Journal Dawat

The study dealt with the style of indefiniteness and its presence in the Qur’anic use to highlight the significance of indefiniteness, as it is considered one of the mechanisms that conceal many meanings that change the form of speech, which attracted scholars to it to show its grammatical, semantic, jurisprudential and explanatory status. Indefiniteness is to make the noun indefinite by bringing it indicative of something that is not specific. This definition is agreed upon among the grammarians, rhetoricians, and fundamentalists, except that the rhetoricians and interpreters look beyond what the grammarians go to and go deeper into the goals and purposes of indefiniteness.
The study includes an introduction, four sections, and a conclusion. In the first section the definition of the indefinite word and its study by grammarians and rhetoricians is dealt with in a brief manner. The second section is devoted to explaining the mechanism of dividing the indefinite, and the third section is to discuss the intended purposes of its use according to the Quranic evidence. In the fourth and last sections the Qur’anic terms are explained the significance between definiteness and indefiniteness in Qur’an are illustrated.
Then the study is ended with a conclusion that presents the most important results of the study, followed by a list of research resources.

This research seeks to study an always noticed phenomenon that resonates in ancient and modern Arabic poetry, namely the praise of the Prophet. It is one of the important topics which has its significance, traditions and origins. Thus, the study entitled ‘Reading in a poem - Habibi –‘, includes a preface under the title ‘Mohamed Walad Adom’ wherein a summary of a biography is presented. The research encompasses three axes: the first tackles the title and its effectiveness in the poem, the second discusses the artistic objective reading and the third deals with the techniques of the poem. Then the study ends with a conclusion confirming that the Prophet›s praise is a color of expression of sincere emotions far from costing and earning, with an Islamic religious vision that has its place and importance among the subjects of poetry. This vision was adopted by poets and among whom was our poet who took paid tribute to the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The poet used simple language, religious lexicon, dialogue, poetic images, internal and external music. The paper ends with a list of sources and references and a summary in Arabic and English.

The Iraqi poetry theater, whose limits established by a group of Iraqi poets and writers, is a spacious arena for the application of several mechanisms and technologies that are in the interest of the text in all cases. One of the most important of these technologies is the textual overlap of texts considered by some as a second writing because of the feature of generation, which is the angel of the creative process of the brilliant writer, in which this possibility of generation is embodied that links the past with the present. This spirit was embodied by the Iraqi writer Muhammad Ali Al-Khafaji in a remarkable way, as he saw - at some point - that poetry had fallen short of keeping pace with the rapid events in the Arab world in the second half of the twentieth century, so he resorted to poetic theater, in which he found a broader scope to express what was going on in the soul, to absorb most of the stylistic techniques that support his ideas and national and international beliefs. Poetic theater establishes a national discourse that contributes to bringing the Arabs together on the unity of the word and destiny, as well as reminding with the ancient civilization that took the world out of ignorance and darkness. The research, entitled "Textual overlap in the poetic play (Noah does not ride the ship) by Muhammad Ali al-Khafaji, addresses the textual overlap in that work through two topics: the first is indirect textual interference, and the second is direct textual interference, preceded by an introduction that talks about poetic theater and its importance for Muhammad Ali Al-Khafaji, as well as talking about the concept of textual interference in modern Arab criticism. This is followed by a conclusion with the most important findings of the research ending with a list of research sources and references.
Keywords: text overlap, poetic theater, Muhammad Ali Al-Khafaji

The circumstances of the war create a dialogue atmosphere that results in the speakers meeting face to face and debating each other. Both of the two sides are motivated by the imposition of their convictions on the other, whether he is convinced or not. A record of an incident in the battle of Siffin has been chosen in this study, which is the oldest one in this incident, revealing the impact of the word in determining the paths of this event. We have approached these debates by relying on the argumentative data that were present in the body of the war debate. The war debate has produced for us violent arguments based primarily on victory and silence, not on persuasion and understanding.
Keywords: debate, arguments, argumentative connections, speech acts.

