Iraqi Journal of Science

A series of novel spiro azetidine and thioazetidine scaffolds incorporating an
isatin subunit were successfully synthesized. The protocol involved reacting Schiff
base derivatives of 7-chloroisatin with phenyl isocyanate or phenyl thioisocyanate.
The new derivatives were obtained in excellent yield and characterized by different
techniques such as FTIR, HNMR and 13CNMR. Furthermore, in silico, in vitro, and
in vivo investigations were performed to assess the bioactivity of prepared
compounds as antioxidants. The in-silico analysis encompassed the evaluation of
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties for all compounds, revealing
favorable characteristics. Subsequently, molecular docking studies were performed
with two proteins: VEGFR-2 and ALR2. The results demonstrated good docking
scores for compounds 1-4. The in vitro assessments involved the evaluation of the
potential antioxidant activity of all compounds using two methods: the total
antioxidant capacity method and the DPPH scavenging activity method. The results
demonstrated that all compounds exhibited noteworthy to excellent antioxidant
activity. Based on these findings, compound 2 was selected for further investigation
in the in vivo study using rats. In the in vivo experiment, male rats were administered
a dose of 200 mg/0.5ml DMSO/rat/ day of compound 2 for 4-weeks, and the
concentrations of total antioxidant capacity and MDA in their serum were measured.
The results indicated that compound 2 exhibited commendable performance as an
antioxidant agent.

In this study, a series of novel Mannich bases were synthesized by the conjugation of Vitamin B3 with the medicinal compound sulfamethoxazole. Five Schiff base compounds were prepared via a condensation reaction involving five different aldehydic precursors. Additionally, a compound incorporating an aromatic thiadiazine ring was synthesized. The prepared compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H and 13CNMR spectrometric methods, and melting point measurements. Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the interactions of the synthesized compounds with three specific bacterial protein targets, namely: 4H2M from Escherichia coli, 3FYV from Staphylococcus aureus, and 6P4T from Salmonella Besides. Docking simulations showed that all the prepared compounds exhibited hydrophilic interactions with the target proteins by forming hydrogen bonds. The formation of rings and arenes aromatics in molecular structure facilitated water softened interactions between drugs and bacterial proteins. The biological activity of these prepared compounds was investigated against five classes of bacteria, negative and positive grams. The obtained results showed a significant activity compared to sulfamethoxazole medication. On the other hand, absorbed and poisoning of the prepared compounds were examined using the Swiss ADME tool. The yielded results showed that all ligands did not fulfill Lipinski's rule, except compound M (Mannich compound). This could be attributed to the large area and the high molecular weight of the compounds which were more than 500g/mol.

The researchers aimed to develop a novel azo ligand as a continuation of their prior investigations. They synthesized the ligand, identified as N-(3-acetyl-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)N-(4-carboxy-cyclohexylmethyl)-diazonium salt, and proceeded to synthesize a series of chelate complexes with Ru+3, Rh+3, Pd+2, Pt+4, and Au+3 ions. Characterization of these compounds includes advanced techniques including elemental analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, LC-Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy plus thermal analysis, conductivity measurements, magnetic quantification using TGA and DSC are used to further clarify the and synthesized complexes have been developed.Analysis revealed that the complexes formed with Ru+3, Rh+3, Pt+4, and Au+3 ions exhibited a 1:1 metal-ligand ratio and displayed octahedral geometry, with the exception of Pd+2 and Au complexes, which displayed square planar geometry. The ligand itself was found to be tridentate (NOO) in nature. The thermal decomposition of some compounds using the TGA and DSC was studied and mass spectroscopy. The dye and the complexes were determined their ability to inhibit free radicals by measuring their ability as antioxidants using DPPH as a free radical and ascorbic acid as a standard substance, and determining the value of IC50, as it was found that the ligand had a high ability to inhibit free radicals, and the ability to inhibit the complexes varied according to the value of IC50.The results are as follows (Ascorbic acid ˃ Au-complex ˃ Pt-complex ˃ Pd-complex ˃ LH ˃Ru-complex

