Journal of Science and Engineering Applications

This study investigates the effects of air injection on heat transfer performance in helical coil tube heat
exchangers. Experiments were conducted varying air injection rates (0-50 L/min), injection locations
(0%, 33%, 66% of coil length), coil diameters (300 mm, 450 mm), and water flow rates (0.1-0.5 kg/s).
Results show significant heat transfer enhancement with air injection, achieving a maximum Nusselt
number increase of 84.7% (±4.4%) at 50 L/min air injection. The optimal configuration, balancing heat
transfer enhancement and pressure drop, occurred at 30 L/min air injection, 33% injection location, and
300 mm coil diameter, yielding a 62.2% (±3.8%) increase in Nusselt number and a thermal performance
factor of 1.32. Air injection efficacy was inversely proportional to water flow rate, with the thermal
performance factor decreasing from 1.45 to 1.18 as water flow increased from 0.1 to 0.5 kg/s. Novel
correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor were developed, valid for Reynolds numbers 5,000-
50,000 and Prandtl numbers 3.5-6.5, with mean absolute errors of 7.2% and 8.5% respectively. For a 10
kW heat duty, the optimized air-injected system required 38.3% less heat transfer area compared to a
conventional helical coil heat exchanger, at the cost of 34.9% higher pumping power. These findings
provide valuable insights for designing and optimizing air-injected helical coil heat exchangers,
potentially improving energy efficiency in various industrial applications

Concrete is the material that has the greatest versatility and widespread use in construction worldwide.
The durability of concrete structures has become a major concern in recent years . Particularly in
environments with high levels of aggression. Traditionally, a large number of natural and Chemical
admixtures are used to enhance concrete's properties.
In the majority of concrete failures are caused by mistakes in material design and installation .
workmanship, environmental impact, usage, and poor maintenance strategy are all factors to consider.
The durability of concrete can be influenced by a range of physical and chemical factors. Relevant
choice of Concrete's strength and durability can be improved by adding admixture .
The purpose of this paper is to review the literature of several published studies on the impact of
chemicals aggression to reinforced concrete structures

This study investigates the aerodynamic efficiency of two wing designs: a
conventional solid wing and a slotted wing with a longitudinal gap. Computational
simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to evaluate and compare the
aerodynamic performance of both configurations. The slotted wing design is
hypothesized to enhance airflow dynamics, potentially reducing drag and increasing
lift. The results of the simulation are analyzed based on key performance parameters
such as lift-to-drag ratio, pressure distribution, and airflow patterns. The findings aim
to provide insights into the benefits and limitations of the slotted wing design for
improving aerodynamic efficiency in various applications

This article discusses an experimental analysis of the heating effectiveness of a forced cooling
tower (WCT) using dimensions (15X15X80) cm, as well as the effect of water inlet temperatures
(60, 50, 55, 40, 45, 35) degrees Celsius, different air velocities (2.15, 15.3, 4) m/s, and water flow
rates (4, 6, 8, 10) liters/min, where the current work addressed an experimental investigation of the
efficacy of the evaporative cooling tower. for pure water. Using cardboard packaging with holes
and inclined divisions of (15X15X60) cm, which provides a uniform distribution of water to
augment the surface area for heat and mass transmission process, the experimental Results indicated
the thermal performance, cooling rate (range), approach, and tower efficacy, and cooling capacity
are affected by, he elements listed above, as well as the fact that raising the temperature of the
incoming water water increases the cooling rate, increasing the approach increases the water flow
rate, and decreasing the efficacy. At a temperature rise of (55, 60) Celsius and a flow rate of 4
liters/min, the cooling rate rose by 5%, while the efficiency improved by 6%

Hyperthermia occurs during intensive phototherapy and disrupts treatment. Several studies
have documented an increase in trans-epidermal water loss during phototherapy. The main goal of
this study is to measure temperature and humidity by using Arduino uno system inside incubator and
to find out whether there was an effect of these measurements on the period of patient’s stay inside
incubator. This is a descriptive cross-sectional case study done on 67 patients with neonatal jaundice
who are stayed in incubators and undergoing phototherapy. This study conducted in Babylon
Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children, and Al-Noor Hospital for Children at the period from
1 April, 2022 to 1 May 2022. the temperature and humidity of 67 patients with jaundice was compared
to the time spent in the incubator, Average humidity is higher significantly in relation to the increase
length of stay in the incubator. When phototherapy is directed over an incubator, immediate and
sustained fluctuations can occur in the thermal environment. Thermal instability can occur when
using either the skin- or air-control mode of the incubator. Maintaining fluid balance by increasing
incubator humidity might also be counterproductive, especially if high levels of humidity are used