Truly and with certainty, our ancient and glorious scholars exerted the greatest efforts and efforts in linguistic legislation in terms of establishing linguistic phenomena once, and in terms of laying down principles and rules to control language again, taking into their consideration the means and mechanisms that help to understand the meaning and reach the highest levels of achieving the desired meanings. All of this is due to their intention to activate the dynamism of informative communication and to convey meanings to the recipients in the shortest way, the last performances, and the finest structures. From here, this research was established from the idea: The effectiveness of informative communication may result from a technique - as long as it was repeated by the ancients - which is the technique of linguistic economy, and its synonyms have multiplied and varied in their texts and their linguistic bodies. We allude (abbreviation, contractions, ellipses, deletion, brevity, implicitness) and the elements and statements are long. The truth is that the nature of this research leads to monitoring the most important verbal events in the Arabic language, especially in the structural consideration by looking forward to the functional consideration, which is the solid rope in reaching that desired effectiveness. After extrapolating the texts and ideas about, and their understanding, a plan that is imagined fulfilling the desired requirement is developed. It came in an introduction, a preface, and two sections. The preface reveals the informative communication and the economics technique as two variables that the researcher intends to approach fundamentally. The first section focuses on the originality of the economic technique in the Arab heritage. The second section is devoted to talking about the manifestations of the economic technique in the contemporary linguistic lesson. We closed the research with a conclusion that included results that we think correspond to the linguistic reality.
Keywords: Communication, Informative, Economics, Linguistic, Technology

The research deals with the two phenomena of whispering and loudness that affect some voices. The sound in the case of whispering changes from a voiced voice to a whispered one. These shifts are caused by the influence of neighboring sounds.
The ancients did not use special terms to denote these phenomena, while the moderns referred to these phenomena with several terms, including whispering and aloud
Some scholars tried to search for the reasons that lead to the occurrence of these phenomena, so a combination of the ancients counted the factor of strength and weakness in the characteristics of the sounds that controls this phenomenon. As for the modernists, some of them agreed with the doctrine of the ancients. Another group of scholars explained this phenomenon by looking at the nature of the audio clip.
It seems that the factor of facilitating pronunciation and reducing muscular effort is what drives the speaker to this phenomenon, and the factor of strength and weakness in the characteristics of sounds helps in its occurrence.
Keywords: whispering, loudness, adjectives of sounds

Scribes' errors and their ignorance are among the common reasons for attributing a well-known prose or literary text to another, especially if the two characters are similar in their approach and function. In addition to the scribal errors and ignorance, sometimes the attribution of a literary text is deliberately changed for a political, religious or social motive. Perhaps this happens between a famous personality and another obscure one in order to increase its value. However, when this happens between two famous personalities and in two different places and times, it stirs the minds and makes them wonder about the reasons behind that. I find that the ascetic poem Al-Ta’i was attributed to the Andalusian Iberian poet (about 460 AH), and the Allamah Al-Hilli (726 AH) also, which made me search for the reasons behind this dual attribution. While the attribution is weighted to one over the other, also the poem has been verified, as the poem was mentioned in manuscript copies and was attributed to Allama al-Hilli (may God have mercy on him).

This research aimed to study the poem (Lamentation of the Mother) by Al-Sharif Al-Radi, which is one of the poems of women’s lament and is suitable for every elegy that a son addresses to his mother. It is a poem in which the stylistic levels and the rhetorical arts cooperate with each other in the structure of the poetic text, which allows the recipient to be a part of it and participate in it through his feelings and emotions. The internal stylistic dominances of the text also stimulated the psyche of the recipient through textual structures such as vocal rhythm and repetition of letters and words, which led to weeping tones.
keywords: Phonetic level - semantic level – Structural level - image level

The research tried to stand on the rhetoric of the narrative text by looking at a collection of stories by the narrator Anwar Abdel Aziz in which many of the evidence for the eloquence of storytelling are realized, without limiting it to what was manifested in that group. There are many rhetorical phenomena, but the search is limited to the prominent and important ones that fit the scope of the research.
Bearing in mind that the rhetoric of the story emanates from the specificity of the short story itself, as an independent narrative genre, which has limits that can be stopped, but it does not prevent it from overlapping and sharing with other narrative genres. For this reason, the story will employ what is consistent with its kind of rhetorical techniques, and what achieves its creative and aesthetic pillar, without neglecting the advantage of rhetorical renewal, as long as every era has rhetoric.
Therefore, in the collection (Dream of the Nightingale), what we observe are rhetorical dominants that we can detect and find out about their manifestations, especially when they overlap or are superimposed on the rules and elements of the narration, forming a special feature for it. Thus, there was a rhetoric of a title, a reference, a diagnosis, a symbol, and a conclusion, which are rhetoric that cooperate to achieve the general structure of the short story.
Keywords: rhetoric, short story, Bulbul's dream

