as they suffered for many years from neglect and widespread unemployment.
In addition to poverty and the relocation of families towards city centers, the change in the demographic map of many governorates as a result of military and security operations and other conditions that faced Iraq previously.

The belief in the inevitability of the appearance of the savior, the Mahdi, has taken different forms in all corners of the world. Most trends in all human societies have agreed on the inevitability of his appearance. This inevitability has been agreed upon by the followers of the three heavenly religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as by the followers of other faiths.

The concept of deterrence is one of the concepts that still circulate within the field of political, strategic or military science. It is not a modern concept. It is still one of the subjects of concern for strategic thought for decades. The many definitions and ideas about it are the result of intellectual differences among strategists and intellectuals and the diversity and variation of the instruments of deterrence itself. Deterrence as "preventing an enemy State from making a decision to use its weapons, preventing it from acting or responding to a particular situation by taking a series of measures and actions that pose a sufficient threat". In spite of the fact that deterrence is the threat of force in order to compete for undesirable action, There are many examples of deterrence failures despite the balance of power and hence the importance of dynamic deterrence, which is based on an idea different from that of balanced deterrence, or deterrence between two close parties to the force, and this idea is that there is an unstoppable course of events. It is absurd to try to stand up to them, it is necessary to move and deal with them, and that this type is necessary in the event of disengagement of forces, opening their options to new possibilities.

Iraq has witnessed a great development in the field of freedom of opinion due to the change of the ruling regime in Iraq after 2003 from a repressive dictatorial regime based on one party, the Arab Socialist Baath Party, which prohibits religious gatherings, including the Arbaeen of Imam Hussein, to a federal democratic parliamentary system that guarantees freedom of opinion stipulated in the constitution issued in 2005, it also guaranteed the establishment of religious rites for all sects and religions in Iraq.

It also witnessed great freedom, especially mourning rituals in Ashura and visiting imams, in addition to the emergence of social media that made expressing opinion very easy and available to anyone, anywhere and anytime, which made it difficult to control the rhythm of expressing opinion. Just as freedom of expression is a basic human right as stated in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the international constitutions, including the Iraqi one, as well as laws and regulations that guarantee freedom of opinion.

The space is small between freedom of expression in religions and sects and contempt of religions, in most Iraqi and international laws and regulations, including regional ones such as Egypt, Algeria and Lebanon, and therefore the citizen must understand that simple space that may expose him to legal accountability.

In the research, freedom of opinion in the Islamic religion was addressed, and some verses of the Holy Quran were mentioned indicating that, and international laws such as Human Rights Regulations were clarified, and the Iraqi and Arab laws were explained, then a statement was made of what is contempt for religions and what are the penalties for it by comparing the Iraqi legislation with the Arab laws, and here the Egyptian, Algerian and Lebanese laws were mentioned. Then the statement of legal qualification in the event that the case of contempt of religions was filed, but the accusation was not proven, and therefore the defendant has the right to file a lawsuit against the plaintiff with insult and malicious lawsuit, and we also showed an example of what was mentioned in the space between freedom of opinion and contempt for religion as in the incident of Basim Al Karbalai.

The regional variables represented by the Syrian crisis, as well as competition and cooperation in Iranian-Turkish relations, are among the most challenges facing Russia in the twenty-first century, especially in areas that are of great importance in the Russian strategic perception,the nature of these variables stems from the policies and interests of some regional forces, namely Iran and Turkey, and with the support of the major regional and international forces, which in turn seek to impede the interests and role of Russia in the strategic areas of the world, namely the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus, which constitute the Russian-Iranian-Turkish circle of interests.

The research in the variables of the political process and government stability tried to show the impact of the political process on political stability first, and then on government stability second, given that the political process that was established in 2005 was aimed at achieving legitimacy, and its most prominent tools are elections, leading to achieving political stability, including government stability.

The issue of governmental stability is one of the important issues in Iraq, but it has not been achieved, as a result of several factors, including problems in political action, as the political process has not succeeded in leading Iraq to stability.

The first phase of the Ethiopian water policy coincided with the study conducted by the United States of America in 1958 AD, as it appeared to the public with the implementation of a group of small projects on parts of the Ethiopian water system, and with the beginning of the twenty-first century, Ethiopia began to think about establishing a group of huge development projects that helped it. This includes its good relations with Western countries, and the Ethiopian economic growth. Thus, Ethiopia has developed its water policy, which appeared clearly when Ethiopia prepared detailed plans and studies to benefit from its water resources, as the foundation stone for the Renaissance Dam project was laid on April 2, 2011.
As Ethiopia seeks to control the waters of the Nile River and cancel or dwarf the role of the High Dam, which affects the political, economic, security and social conditions in Egypt and limits its regional role and comprehensive capacity, motivates Ethiopia to persist in politicizing the water issue and controlling the flow of the river, by expanding the construction of dams. major projects, establishing irrigated agricultural projects, and granting concessions to foreign investment in the agricultural, industrial, and irrigation sectors without adhering to the governing principles of relations between partners, international rivers, especially prior notification and non-harm, and this will lead to a reduction in Egypt’s water share from 55.5 billion m3 to about 40 billion m3.