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are collections of small, low-value nodes prepared with
sensors, processor, transceiver, and power gadgets that may set up wi-fi communication. One of the
primary demanding situations in WSNs is electricity intake. Clustering is an powerful method for
reducing strength intake in wireless sensor networks with the aid of grouping nodes into clusters and
choosing a subset of nodes as cluster heads liable for records aggregation and transmission.
In this research, an energy-inexperienced clustering technique is proposed for wireless sensor
networks the usage of an optimization set of regulations to cope with the electricity consumption
hassle. The proposed approach makes use of the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) to
optimize the clustering approach and reduce power intake. The set of rules starts via randomly
assigning nodes to clusters and iteratively improves the answer via mathematics operators together
with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and department.
The efficiency of the solution is evaluated based on the fitness function which considers the
energy consumption of each node and the distance between nodes. Experimental results show that the
proposed method outperforms the existing clustering algorithms in terms of energy efficiency, and
maintains high network availability and connectivity The proposed method has the potential to be
controlled role in applications in WSNs where energy efficiency is an important factor

Thermosiphon flow of flat plate solar collector (FPC) is one of the economic strategies of renewable
energy. The aim of this study is to reduce the exergy destruction and improve energy efficiency of FPC
under climatic conditions of Iraq. The CuO nanoparticles suspended in pure water has been utilized due
to high thermal properties with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% volume concentrations. Results show that the outlet
temperature is increased with increasing solar radiation earlier then decreased after 12 P.M. similar
behavior of solar radiation. The thermal efficiency is increased as solar radiation increased then decreased
after 12 P.M. as the solar radiation behavior. It was noticed that the efficiency of using nanofluids has the
same behavior as using purified water with deviation 15%. The amount of 1.0 vol% of nanofluid with
pure water as the working fluid reaches the greatest thermal efficiency which is 69.06%. The 1%
nanofluids concentration has better efficiency. The results show up the nanofluids was better than pure
water due to their dispersion and thermophysical property predictions

Improving the productivity of solar distillers is of great importance because of its
dependence on solar energy, which is available to all, environmentally friendly, free of pollutants and
at a low cost. An experimental study of more than one solar distiller at one time was carried out in
order to find out the effect of changing the shape of the base of the distiller on the amount of fresh
water produced by the solar distiller. The experiment was conducted in Najaf (32.0107º N, 44.3265º
E), Iraq. Two forms of the base were used, the square-shaped base solar still (SSS) and the all-new
pentagonal base solar still (PSS). The results showed that the productivity of the new pentagonal base
solar distiller is higher than that of the conventional solar distiller. As the rate of increase in daily
production at a water height of 1 cm for PSS1 increased by 30.952% and 14.285% for PSS2

Heat transfer in porous media is a topic that has received
great attention in the scientific community in recent
decades. In this work, the effect of changing the
diameters and porous materials on the heat transfer rate
and pressure drop in an iron channel with cross-sectional
dimensions (10 × 10) cm and length (240 cm) was
studied at Reynolds numbers between (1100 to 2250)
with a constant heat flux of 2000 W/m2
, and the crosssectional dimensions of the test section were (10 × 10)
cm, and the length was (30) cm numerically. Three
porous materials with different diameters are used,
Alumina with diameter (4-6 mm), Silica Gel with
diameter (4-2 mm) and Molecular sieve with diameter
(3-2 mm). The air flow directed through eight rows of
cylinders in staggered arrangement, each with a diameter
of 15 mm and a length of 10 cm, immersed in a porous
packed bed.
The results showed that Alumina partial has a greater
capacity to absorb the heat generated around the
cylinders because it has greater thermal conductivity and
porosity than Silica Gel and Molecular sieve. According
to research, increasing air velocity from 0.187 m/s to
0.35 m/s increases the mass flow rate; resulting in a large
heat transfer between the airflow and the cylinders. Also,
the increase of the diameter of the porous particles, is
decreases in the pressure drop

In present study stainless steel 316L grade was
chosen for joining using 400w Nd-YAG laser beam
welding process. 2D transient thermal-structural
numerical simulation model was developed to simulate
the complete laser welding process. The effect of each
parameter has been studied numerically. The optimized
values of process parameters are utilized to get the
thermal profiles and heat affected zone using finite
element simulations. The finite element calculation of
process was carried out by a parametric design language
APDL available in the ANSYS finite element code. The
temperature values obtained using finite element
simulation match reasonably well with an error of 12%
hence the developed simulated model can be used to
study related parameters