The grammatical discourse was produced by the ancient Arab grammarians recently, similar to what was stated in the theory of "dialogue requirements". Undoubtedly, revealing the pragmatic approach of this theory in the grammatical provisions codified by the grammarians is an interesting adventure that confirms the capacity of the grammatical discourse in understanding the foundations of the pragmatic approach or its hypotheses and points out that Arabic grammar is not just formal rules, which grammarians took turns in developing and formulating it. The thinking of grammarians has a great impact on defining the meaning. Therefore, the aim of this research is to show the sophistication of grammatical thinking in drawing the features of grammar, and the deepening of its rules and Emphasizing the importance of reading Arabic grammar in a modernist way, exploring what is beyond its comprehension, or showing what would not have appeared without it. Hence, It must be pointed out that we are not among those researchers who claim that modern linguistic theories are devoid of their content, and that everything they brought was mentioned by our ancient Arab scholars. Rather, we see that linguistics has its foundations, its scientific, and its tasks that it undertakes, so it is considered a means through which texts are read in a new, more useful and beneficial way.
Keywords: conversational requirement, pragmatics, grammar

The current research shows that most of the syntactic differences that occur in some of the Quranic verses do not criticize the collection of the text under a general meaning that includes these trends in syntax, but rather show the clarity of the meaning in more than that. The study consisted of two chapters preceded by an introduction about the relationship between syntax and meaning. The first chapter deals with the argumentative vocabulary, whether the differences in the mere accusative or among the ascending, accusative, and prepositional; therefore, it was gathered in one chapter. Moreover, the second chapter tackles the syntactical aspects of sentences and quasi-sentences, and finally, a conclusion contains the most pivotal findings of this research. Eventually, I hope I was successful in this endeavor, which I'm looking forward to, and thanks to Allah before and after.
Keywords: Multiplicity, syntax, Vocabulary, Sentences, Grammarians

The Arabic language, by its nature, carries huge energies of meanings. It develops through the developments of time and its events, taking different dimensions from the temporal and spatial environment, adding to its suggestive vocabulary and marginal connotations, and transforming its linguistic situation from an initial system into a broad space of meanings. The context of speech with its various readings, and the knowledge of the opposites of the meanings of its lexical vocabulary indicates to the reader the various connotations of a single term at the semantic-linguistic level. The study in our hands is an attempt to root linguistic thought in order to understand the multiple connotations of “high morals” in pre-Islamic and Islamic systems and prose. It dealt with the utterance from the linguistic point of view, and then it absorbed its marginal concepts that were derived through the axes of proximity, exchange, and contextual evidence. This is achieved by the use of semantic buildings. The subject is studied according to the descriptive analytical method by dealing with samples of texts and evidence in a semantic and linguistic analysis in order to uncover the connotations of “high morals” and to remove the ambiguity sometimes associated with them in their connotations. Finally, it seems that the word "hgih morals" has witnessed some development in its semantic dimension through pre-islam and Islam, and it included the semantics of the four concepts: The broad lexical concept, the narrow concept, the possible concept, and the realistic concept. Through the analysis of the various evidence, it became clear that there are indications of good morals that stipulate praiseworthy traits that are common in before and after Islam such as: generosity, honouring one's neighbour, enduring hardships, forbearance, courage, justice, and jealousy. There are narrow concepts related to pre-Islam, such as drinking alcohol and revenge.
Keywords: high morals, pre-Islam, Islam, semantics.

‘Ranks of grammarians’ for Abu Al-Tayyib Al-Lughawi (d. 351 AH) is one of the most important books that were written in mentioning the positions of the scholars of Basra and Kufa and their ranks of knowledge and narration. Proceeding from the importance of this book and its weight among the heritage of the Arabs, a desire was implanted in the researcher’s mind to shed light on it and know its secrets, as well as to shed light on the author of the book, his personality and his method of conveying his news.
Keywords: Abu Al-Tayyib Al-Lughawi - Grammar – The ranks of grammarians - Measurement and Hearing

The Arabic language has been distinguished by prominent linguistic methods, and among these methods is that of precedence and delay. This method has received the attention of the people interested in languages since ancient times due to its role in clarifying the meaning. Arabs resort to precedence to highlight the most important thing that the writer intentionally seeks. This is what Sibawayh went to. Precedence and delay have a clear effect on the structural shift. This study will be limited to verbal precedence and delay between the verb and its modalities, and what is related to the verb and its modalities. This will become clear to us after tracing what is related to this concept, and what came from this method in “Al-Ihtijaj” by Al-Tabarsi (588 AH).