Background: In Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), Yad and Ygi fimbriae are associated with the colonization of the bladder.
Methods: A total of 200 urine samples were gathered from Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) patients to isolate Escherichia coli using Hichrome E. coli and Hichrome UTI agar media. Susceptibility of Uropathogenic E. coli isolates to 16 different antibiotics was determined by using the Disc Diffusion Approach and VITEK 2 compact system. Congo red agar and tissue culture plates were employed for the biofilm development test. By using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis, yadN, ygiL, and draE genes were detected.
Results: From 40 bacterial isolates, 21 (52.5%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The highest resistance of UPEC isolates was to Ampicillin (34/40; 85%) and Cefazolin (33/40; 82.5%), while the lowest resistance was to Amikacin and Tagicycline (0/40; 0%). However, none of the isolates were found to be extensively drug resistant (XDR) or pandrug-resistant (PDR) according to the VITEK 2 compact system, but 31 out of 40 bacterial isolates (77.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). The results of using microtiter plates revealed that (44%) of the isolates formed strong biofilms, while the remaining (14/25; 56%) were moderate biofilm-forming. When tested using the Congo red method, (9/25; 36%) gave black colonies (strong biofilm), (13/25; 52%) gave grey colonies (moderate biofilm), while only three isolates produced pink growth on medium (12%) (non-biofilm producing). The results of PCR showed that out of 22 UPEC isolates, (19/22 ; 86.36%) contained the yadN gene, (13/22; 59.09%) had the ygiL gene, and none had the draE gene.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the causal agent of tomato wilt disease. The ability to infect particular plant species depends on specific genes that distinguish virulent fungi from their closely related nonvirulent relatives. These genes encode host-determining "virulence factors," including small, secreted proteins and enzymes involved in the synthesis of toxins. This research aims to study the impact of Trichoderma harazanium extract on the expression of frp1, snf1, and clc1 genes expression on five severely pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci for the first time in Iraq. The fungal isolates used in this study were isolated from infected tomato plants in several regions of Iraq. The present results demonstrated the highest inhibition rates of growth for all isolates to be 100% at a 10 mg/ml concentration of T. harazanium extract. In contrast, the minimal inhibitory of 1.25 mg/ml caused inhibition rates of 28.12%, 30.37%, 36.2%, 38.59%, and 43.78%, consecutively. The results of qRT-PCR investigation showed a substantial downregulation of the expression of clc1 gene in all F. oxysporum isolates in contrast to the other genes; the snf1 gene showed a significant downregulation of transcription by 0.4697, 0.2552, and 0.1684 folds in three F. oxysporum isolates (Fox3, Fox 17, and Fox 20, respectively). The frp1 gene showed an insignificant decrease in gene expression in all isolates. These results provide new insights into the molecular pathogenicity of F. oxysporum and demonstrate the possibility of employing these bioagents to influence the virulence genes of fungal phytopathogens.

High-fat diets (HFD) and high-sucrose diets increase the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The combination of the two diets reflects the Western dietary trend. The mortality due to cardiovascular disease is still high. Therefore, new treatment options are urgently needed to address the issue, such as through the exploration of medicinal plants. This study aimed to examine the effects of Sida rhombifolia (SR) leaf extract on IL-6 mRNA expression, histopathological findings, and troponin I level in the heart of rats induced by a high-fat-sucrose diet and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: negative control (C-), positive control (C+), and three groups given SR extract with the following doses: SRE1 (100mg/kgBW), SRE2 (200mg/kgBW), and SRE3 (400 mg/kgBW). The C+ and the extract groups were treated with the high-fat-sucrose diet (32.2% fat content, 10% sucrose) and CCl4 injection (0.4 mg/kg body weight). All treatments were conducted for 12 weeks. The expression of IL-6 in the C+ was significantly lower than C-, and only the SRE2 expressed a significantly higher IL-6 than the C+. A higher degree of inflammation was also observed in the C+ compared to the C-, while the SRE2 had a significantly lower degree of inflammation than the C+ group. The myocardial tissue in the SRE2 and SRE3 groups also showed less fibrosis. There was no difference in plasma troponin I levels among groups. We collectively found that the SR extract provides cardioprotection by altering the degree of myocardial inflammation and IL-6 mRNA expression in rats with cardiac injuries.

