AL ARBA'IN

This study deals with the Supreme Leader\\'s interpretation of the
Arbaeen walk with a qualitative approach from the methodical approach
of the (topical) theory of re-examination and document analysis. From
the point of view of the Supreme Leader, the phenomenon of Arbaeen,
the largest gathering in the world, is one of the movements of faith that
is considered among the positive and joyful points of our country and
for our nation. Romantic behavior is spiritual in the material world and
the movement is love and faith. It is a divine and spiritual phenomenon,
unique and unprecedented, which has not been advertised, but it suddenly
appears, the hand of God is more evident than anywhere else... It is
a spiritual journey. This incident is extremely important. There are
phenomena for which there is no advertising, no effort is made. It really
cannot be described; Like many of these important divine phenomena,
it cannot be properly interpreted; It means that this incident cannot be
analyzed. This march gives greatness to the Islamic world; There are
two groups of active activists, including marchers, hosts and opponents
of the march, and the third group is those who monitor the march and
Islamic issues. Iranian and Iraqi officials should make this march easy
for those who love this work, which is the responsibility of the officials
of different parts of the country. The management of the march and its
survival is in the hands of Almighty God.

In light of the increasing challenges posed by climate change and
environmental crises, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable
strategies that focus on improving the quality of bitumen, the basic
component in the asphalt industry. This study aims to explore the use of
remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques
to identify ideal places to set up plastic recycling facilities. Studies
indicate that adding materials such as polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) to bitumen improves its physical, mechanical, and chemical
properties, especially in high-traffic roads such as city entrances and
intersections. The exploitation of plastic waste accumulated during
religious visits in Karbala in general and the Arba’een pilgrimage in
particular for recycling is an example of making use of resources in
a sustainable manner, especially in strengthening infrastructure. This
study is consistent with Iraq’s 2030 vision for sustainable development.
Since 2016, the Iraqi government has adopted the 2030 Sustainable
Development Goals and has taken serious steps to implement them. Key
criteria for site selection include: proximity to sources of plastic waste,
availability of basic infrastructure such as roads and public facilities,
and compliance with local and national laws and regulations, including
labor and raw materials, a deciding factor. The environmental impacts
of the facility and the ability to expand to accommodate the increasing
demand were also taken into account. The project takes advantage of
precise spatial analyzes provided by satellite images and GIS tools, to
study the geographical and environmental influences that may affect
the effectiveness of recycling operations. Environmental indicators are
also used to evaluate the environmental impact of each potential site and
determine the economic benefits of each option. This research represents

In this study, remote sensing data and spatial analysis techniques
were used to study the validity and efficiency of groundwater in 45
wells. The study area included the Baghdad-Karbala Road, passing
through the Jurf al-Sakhar district, extending over a distance of
more than 80 kilometres (50 miles). The road begins from the
city of Latifiya, where it connects with al-Qamishli Street at the
Jurf al-Sakhar bridge in the village of al-Fadhiliya, to cross the
city of Jurf al-Sakhar longitudinally, passing through the villages.
agricultural areas, reaching the Al-Khanafsa and Al-Jamaliyya area,
then to Karbala Governorate. Well locations were determined using
Global Positioning System (GPS) and this data was processed and
georeferenced to represent actual locations on satellite images.
The Sentinel-2 satellite was used to capture images and were
processed using ArcMap 10.6 software. The depths of the wells
were studied and spatial analysis maps were produced based on
the spatial extrapolation technique provided by the program.
The results showed that the depths of the selected wells were
within international standards and Iraqi standards, as the depth
in Karbala reached 280 meters, while in Baghdad it reached 84
meters. The wells in the Baghdad Governorate formation were
more productive than the wells near the administrative borders of
the Karbala Governorate, as the highest production value reached
864 m3/day in the city of Latifiyah, while the highest value in the
wells of the Al-Fadhiliya village reached 432 m3/day. day. day.
The concentrations of chemical elements and physical properties
of well water in the study area (Mg, Na, Ca, Cl, Pb, pH, EC) were also studied. The results, based on the electrical connection,
showed that 53% of the wells in the city of Latifiya and 64% in
the Al-Khanfasa and Al-Jamaliyah areas are very suitable for use
in irrigating livestock and poultry, while the percentage reached
14%. In the wells of the village of Al-Fadhiliya. The maps were
drawn using the IDW method. The results showed that about 55%
of the wells of the city of Latifiya and 67% of the wells of the
village of Al-Fadhiliya fall between 40-55, and these values show
that the water used for irrigation and watering crops is subject to
restrictions.

