Hammurabi journal for studies

The potential transition of the international system from a unipolar to a multipolar configuration necessitates an understanding of the indicators closely linked to enhancing the opportunities of each power to achieve its strategic objectives. For the United States, as the dominant power, this is reflected in its efforts to preserve the unipolar international order and its hegemonic position within this system. Conversely, for Russia and China, as revisionist powers, the opportunity lies in their aspirations to establish a multipolar international system.

This research presents a study of the dynamics of the conflict in Libya since the eruption of protests on February 17, 2011, focusing on internal factors and the international actors involved, driven by conflicting interests, primarily economic ones. It also examines the outcomes of this conflict and the complexities introduced by international interventions, which have made the Libyan crisis more difficult to resolve.

This research addresses a highly significant issue, not only within Iraq but also at the regional and Arab levels: the phenomenon of drug proliferation. The problem of drug abuse in Iraq began after the political change in 2003, when Iraq transitioned from a country nearly free of drugs to one where drug use and addiction have spread, in addition to becoming a key transit point for drug trafficking in the region. The factors contributing to the spread of drugs in Iraq are numerous and complex, and their impacts cannot be confined to a single framework, as they are interrelated across security, economic, health, social, and psychological domains. This interconnectedness explains the involvement of multiple official agencies tasked with combating drugs in Iraq since 2017. However, the social aspect remains the primary gateway for the spread of drugs in Iraq, which is the focus of this study.

The year 2014 marked a significant shift in China’s policy towards the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, as it witnessed the opening of a Chinese consulate in Erbil, the capital of the region. This occurred at the height of the war against the terrorist group ISIS. It is important to note that China has a variety of interests that it sought to achieve in its policy towards the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To accomplish these interests, China employed all available political, economic, humanitarian, and cultural means to safeguard its objectives and strengthen its presence in the region.

Environmental governance focuses on establishing environmental awareness at all levels, decision-making, and conceptualizing cities, communities, and the economic and political life as subsets of the broader environmental system. Environmental governance is based on three core principles: sustainable development, environmental justice, and the precautionary principle. Environmental challenges in Iraq have created a practical need to establish local environmental organizations (such as environmental support organizations, public environmental organizations, and specialized environmental organizations), which have been active in environmental mobilization by attracting volunteer youth groups to safeguard the environment and water resources in Iraq. These organizations target four main goals: promoting the protection of rivers and marshes from overfishing and dams, fostering sustainable development within the framework of environmental security, raising cultural and informational awareness regarding the damages and risks through research centers and qualified organizations (such as the United Nations and climate conferences), and facilitating the flow of information via television programs, social media platforms, and methodical discussion forums, while engaging in environmental dialogue with governmental institutions

The rise to power of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey was a major shock and threat to the secular forces in the country, as the party carried Islamic-oriented policies. Despite the reassurances the party attempted to convey during the early years of its governance, the AKP succeeded in dismantling opposition forces within state institutions, including the military, judiciary, and other sectors. The party implemented constitutional amendments that expanded its powers and undermined any opposition to its policies and its Islamic-leaning orientation. In contrast, opposition to the party did not only come from secular forces but also grew among the party's own supporters and allies. As a result, opposition in Turkey became not limited to a single ideological stream but rather involved various political currents.

After the ISIS organization entered and expanded into the western and northern regions of Iraq, a fatwa from the religious authority was issued, leading to the emergence of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), which became one of the most important arms of Iraq’s military and security institutions. Following the recovery of security forces, aided by the popular and public support provided through the PMF as a complementary and supportive force, all areas previously controlled by ISIS were liberated.

Iraq was one of the absent agenda items in the 2021 U.S. presidential election, in contrast to previous elections where it was a central issue, particularly after its occupation in 2003. President Joe Biden did not explicitly address his policy on Iraq during his election campaign, nor did he outline his approach towards the country even two years into his administration. Instead, he merely referred to the Middle East as a region of perpetual wars that should be managed by the countries of the region themselves. This raised important questions about Iraq\\'s role in U.S. foreign policy: Has it become a secondary foreign policy issue for the United States in the coming period? And has the Russia-Ukraine war revived Iraq’s significance due to its energy potential?

يتناول البحث البعد الديني في فكر صانع القرار في الكيان الاسرائيلي و يستكشف البحث دور العوامل الدينية في تشكيل وتأثير صناعة القرار في الكيان الاسرائيلي يتناول البحث العلاقة بين الدين والسياسة وكيف يؤثر العامل الديني في اتخاذ القرارات السياسية والأمنية. يتم تحليل العوامل الدينية المختلفة التي تؤثر في صناعة القرار في الكيان الاسرائيلي بما في ذلك الدين اليهودي والتأثيرات المتعلقة بالتوراة والصهيونية الدينية. يتم استعراض القضايا المتعلقة بالأراضي المقدسة والمعتقدات الدينية والتأثير الديني على النزاعات السياسية وعمليات السلام. يتضمن البحث أيضاً دراسة الجماعات الدينية المؤثرة في الكيان الاسرائيلي ودورها في صنع القرار وتشكيل السياسة. تخلص الدراسة إلى أن البعد الديني يلعب دوراً هاماً في فكر صانع القرار.

The concept of soft power diplomacy is considered fundamental in the field of international relations, as it is characterized by relative modernity and has acquired a distinctive role in implementing foreign policy. Soft power diplomacy possesses economic, scientific, cultural, and humanitarian components that enable it to achieve its national goals and interests. This research aims to achieve several objectives, primarily to understand the concept and components of soft power diplomacy.
The research yielded several results, the most important of which is that despite its slogans and allure, soft power is no less important than hard power, and it has the capacity to achieve the goals of foreign policy for peace and national interest. Its ability to confront challenges and resolve conflicts through peaceful means and at minimal cost has prompted major powers to take interest in it after realizing the failure of hard power to achieve their desired objectives and ambitions from other countries.

Since the end of World War II, Russia and Japan have failed to conclude a treaty that would officially end hostilities between the two countries and resolve their dispute over the Pacific Islands, known in Japan as the Northern Territories and in Russia as the Southern Kurils. With the Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations between the two countries have further deteriorated, halting the efforts to improve ties that were initiated by the late Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. This raises questions about the future of bilateral relations.