Specific somatic mutations in any of the three genes—JAK2, CALR, or MPL—are frequently found in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), which include polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The rs2736100 in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) increases the risk of MPN disease in Iraqi subjects. This research attempted to investigate the prevalence of TERT rs2736100 and JAK2V617F in Iraqi patients with MPN and normal population. According to the collected data, significant correlation was indicated between the allele T of TERT rs2736100 and the prevalence of MPN (OR =3.3108, 95% CI =1.3828 to 7.9269, P =0.0072). Additionally, we have observed that the allele T of TERT rs2736100 has been correlated significantly with JAK2 V617F-positive MPN (OR = 4.0737, 95% CI (1.8347 to 10.8681) P = 0.0010). In accordance, the present work revealed a link between the TERT gene polymorphism rs2736100 and the development of MPN in an Iraqi population sample. Hence, it can be stated that the TERT rs2736100 polymorphism has a key impact over the development of MPN. Nevertheless, more investigations should be proceeded on larger population to validate this outcome.

The accelerator driven system subcritical reactor assembly for Molybdenum-99 or 99Mo isotope production (ADS-SAMOP) reactor test facility is located at the Kartini research reactor complex. The direct exposure at the ADS-SAMOP reactor facility system can reach 1600 mSv/h at a distance of 1 meter from the center of the reactor core. The minimum ordinary concrete shielding required in the radial direction is 2 m thickness with 3-meter height to qualify the maximum dose for radiation workers of 7 μSv/h. The aim of this study is to improve shielding configuration to achieve safety requirements. The method used is a calculation using computer code based on Monte Carlo. The results show that, by using barite concrete with 3 m in height, the thickness of radiation shielding at radial direction of ADS-SAMOP facility can achieve an optimum of only 1.5 m. The analysis results also concluded that the additional radiation shielding to the top of reactor tank must be added if the radial shielding is ordinary concrete.

The photoelectrode of the dye-sensitized solar cells was fabricated by sensitizing ZnO with a natural extract of Shami berries with different solvents. The working electrode of ZnO nanoparticles was synthesized using the sol-gel and dip-coating method and deposited onto ITO substrates using zinc acetate dihydrate as a precursor. The study investigated the effect of solvent type (methanol and ethanol), substrate withdrawal speed (1mm/s and 5mm/s), and catalyst agent (Triethanolamine (TEA) and Monoethanolamine (MEA)) on photoconversion in the dye-sensitized solar cell. An atomic force microscope examined the nanostructure of the prepared film, indicating nanoparticle sizes in the range from 48 to 105 nm. The optical properties analyzed with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (wavelength: 300-800 nm) showed a band gap energy of 3.26 eV for the ZnO thin films sensitized with methanol as solvent, withdrawal speed of 1mm/s and TEA as the catalyst agent. The band gap energy for Shami berries extract with acidified ethanol as the solvent was found to be 1.7eV. Cyclic voltammetry estimated the energy levels of the dye's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) at -5.2 eV and -3.5 eV, respectively. Additionally, the study evaluated the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells under optimal experimental conditions. The DSSC utilizing Shami berries extract with acidified ethanol had the highest photoconversion efficiency (η) of 0.79%.