An effective Automated Traffic System for crowds is a serious
difficulty in many countries, like the Republic of Iraq, where
millions of tourists from all over the world pay their respects at
the holy monuments. This religious rite necessitates enormous
groups performing the identical behaviors at certain times, making
crowd management vital and difficult. Disasters such as stampedes,
suffocation, and congestion become more possible when crowds
are not properly managed and controlled, as happened in 2019
during Tuwairij’s Ashura run. Nowadays, an intelligent Automated
Traffic System for Crowd represents excellent solutions for crowd
management and control, loss minimization, and the integration of
various smart technologies. Furthermore, an intelligent Automated
Traffic System for Crowd allows strong interaction and diverse
connections between different devices over the Internet, resulting
in big data.
This study proposes a smart approach to an intelligent Automated
Traffic System for Crowd technology to manage crowds while
avoiding congestion at the entry and exit points of the area between
the Two Holy Mosques (Imam Hussein and his brother Imam Abbas,
peace be upon them) in Karbala. The study employs a proposed
mechanism that classifies visitors based on the data collected and
takes advantage of an intelligent Automated Traffic System for
Crowd and cloud infrastructure to monitor crowds within a crowded area, identify
evacuation routes for visitors, and guide visitors to avoid congestion
in real time. In addition, the study aims to provide crowd safety
and security based on actual scenarios by controlling and guiding
visitor movements in accordance with potential hazard features,
visitor behavior, and environmental factors.

The city of Karbala is one of the most important holy places for
visitors and pilgrims from the Islamic faith, especially through the
Arabian visit, when crowds of millions gather to commemorate the
martyrdom of Imam Hussein. Offering services and medical treatments
during this time is very important, especially when the crowds head
to their destination (the holy shrine of Imam Hussein (a.s)). In recent
years, the Arba’in visit has witnessed an obvious growth in the number
of participants. The biggest challenge is the health risks, and the
preventive measures for both organizers and visitors. Researchers
identified various challenges and factors to facilitating the Arba’in
visit. The purpose of this research is to deal with the religious and
cultural events that occur during the Arba’in visit in Iraq by providing
optimal and alternatives routes, and strategic resting points along the
way from all cites to Karbala. This research depends on data analysis
and artificial intelligence methods to determine the best routes and
determine locations of the rest points accurately and effectively. These
aims will be accomplished by analysing population distribution and
potential paths. For the purpose of providing the best rest points on
the proposed roads and decreasing the crowds within these stations,
the rest stations are divided into two categories: main stations and
sub-stations. The main stations contain services such as: rest places,
accommodation, health and awareness services, in addition to providing
food and drink; whereas the sub-stations comprise only rest places,
sleep, food and drink. The research suggests that the main stations
must be distributed at a distance of 5 km from each other, but the substations
must be situated at a distance of 1 km. This research presents
an improved approach to route optimization and visualization, utilizing GMap.NET library with a C# environment. The research integrates
dynamic rest points generations at specified intervals, adding the
capability to save real coordinates of these points and export the
final maps as images, whereby the system improves usability and
functionality for navigation and geographic information system (GIS)
applications providing a user-friendly interface to detect the best routes
between any two points. The methodology comprises fetching routes
from Mapbox API, automatically adding main and sub points, and
incorporating user-interactive elements for managing markers and
adding or removing points according to population distribution and
saving map views.