This research deals with the semantic fields in the collection of "Jran al-Awd al-Numeiri" because it contains animal expressions that require study. Because animals have a great impact on the souls of the poets because of their association with it and their need for it, so they talked about it a lot, describing its bodies, its nature, its movements and its dwellings, their connection with it and their love for it. Symbols have any meaning related to themselves, and the utterance, despite its brevity, simplicity, and detachment, transmits to the listener or reader a complex image of various descriptions and details.

The political system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, and there are no institutions, parties, unions or political associations that participate in the management of the kingdom. The nature of the system of government in the Kingdom is based on the Basic Law that was promulgated in 1992 following numerous calls for political reform. The king enjoys wide-ranging powers and is limited only by the basic system of the kingdom, where the king comes at the top of the pyramid of power in the kingdom, and he is the king, the prime minister, and the supreme commander of the army and armed forces. The king also combines legislative, executive and judicial powers. Royal decrees have a higher status than judicial and administrative decisions, as the king can issue a royal decree to overturn any other decision. According to Article 44 of the Basic Law, the king is the arbiter of the three powers in the country. The political system of governance in the Kingdom was defined by King Fahd bin Abdulaziz, in order to clarify all the foundations and systems through which all affairs of the Kingdom are monitored and managed, and for the constitution to be used in governance as a basis for it, through the constitution, to be able to organize governance and items that contribute to the realization of public benefits that include all the people.

The management of the transitional phase is governed by several basic factors, the most important of which is the thought or perception on which its management is based, the goals to be achieved and the time schedule specified for them, as well as the political and social structures and the policy of dealing with the symbols of the former regime, the economic challenges and the cultural heritage of society. In addition to the extent of violence that the state is witnessing against the effect of this change, and (Tunisia) from the first moment of the process of political change and the escape of (Zine El Abidine Ben Ali) to work in accordance with the constitutional and legal frameworks, despite the many challenges that Tunisia faced at that stage and in many areas, but it succeeded in forming a number of institutions for the purpose of managing the transitional phase and preparing for the election of a national constituent assembly that works on preparing and preparing a new constitution for the country.

In this research, we seek to shed light on the political Islam movements in Morocco during the experience of the Justice and Development Party after 2011, as this party underwent intellectual developments and reviews in the field of political participation in power and the state, after the transition from opposition to government following their victory in the elections that took place after the events of the Arab Spring and the occurrence of political, intellectual and social transformations in the Arab region, including Morocco, and then their retreat in the last elections, which formed a decisive presence for these developments and reviews that was not an impact of decisive intellectual convictions as much as it constituted a pragmatic compliance with the purpose of reaching power.

After the assumption of power by Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2000, the value of Russian foreign policy goals increased from one stage to another, according to the capabilities and resources available in that time period, the first stage of Russian foreign policy, which began in 2000, had a number of goals, among the priorities of which were the search for Russian identity. As for the second phase, which began with the use of military force against Georgia in 2008, it also included several goals, and one of the priorities of those goals was to restore its international standing. Accordingly, Russian foreign policy has sought to achieve goals for both phases through the available means.

The formation of the arbitration panel in commercial arbitration is through the agreement of the parties on the possibility of the panel being an odd number or an even number. This is in international arbitration because national arbitration is in accordance with the law in force in that country and the parties cannot violate the law unless the law allows them to do so. Most laws have adopted odd numbers in forming the panel as their approach, but there are some laws that allow the possibility of forming an odd number. As for the appointing authority, in the event that the parties do not agree on the formation of the panel, it is the one with the right to decide on the formation without objection from the parties. The parties also have the right to authorize this authority to be a body that monitors the progress of the procedures, and the parties to the dispute have the right to authorize this authority to the court in international commercial arbitration or to choose an arbitration center to be the appointing authority or to choose a natural person to be the one with the appointing authority in the dispute between the opponents, and this is in accordance with the agreement.

There is no denying the role of electoral systems in managing different social and partisan diversities. Therefore, the electoral systems literature requires in the stages of designing any electoral system within countries that witness simple or complex divisions and diversities that representation should ensure four levels, namely (geographical representation, ideological representation, partisan representation, descriptive representation), so that parliaments are the mirror of the nation. Electoral systems can not only be seen as mechanisms for forming governing bodies, but also as a tool for managing political (partisan) diversity, through the incentives the electoral system provides for political diversity and for ethnic, regional, linguistic and ideological components first, and by encouraging voters to vote outside their groups for parties that represented groups Secondly, different.

Over the past years, the international community has faced several challenges as a result of the transformations taking place in the international system in light of the growing security disturbances and non-traditional threats that are no longer limited to the threats of external invasion or the occupation of the peripheral border areas of the state, and have come to include non-traditional threats such as internal penetration and the weakening of states from within. They may be a small and beautiful country, but it is certainly not safe, as there is no doubt that small countries face a different number of security difficulties. If they are adjacent to major countries, they may become either theaters for the conflicts or pawns that do not have their own destiny. Such problems did not arise today, nor are they unique. However, many of these problems apply to the State of Qatar, so there is no doubt that the challenge of cyber security constitutes one of the main elements that raise the concern of the internal and international community and threaten its national security and safety, but it represents a flagrant attack on the basic interests that criminal and international law guarantees them special protection.