Marshes are a geomorphological phenomenon found in southern and southeastern Iraq. The study area is part of these wetlands located in an arid region, which play a significant role in softening the region's climate as well as its economic and tourist importance. The objective is to assess the environmental geomorphology of the marshes west of Basra, specifically the marshes of Al-Mashab and Al-Salal. Soil and water samples were collected through fieldwork, and the physical, and chemical of the major elements were conducted.
The study area is polluted with high concentrations of major elements in both water and soil compared to the Iraqi and global standards. The north part of the study area shows a high EC value of 17 s/cm, TDS3090 mg/l, chloride 1813 mg/l, sulfate 800mg/l and calcium 350mg/l as well as high concentrations of sodium (42000ppm, calcium 35000ppm, sulfate 11280ppm, chloride 24802ppm). The digital processing and analysis results of satellite visualizations were adopted in the Erdas V.2014 and GIS software V10.4 by applying the equations of the NDWI water guide and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and designing a mathematical model in the GIS program to detect the change during the study period (1973-2016). The increase in vegetation cover in 1973 shows that water was the largest area during the studied period by 5 km2 in 2016. The area of the intersecting area that has not been subjected to change for water is 5.5 km2 and for vegetation cover is 8.7 km2.

The environmental difficulties faced by Iraqi society, particularly in the countryside, worsen over time due to a lack of interest in environmental duties caused by a lack of awareness of the environmental risk. At a time when oil companies sought Iraqi government approval to invest in and develop Iraqi oil fields, particularly in the south of Iraq, heavy metals emerged as one of the most visible pollutants associated with the oil industry as by-products of oil extraction operations. Therefore, the environment is exposed to gradual demolitions that directly affect biodiversity and deteriorate water quality in the region. Consequently, it became necessary to find environmentally friendly treatment methods from the elements of the environment itself. Hence, the phytoremediation method was ideal for solving some pollution problems in the southern regions of Iraq, specifically the Iraqi marshes. This research discusses the impact of the most prominent heavy metals polluting the waters of Umm Al-Na'aj Pond and Al-Hawizeh marshland, proposes two methods for phytoremediation, and shows the efficiency of each of them in the adsorption of heavy metal pollutants.

The study area is located in the northeastern part of Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq, and its goal is to assess the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater, identify contamination levels and sources, and determine groundwater suitability for drinking. The water quality index (WQI) and heavy metals pollution index (HPI) were used to assess groundwater contamination levels of major elements and heavy metals. The results showed that all groundwater samples were alkaline and weakly mineralized water. The total dissolved solids in the groundwater were less than the maximum accepted limit for palatable water. Groundwater was classified as excellent to good water and does not exceed the critical drinking water value. Chemically, All indices indicate that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for drinking water. Finally, the authors recommend that groundwater needs a biological assessment to make a relevant decision about water suitability for drinking.

Identifying the mass graves’ boundaries is a significant step in mass graves’ preparatory procedures. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of ground penetrating radar in identifying mass graves and delineating their boundaries in sandy soil. A GSSI SIR-3000 GPR system with a 1.5 GHz antenna was used for the experiment. Eight GPR profiles were run over a 0.16m-deep wooden sandbox that contained buried bones to simulate the mass grave. All GPR profiles were processed using zero time, background removal, and filters to produce clearer, more accurate, and interpretable GPR data. This geophysical technique showed its assistance and effectiveness in locating the mass grave and tracking its delineation within sandy soils (desert environment). It was easy to locate the boundary between the simulated human remains (bones) and the surrounding materials (sand) due to the differences in their dielectric constant due to the chemical and physical differences that will convert to different reflections. Changing the antenna configurations (polarizations) in the GPR survey over the simulated target showed a clear difference in the reflection or the clarity of the “target”. The calculated depth of the buried bones was very close to the actual depth. This novel application of the GPR will help in Iraqi mass grave investigation, recovery and excavation in desert environments.