Twenty-four groundwater samples were collected at different
depths within the Dammam aquifer and Quaternary deposits. A
detailed hydro-chemical study of water samples was conducted,
including physical properties; Hydrogen number (pH), total
dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC), while
the chemical analysis included the major anions; SO4-2, Cl-,
HCO3-, and major cations; Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, and K+, in addition
to the minor element (NO3-). The results indicate a neutral to
slightly alkaline water with pH of 7.17 which characterized by
hard water that is neutral- slightly alkaline water. The TDS exceeds
the permissible limits for drinking, with an average of 2787
ppm, which represents slightly brackish water. Conductivity EC
indicates heavily mineralized water with EC of 4310.8 μs/cm. The
predominant cation was Mg+2, and Na+, while the predominant
anions were SO4-2, and Cl-. The prevalent cation in the aquifer
Na+ of 49%, followed by Ca+2 of 30%, Mg+2 of 17%, and K+
of 4%, while the prevalent anion was SO4-2 of 48%, Cl- of 31%,
and HCO3- of 21%. Groundwater is classified as unsuitable for
drinking, while it is suitable for irrigation. The water type is Na-
SO4 affected by the interaction between aquifer material (Halite,
dolomite, and calcite), and the groundwater in contact.

The purpose of this study is to analyse crowd behaviour using
a deep learning model. This research investigates the effectiveness
of deep learning techniques in estimating crowd levels, aiming to
improve accuracy and efficiency in real-time applications. The
study employs a convolutional neural network (CNN), architecture
trained on a diverse dataset of crowd images. Key steps in the
proposed approach include data preprocessing, model training,
validation, and testing. Major findings indicate that the deep
learning model achieves lower error rates in both the training and
testing phases, demonstrating its robustness and generalisability.
Specifically, the model attained a mean absolute error (MAE) of
55.34 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 98.32 during
testing, compared to 56.5 MAE and 99.13 RMSE during training.
These results highlight the model’s capacity to generalise well to
new, unseen data. The study concludes that deep learning models,
when properly trained and validated, can significantly enhance
crowd-level estimation, offering valuable insights for applications
in public safety, event management, and urban planning. Future
work will focus on expanding the dataset and refining the model to
further improve performance and applicability. Overall, our study
presents a promising advancement in crowd counting technology
with practical implications for crowd management at large-scale
events like the Arbaeen Pilgrimage

Iraq annually, specifically in the province of Karbala, a great
millionaire visits with the fortieth anniversary of the martyrdom of
Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), and it is from different parts of the
world, where the number of visitors in recent years has reached about 22
million foreign visitors and in the shadow of all circumstances, even in
the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is our responsibility to secure
health care for visitors and manage it in innovative ways in line with
the technological developments of health care that limit and almost
prevent the occurrence of disease cases and fill the potential gaps for
the spread of diseases, especially as we are in the era of technological
development and artificial intelligence, where the use of advanced health
care means would facilitate dealing with such huge numbers, ease of
control, disaster prevention and crisis management.
In this research article, we will discuss the importance of advanced
technological healthcare means and their contribution to facilitating the
management of the health of visitors and the management of crowds
in this major event, how to keep up with them gradually, starting with
the simplest methods, what are the factors that help in their success,
and what are the future visions to improve such a global million visit

Mass gatherings, especially the Arba’in pilgrimage in Karbala, are
a fertile ground for the spread of deepfake videos. These gatherings
rely heavily on visual content circulating on social media and
crowd-sourced platforms. Adversaries can exploit this by creating
fake videos that mislead people and confuse public opinion. Based
on the study’s recommendations, there are some ways to combat
the spread of deepfake videos in the context of mass gatherings.
In this work, we classify deepfake detection methods according
to the applications they are used for: hybrid multimedia detection,
image, audio and video detection. This study aims to provide the
reader with an enhanced understanding of: how deepfakes are
created and identified; the latest developments and discoveries in
this field; the deficiencies in current security measures; and the
four areas that need further research and thinking. According to the
results, the most widely used deep learning technique in research
is traditional neural network (CNN) methodology

The visit known as the Arbaeen happened forty days after
Imam Hussein›s (peace be upon him) martyrdom on the tenth of
Muharram in the year 61 AH. Delegations from various Iraqi cities
and villages travel to Karbala, the home of Al-Hussein (peace be
upon him), and they are accompanied by sizable delegations of Ahl
al-Bayt school adherents from a variety of nations, including Iran,
Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, and others. In this research,
we examine the estimation values for the numbers of visitors by
utilizing time series analysis and A few tests are the mathematical
time period needed to validate our findings. To determine whether
the results are accurate by the sample number of visits from 2017
to 2023 provided by the Holy Imam Hussein Shrine’s General
Secretariat. Because government organizations and the Holy Shrine
need to be able to provide efficient services, including a counter
for food and health services and a comfortable place for visitors
to sleep, it is vital to forecast the number of visitors