Heat transfer is performed experimentally in the outer coil insulation and the
externally finned coil. Experiments are performed with a total height of 50 cm and an
inside diameter of 1.5 cm. A length of approx. 4 m and an inside diameter of 0.44 cm
were used with with external small fins (approx. 266 fin) During the experiments, three
different hot water flow rates and five different cold water flow rates were tested with
a constant temperature difference (∆T = 20 ℃). The temperature distribution along the
heating equipment and the heating rate were determined and discussed. The results
showed that the temperature of the projectile increased with altitude, which was
positively affected by the flow of the projectile mass. The accepted value of the lateral
rotational speed of the front was determined in accordance with the current operating
conditions. Finally, the heat transfer rate was significantly affected by the mass rate of
coil side

One of the most urgent environmental issues is groundwater pollution, especially in relation
to nitrate removal, which presents significant dangers to human health and the environment. In order
to address nitrate contamination in groundwater, this review examines creative and sustainable
methods that make use of waste materials, specifically recycled rubber from discarded tires. Based on
experimental and field performance, the article covers many approaches that have been developed
employing recycled rubber as an adsorbent for nitrate and evaluates their efficacy. It also emphasizes
the chemical and physical characteristics of recycled rubber, such as particle size, surface changes,
and interaction parameters, that improve its effectiveness in removing nitrate. With the help of this
thorough analysis, the study offers recommendations for improving recycled rubber's performance as
a long-term and practical remedy for nitrate contamination. It also calls for more investigation and
development to increase the system's effectiveness in a range of groundwater conditions

In recent years, the global rise in crimes involving weapons has become more pronounced,
particularly in areas with weak law enforcement or where firearm possession is legal. To address this
issue, early identification of suspicious behavior related to weapon possession is crucial, enabling law
enforcement agencies to take swift action. While the human visual system is highly advanced and capable
of processing images quickly and accurately, prolonged observation of similar visual data can lead to
fatigue and reduced attentiveness. Additionally, large-scale surveillance systems with numerous cameras
require extensive monitoring teams, which drives up operational costs. Several automatic weapon
detection solutions based on computer vision have been proposed, but their performance remains limited
in challenging environments. A systematic review of current literature on deep learning-based weapon
detection was conducted to assess the methods employed, the characteristics of existing datasets, and the
key challenges in automatic weapon detection. The most frequently utilized models were Faster R-CNN
and YOLO architectures, and the integration of realistic images with synthetic data showed improved
detection accuracy. Major challenges include poor lighting conditions and difficulties in detecting small
weapons, with the latter being particularly significant. The focus of this review is to examine the methods
used for detecting and tracking weapons using deep learning techniques

This research focuses on the one known application of enhancing concrete properties
through the incorporation of nanomaterials an important construction material. The study also
emphasises the role of nanomaterials in improving the microstructure of concrete and, hence, its
strength, durability, and sustainability. The utilisation of nanomaterial in construction materials,
especially concrete, is a great development towards augmentation of construction practises
performance and sustainability. This research assesses the possibility of utilising nanomaterials to
enhance the mechanical properties, durability and decrease the effects on the environment. At the
same time, the study also turns to the problems of nanomaterial utilisation, with emphasis at the
adverse effects on human health and environmental impact. Based on a review of the currently
available literatures, the research res appears to be justified since it seeks to select suitable
nanomaterials for construction utilisation, and evaluate the consequent alterations of material
performance parameters, and the impact of the resultant modifications on sustainable construction
technologies. The results provide an argument in favour of the further development of
nanotechnology, along with doing more studies to prove that using nanomaterials will help to
improve the properties of concrete. That mean greater performance of structural elements more light
weight and more resistance

This study experimentally investigates the effects of using biodiesel made from Ruta oil in
combination with diesel fuel, on diesel engine performance. The blending ratio of the prepared Ruta
methyl ester (RME) biodiesel with nominal diesel fuel might range from 10% to 30% by volume. The
experimental study focuses on diesel engines operating at a steady speed and exposed to varying loads.
The results show that adding RME biodiesel slightly lowers the BTE and enhances the BSFC and BSEC.
Using data gathered from tests. Experimental results showed that a 20% RME biodiesel blend produced
the best results, with HC and CO emissions dropping dramatically as the blend percentage increased.
The results show that adding nanoparticles somewhat increased the BTE while decreasing the BSFC.
The results acquired are confirmed by comparing them to those reported by other researchers operating
under the same conditions