The study of analytic univalent and multivalent function theory is an ancient subject of mathematics, particularly in complex analysis, that has drawn a large number of scholars due to the sheer elegance of its geometrical properties and the numerous research opportunities it provides. Researchers have been interested in the traditional study of this subject since at least 1907. During this time, many complex analysis researchers emerged, including Euler, Gauss, Riemann, Cauchy, and many others. Show several results for differential subordination using the convolution operator as well as broader hypergeometric functions ????????????????(????). Geometric function theory is a synthesis of geometry and analysis. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the dependence principle and add a new subset for polyvalent functions with a different operator that is related to higher order derivatives. As a result, the discoveries were significant in terms of geometric properties as an example coefficient estimation, growth bounds and distortion, convexity, close to convexity, and the radii of starlikeness.

The primary objective of this work pertains to the examination of a new class of grill topological spaces denominated as AE-space. This nomenclature is rooted in the delineation of said spaces upon a non-empty set, upon which a myriad of topological structures is imposed via an arbitrary grill. The construction of these grill topologies precedes the establishment of our nascent topological construct through the intersection of these individualized topologies. In this discourse, we introduce and rigorously define the notions of AE-open sets and AE-closed sets. Furthermore, we establish the result that the AE-space exhibits the fundamental attributes of a topological space, assuming the absence of pairwise disjoint non-empty sets within the intersection of the grill topologies. Illustrative instances of such AE-spaces are furnished, accompanied by a comprehensive demonstration of their pertinent properties.

In this paper, a reliability function is found for the special case of cascade model where the model consists of (3 + 1) units and trace random variables that represent the strength and stress Rayleigh distribution, respectively. The mathematical formula of the reliability function was estimated by estimating the parameters of Rayleigh distribution in the five different estimation methods, Maximum likelihood method, Percentile method, Least Squares method, Weighted Least Squares method and Regression method. Using the MATLAB software, A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to compare the results of different estimation methods using the mean square error criterion. The simulation results showed that the best estimation methods for estimating the reliability model are ML estimator and Pr estimator.

The main goal of this work is to obtain new geometric properties for meromorphic multivalent functions in the punctured disk (????????)∗=????????\{0}={????:????∈ℂ ???????????? 0< |????|<1}, so we presented a new class ????????,????????,????(????,????,б) by using Hadamard product. In this paper we obtained many important properties such as coefficient estimates, radius of convexity, distortion theorem, convex combination and closure theorem. In addition, we derived the integral transforms and Hadamard product for functions belonging to the class ????????,????????,????(????,????,б).

The approximate solution of a coupled nonlinear parabolic system with variable coefficients (CNPSVC) is found by using the mixing Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) in the variable of space with implicit finite difference method (IFDM) in the variable of time, for this reason, the method will be denoted by MGIM. In this method and at any step of time ???????? the CNPSVC is transformed into couple Galerkin nonlinear algebraic system (CGNAS), which is solved by applying the predictor and the corrector techniques (PCT), these techniques transform the CGNAS into a coupled Galerkin linear algebraic system (CGLAS). Then the Cholesky decomposition (ChDe) is used to solve it. The existence and uniqueness of the solution are proven. The stability and the convergence of the method are studied. Some Illustrative examples are given to solve the proposed system, the results are given by tables and figures and we show the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Data security and its characteristics are considered one of the most important requirements of the modern era, as this generation is in rapid digital development. Therefore, it needs an effective methodology for a strong and effective encryption algorithm, by incorporating the standard encryption algorithm known as Rijndael. And steganography. The goal of this study is to transfer and store audio data with complete confidentiality and security. This study converts audio data into a 256 bit audio sample that we use for the purpose of encryption using the Rijndael algorithm, as this algorithm is known for its strength and for winning many awards. The principle of this algorithm’s work is to create multiple blocks of different block sizes and keys. We create keys for the purpose of encryption, and they are integrated into audio files using the developed data steganography technique. Saving the data is done using an image with the bmp extension. After that, we expose these images to compression to know and evaluate whether the steganography is successful. After that, we return it, remove the compression, and decrypt it. We note the return of the original text. The goal of this proposed methodology is to protect audio data from attacking persons and reduce the chances of revealing this data. This methodology is used for the purpose of transferring, storing, and safely preserving secret audio files with a security aspect. This research has one of its most important features in that it combines the strength of encryption, which is represented by the Rigndael algorithm, and the strength of data hiding technology, which resulted in the time of breaking the code and returning it in a record time of up to 99.9%. It also gives a developed and innovative methodology, for securing, transferring, storing and protecting audio data in all modern digital fields.