INTRODUCTION: NEW MEDIA OVERVIEW
New media refers to digital communication platforms and
technologies that have emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
In this paper, we highlight the literature and studies on the influence of
the new media coverage on public opinion in the case of Imam Hussein,
as well as related concepts that influence new media among the public.
Nowadays, the increasing application of technology, especially in new
media, has inspired researchers to conduct a study on the impact of new
media communications. Unfortunately, the most worrying issue is how
the communication systems solve these problems (Sánchez-Casado,
Artal-Tur, & Tomaseti-Solano, 2019).
There are several theme approaches related to this study such as
the influence of new media coverage related with public opinion and
its focus on the case of Imam Hussein. For the convenience of the
reader, the we have compiled a highlight of this literature based on the
objectives of this study. In general, the literature will assist researchers
in getting some ideas and direction of the study conducted. According
to Chua (2014), literature can be broken down into various sub-topics
based on one’s interest and research values. New media is a platform
for social interaction that entails a new branch of communication that
emerges from communication contexts. This medium is made up of
online sites, services, and activities that all involve some sort of process.
Collaboration, sharing, and democratisation of new media users are
among the processes involved (Ho, Chung, Kingshott, & Chiu, 2020).

Ziyarat al-Arba’īn is one of the largest annual religious and
cultural global events, which involves the presence of a large number
of pilgrims from the Middle East in particular, and all around the
globe in general. Its importance in terms of appreciating higher
human values embodied within this comprehensive revival project,
amidst the intellectual challenges that confront humanity in its
various dimensions and inclinations is undeniable. In this regard,
benefiting of the modern technologies as a strong and effective
tool for good management and control of this event can play a vital
role. It includes space applications technologies and engineering
such as GIS and remote sensing, telecommunications, artificial
intelligence, medical sciences and technologies, informatics,
mathematics, statistics, and so on.
In this presentation, the authors, who are experienced in space
science and technologies, and telecommunications focus on and
highlight the effectiveness and importance of these fundamental
and infrastructural technologies. Authors believe that the joint work
and cooperation of the organizational and independent experts from
the relevant entities and sharing knowledge and experience can
lead to increment of the synergy of work for good management
and control of the event.
Authors, who are from Iraq and Iran, worked for an extended
period of time in their relevant national space technology and
communication organizations in both managerial and specialized levels. They share the feasible and accessible potentials and
possibilities in both countries for good management and control
of the Ziyarat Al-Arba’īn event by giving the related examples that
are found in both countries and suggest the ways for joining forces
by the relevant entities, scientists and experts. In this presentation,
authors determine the steps in order of priority and importance,
and they believe that the idea of experimenting with collaboration
and remote work will certainly yield successful results

Dust storms are considered as one of the important weather
phenomena that have harmful and negative effects on the environment
in various aspects. They arise and occur frequently depending on
multiple topographical and climatic factors. In this study, data from
the Iraqi Meteorological organisation and Seismic Monitoring IMOS
recorded at the Karbala metrological Station was used to test and
examine the statistical behaviour of dust storms for the period from
1980-2022 by dividing those dust storms into severe, moderate,
and light depending on the extent of visibility and the period the
dust storm lasted. Studies compared the frequency of dust storms
with the weather conditions, such as wind, rainfall and max and
min. air temperature. The results showed that there was a decrease
in the tendency for dust storms frequency by 9%, accompanied
by a decrease in the recorded wind speeds to about 2% within the
average speed of about 2.7m/s. As for rain alone, there was also a
decrease in its trend’s quantities by about 0.28 within the annual
average for four decades, which reached 94 millimetres. On the
other hand, max. and min. temperature records increased about
1C0, but this increase is part of global warming and doesn’t affect
dust storm frequency rate alone, but can be worked with other
atmospheric elements. From the current results, we concluded that
the frequency of dust storms in Karbala province is affected by
the boundaries of the local governorate, and there are other factors
which play a role in the statistical behaviour of the frequency in the occurrence of dust storms, which may be regional or global. The
results can be used to give warnings to visitors heading to Karbala
to take necessary precautions and prepare for the occurrence of
dust storms in seasons of drought and lack of rain.