This research aims to study metaphor in the light of the principle of dialogical implication by the scholar of pragmatic linguistics Paul Grice on qualitative basis. The breach through metaphor is one of the most important methods of qualitative breach, from which the embellishment of words, the improvement of graphic images and the eloquence of meaning in terms of pronunciation and innovation are achieved. It also has the ability of expression by the embodiment of ideas, feelings and imaginations in phrases that go beyond the ordinary as well as the ability to link meanings in a manner that is contrary to the literal utterance, which requires pragmatic connotations that the speaker aims and desires in the process of communicating with the recipient.

This research deals with the image of the stylistic method and its presence in one of the ancient Iraqi magazines, Foreign Culture Magazine. Through some translated studies that appeared in this magazine after they were collected and analyzed the aim is to show the method used by a group of some critics who analyze texts in the light of the stylistic method. Then the theoretical premises of those critics and the procedures that they followed in their analysis process are followed. This study attempts to show the differences in the theoretical premises of the stylistic method contained in this magazine. The study attempts also to combine and compare these theoretical premises with what was mentioned in the considered references. This study is divided into two parts:
1. The stylistic method and its theoretical image that deals with the image of the method and its presence in the references and its most prominent critics.
2. The presence of the stylistic method in the foreign culture magazine

The research aims to identify the benefits mentioned in Al-Sabban’s footnote on Ashmouni’s explanation. The researchers used the descriptive analytical method to reach the results of the research. The intervening sentence is not conjugated with (then), and the third is to express with the bare, and we conclude these benefits with a conclusion that explains the most important findings of the research.
Keywords: Sabban, benefits, the vocalization of the preposition, appositives.

This research deals with the study of the phenomenon of morphological changes in the vowels in the book Al-Tibyan in the interpretation of Gharib Al-Qur’an by Ibn Al-Ha’im. It identifies the nature of this phenomenon and applying its concept. This is done by addressing examples in his book, as well as linking issues of exchange with sound. Because there is a close relationship between these two sciences, Because there is a close relationship between these two sciences, so the study of morphological changes in vowels is one of the difficult subjects to study without resorting to the science of sound. Ibn al-Hā’im took the book of al-Sijistani (Tafsir Gharib al-Qur’an) as the basis for his book, so he made it like a text for him. he used to present the Qur’anic expression he had, interpret it, and then rectify some of the words used by al-Sijistani. The difference between Al-Sijistani in his book (Al-Tibian fi Tafsir Gharib Al-Qur’an) is that Al-Sijistani relied in his book on the external form of the word without taking into account its etymological origin. As for Ibn al-Hā’im, he took from the interpretation of “Gharib al-Qur’an” the basis that he followed in his book. He collected words from “Gharib al-Qur’an” in every surah, with additions to the original in some places, then he follows them, relying on the interpretation given in “Gharib al-Qur’an”.

The research deals with the significance of the morphological structure in the Noble Qur’an - Surat Al-Imran. It sheds light on the derivatives and traces their impact and what these structures give to the Qur’anic text in terms of indications.

Gender refers to a set of roles and relationships with a social composition, attributes, attitudes, behaviors, values, balances of power, and the ability to influence that society attributes to the two sexes on a differential basis. Gender is an acquired identity that is learned and changes over time and varies widely within and across cultures. Gender does not simply refer to male and female, but to the relationship between them. The root of the word gender in the English language, is of Latin origin (genus) and means the type, male or female. As for the term: it is a non-fixed term that is used in a constantly changing manner, but it refers in its general content: to the social and cultural aspects of sexual difference. The subject of gender identity is one of the most important subjects in contemporary literature, and contemporary poets have focused and cared for this very important subject. Each of them shed light on this subject from his own view. The female poets Nazik Al-Malaikah, Suad Al-Sabah and Nabila Al-Khatib are among those poets who have a special obsession with the issue of gender identity. The prevailing issues around the female gender in society prompted female poets to address this issue, until gender identity became one of the foundations of their poetry. The research relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, and the main evidence for the selection of female poets is the emphasis of Nazik Al-Malaika, Suad Al-Sabah and Nabila Al-Khatib on breaking the stereotypes that constitute women and girls since their birth in society, because they negate the ability, talent and ambition. The research concluded that gender identity and gender roles are flexible concepts, and this means that the gender roles and responsibilities of an individual change throughout his life cycle. However, we see that society and some books portray women with specific stereotypical roles and make their role confined to the house, as a housewife, who does not leave it except for a little.
Keywords: gender identity, culture and traditions, Nazik Al-Malaikah, Suad Al-Sabah, Nabila Al-Khatib.