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) provide a framework for dealing with a variety of large-scale multi-objective problems (MOPs) in the field of evolutionary algorithms, when applied to different problem types. Although computational strategies for dealing with nonlinear regression problems are difficult to apply, we used the gravity search algorithm and combined it with these regressions to estimate and interpret the parameters. Estimation parameters for nonlinear regression and gravitational search algorithm (EPNGSA), enabling us to access them consistently. Estimating the nonlinear estimation parameter using general estimating equations. It is necessary to use Chebyshev's strategy in the leader recruitment procedure, which leads to tackling (MOP) based on the Gravity Search Algorithm (GSA) and at the same time may lead to quick results. When building a leader library, the concept of dominance is crucial because it allows leaders, they choose to include less dense regions, thus producing an estimated Pareto front with a large diversity, which reduces global optimization challenges. The used and new method showed its effectiveness and was closer to the solution compared to other algorithms. This result was obtained using six standard nonlinear functions. GSA appears to be more productive than both Practical Swarm Optimization PSO and Bat Algorithm BAT.

Let R be a commutative ring with identity, and let ???? be a left R-module. We define a proper sub-module N of an R-module M to be a weakly 2-quasi-prime sub-module if whenever 0≠????1????2????∈????,????1????2∈????,????∈????, then either ????12????∈???? or ∈????22????∈????. This concept is an expansion of the idea of a 2-quasi-prime sub-module, where a proper sub-module N of an R-module M is said to be a 2-quasi-prime sub-module if for all ????,????∈????,????∈???? and ????????????∈???? then either ????2????∈???? or ????2????∈????. Various properties of weakly 2-quasi-prime sub-modules are considered.

In this study, we delve into the intricacies of the reaction-diffusion system associated with neuronal activities, focusing on open bounded three dimensions convex domain. Employing the renowned Faedo-Galerkin method, alongside compactness techniques, we establish the uniqueness, existence, and initial data sensitivity of both weak and strong solutions within this framework. Furthermore, a comprehensive case analysis is presented, demonstrating the practical application of this methodology to the reaction-diffusion system under consideration.

In this study, we look into how the peristaltic flow MHD is affected by rotation, heat transfer, elasticity wall characteristics, and slip conditions. For simplification, the governing equations, infinite wavelength and small Reynolds numbers have been used to study the Newtonian fluid in a porous canal. Heat transport, elasticity, rotation, and slip conditions are taken into account. The Brinkman number, Hartman number, and other parameters are evaluated to observe their effects on the stream function, temperature, velocity, and coefficient of heat transfer. The results indicate that when these parameters are varied, more trapped boluses develop. Figures and graphs discuss and illustrate the impact of various values on these factors. The MATHEMATICA software has been used to compute numerical results.

In recent years, the activities of delivery companies have surged due to various factors, including epidemics, cost-effectiveness, the ease of placing orders, and urban congestion. This paper presents a model for evaluating the performance of delivery companies by analyzing comments available on social media. Assessing a company's performance based on feedback from corporate customers provides a valuable indicator for predicting its future success or failure. The main strength of this paper lies in utilizing a simple dictionary of Arabic and Iraqi dialect words to describe essential terms and leveraging Arab WordNet to enhance the quality of description words extracted from comments. The accuracy values for the four machine learning models used in our study are as follows: Rough Set Theory (RST) 97.5%, Support Vector Machine (SVM) 96.7%, Random Forest (RF) 94.3%, and Naïve Bayes (NB) 89.2%. The results demonstrate that the RST algorithm outperforms the other algorithms in terms of accuracy, representation, and recall.

The segmentation of aerial images using different clustering techniques offers valuable insights into interpreting and analyzing such images. By partitioning the images into meaningful regions, clustering techniques help identify and differentiate various objects and areas of interest, facilitating various applications, including urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster management. This paper aims to segment color aerial images to provide a means of organizing and understanding the visual information contained within the image for various applications and research purposes. It is also important to look into and compare the basic workings of three popular clustering algorithms: K-Medoids, Fuzzy C-Mean (FCM), and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). This will help find the best way to separate colors in aerial images. According to a thorough comparative study, PSNR and correlation metrics show that K-Medoids outperform other clustering techniques in terms of segmentation quality. Also, the effect of changing the number of clusters on the image quality was studied; when the number of clusters increases, the image quality increases. It was found that when K-Medoids were used, the PSNR and correlation were 35.57 and 0.99, respectively. When FCM and GMM were used, they were 35.54, 0.99, 31.67, and 0.97, respectively, when the number of clusters was 12.

The larger public key techniques in RSA that are currently applied utilize 1024 bits for parameters. The NIST recommends that systems with 1024 bits are suitable for employment until 2010. Then, NIST advises that systems be updated to render security at a high level. One solution is to exploit the previous years of research and analysis in public key and move from former algorithms for public key to the Elliptic Curve (EC). This study suggests a public key technique that is faster than ElGamal ECC. The method in this paper is constructed by two standard methods: the Menezes-Vanstone ECC (MVECC) and the ElGamal ECC. The method is a hybrid of symmetric and asymmetric techniques to generate an asymmetric method. The proposed method does not rely on the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) because the points generated are out of curve. The strategy of the proposed method is much like the ElGamal method, because each symbol generates two points without DLP. In addition, it is like the MVECC because there are no mapping points; in other words, the plaintext is not embedded into EC. It is faster than ElGamal ECC by around 5%–10%.

In recent years, land surface temperature (LST) has become an increasing
concern because of the rise in urban temperatures and the accompanying
microclimatic warming. The utilization of artificial intelligence models to predict
variations in LST is highly beneficial for assessing and forecasting the dynamic
climatic changes occurring worldwide. However, the prediction of LST is a difficult
task because slight errors in its short-term forecasts can accumulate to become
significant errors over longer periods of time. In this paper, a hybrid model that
utilizes a bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) framework is presented
for improving the accuracy of long-term LST prediction. The goal is to forecast the
future patterns of LST and their possible effects on the urban microclimate of
Baghdad city. A high-resolution land cover and land use map for Baghdad City, as
well as data collected from satellite photos, were used in this work to construct a
surface temperature forecast model. Based on the data analysis, Baghdad
experienced the greatest temperature rises from 2001 to 2018, where a fast
staggering in LST occurred at >35°C in 2018 due to the net change in the Baghdad
area, which was 12.8%. The prediction results show that the proposed BiLSTM
model can significantly increase the accuracy of long-range weather forecasts for
Baghdad. The results show that the mean-squared error of 0.53 and the correlation
coefficient of 0.84 between the predicted and actual LST indicate good accuracy.
Hence, the proposed model can be used to estimate future LSTs in Baghdad with
low error.

Recently, the number of insiders of computer networks in companies has increased. Some insiders can be detected when they perform outside activities, such as sending a file or opening blocked websites, to enter the company network. Another class of insiders is the company's employees, and it is difficult to identify them. And here lies the problem—the taxonomies of insiders and insider threats. The survey method is one of the most widely used approaches to constructing a taxonomy of insiders. This method is based on the analysis of materials from investigations of computer security incidents conducted by computer security specialists. Based on the incidents investigated, it is possible to categorize studies using technical and psychosocial data. User data on networks requires detailed preliminary analysis to study user behavior and identify insiders more accurately. In this research, we proposed a model to detect insiders when making any events on networks like the open blocked site, sending emails, and logging into the network at a suitable time. The proposed algorithm needs to analyze a user data set based on the No SQL language and then define expert rules to determine the degree of risk for insiders. Analysis of the proposed algorithm regarding time, accuracy, and correctness of the insider classification led to satisfactory results.

To assess various methods for relocating a fictional satellite from a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) to a lunar orbit, this research project was conducted. The primary objective of the study was to determine the most time and cost-effective technique, while also considering the influence of perturbations and other possible variables on orbital mechanics analysis. Three different approaches were examined, involving the transfer of the satellite in one, two, or three separate rounds. The development of algorithms for this investigation relied on MATLAB orbital mechanics software, and careful consideration was given to factors such as delta-v, mission duration, spacecraft mass, and potential perturbations throughout the course of the transfer.
For each mission's requirements, the study discovered that every technique had its own set of benefits and drawbacks. The least time-consuming and the easiest way was the first technique, despite using up the largest amount of propellant. The second technique might find a middle ground between propellant usage and mission time. Even though it took longer, the third technique consumed less propellant than the first two techniques. The fourth technique proved advantageous in terms of propellant usage and mission time. Factors such as atmospheric drag, perturbations from other celestial bodies, and solar radiation pressure can affect the spacecraft's trajectory and require additional analysis to ensure the success of the mission. The study also emphasized the impact of these perturbations on the spacecraft's path, potentially necessitating course corrections and increasing propellant usage. The most pronounced effects on the orbital elements were discovered to stem from the Earth's oblateness, primarily impacting perigee and apogee.
Providing insights into various mission requirements and perturbations, this study revealed the most efficient technique for transferring a satellite from the geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) to the lunar orbit.

Laser scanning and photogrammetry are two revolutionary technologies garnering an increasing interest in various engineering and construction fields. These technologies offer outstanding benefits, including non-contact remote sensing activities and highly automated and effective large-scale sampling capability that attracts more attention. New developments in remote sensing standalone methods, including range-based and image-based modeling (e.g., Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Structure from Motion- Multi-View Stereo photogrammetry), produce 3D geometrically and physical data that is more exhaustive, precise, and accurate than ever. However, neither standalone technique can offer higher-quality results than the other due to sensor limitations and shortcomings in certain conditions. On the contrary, integrating multiple techniques can help overcome the single sensor's limitation and allow complete 3D realism data outcomes that better facilitate post-processing, such as object classification and segmentation. Combining multiple RS datasets has recently obtained much attention in the Geomatics research community that has been widespread lately. To highlight the available integration and combination of laser scanning and photogrammetry approaches, this study reviews the various up-to-date approaches currently in use towards 3D realism products, both in geometric and physical aspects. This work aims to give a systematic review that depends on qualitative and scientometric analysis to describe the progress and current state-of-the-art topic. The review also brings out future research endeavors to pave the road for different studies in diverse applications. Efforts also highlight the issues arising from individual and integrated image- and range-based modeling utilization. This includes discussing the most effective methods for gathering high-resolution 3D spatial information from combination approaches.

Image fusion is integrating multiple images from many sources and changing them into a single image with clearer and more accurate information. Image fusion techniques have been proposed to enhance distorted input images using a smooth filter to improve the clarity of distorted images. This work fused images resulting from smooth filters (half left and half right) with size windows of (3×3), (5×5), (7×7), (9×9), and (11×11) pixels. The image resulting from the smooth filter towards the right was combined with the image from the smooth filter towards the left using traditional techniques such as addition, multiplication, and new suggested techniques, namely absolute real standard deviation, binary standard deviation, real covariance, and binary covariance. The data examined by quality assessment methods with reference depend on Mutual Information, Correlation Coefficient, Structural Similarity Index metric, Structural Content, Normalized Cross Correlation, and without references like Blind Reference less Image Spatial Quality Evaluator, Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator, Perception-based Image Quality Evaluator, and Entropy. Lena's image shows a different behavior than the cameraman and the personal images because Lena's image has more details, resolution, and sharper contrasts. The best combination method was binary standard division.