Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

This study dealt with a prominent female slave, namely, Lady Shaghab, the mother of Caliph Al-Muqtadir Billah, who played an effective role in the life of her son,
Caliph Al-Muqtadir Billah, who was young and did not exceed thirteen years old, and
she did not have a prominent role in the life of her husband, Caliph Al-Mu\\'tamid
Al-Abbassi. We talked in this study, which was divided into two main axes and an
introduction and a conclusion. The first axis included the life of Lady Shaghab and
her role in facing the challenges during the reign of her son, Caliph Al-Muqtadir, and
how the coup against Abdullah bin Al-Mu\\'tazz took place, as well as her role in appointing ministers and judges and her impact in getting rid of the women of Caliph
Al-Mu\\'tamid Billah. In the second axis, we talked about her social role and what Lady
Shaghab did in terms of works of biography and charity, as well as her role in helping
the afflicted and works of righteousness and endowment

This research is characterized by historical show of the religious minorities in the
region of Anbar during the Abbasid era. And through the texts mentioned in historical
sources to find the suitable naming and geographical location, passing through their
Islamic liberation to review the study of minorities and non-Muslim faith during the
Abbasid era, which lasted for six centuries (132-656 AH / 750-1258 AD). Throughout reviewing the region of Anbar, as the first Abbasid capital to recognize the basic Arab and
non-Arab population structure before Islam. And it also dedicated to describe its conditions during the Arab-Islamic conquest until the end of the Umayyad era. The present
research has shown the classes of society and the culture of religious minorities during
the days of the Abbasid faith, to review their conditions, jobs, and deeds. Their religious
condition is based on the attention of some of Abbasid caliphs to the minorities that became large to some of the caliphs and ministers, especially in the preparation of medicine, economics, opinion politicians, and scholars. This issue has urged the researcher
to choose this title (Anbar and Its Religious Minorities in the Abbasid Era: A Study of
Administration) to include the hypothesis

This research addresses the cultural interactions between Muslims and Christians in Andalusia,
aiming to analyze the factors that contributed to the interaction of diverse cultures and its impact
on social, economic, artistic, and intellectual identities. The problem of the research lies in the necessity of understanding how this cultural interaction influenced the development of societies in
Andalusia, as well as exploring the factors that led to the enhancement or reduction of this interaction over time. The significance of the research is manifested in its provision of valuable historical
lessons that enhance our understanding of how to manage cultural and religious pluralism in the
modern era. The Andalusian experience illustrates how diverse cultures can cooperate and engage
positively, serving as a model for promoting tolerance and mutual understanding in contemporary
societies. By studying the reciprocal cultural influences, the research aims to provide insights that
contribute to the development of effective strategies for enhancing dialogue and peace among
different cultures. The research has reached several conclusions, including:
1. The historical period of Andalusia resulted in diverse cultural interactions between Muslims
and Christians, where intellectual and religious dialogues contributed to enhancing mutual understanding and exchanging ideas and cultural practices.
2. The geographical location of Andalusia played a pivotal role in shaping these interactions,
serving as a point of contact between the Islamic world and Europe, allowing for the flow of knowledge, sciences, and ideas across borders.
3. Policies of tolerance and religious coexistence supported cultural dialogue, making Andalusia
a model for how to manage cultural and religious pluralism in peaceful and fruitful ways.
4. Social relationships were strengthened through mixed marriages and interactions in daily
customs, such as food and clothing, resulting in the creation of a shared cultural identity that reflects the rich heritage of both communities

This study aims at investigating the rules of irrigation in Islam، the special
rules of irrigation، the ways of water extraction to use it beneficially، and the
approved methods about this process. Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon
him) paid a great attention to the irrigation and how to utilize it beneficially. He
encouraged to drill wells and to benefit from the spring water. He also passed
laws concerning irrigation for the benefit of the Arabic Islamic State and the
subjects

University professors exposed In Germany during Nazi rule To systematic political pressure, as they
purged German universities of professors who they believed posed a threat to Hitler’s authority, using all means against them, direct and indirect. The professors were subjected to an organized fight
with laws set by the political system to legitimize the process of ideological persecution and political,
ethnic, and racist liquidations. The result of the liquidation operations was expulsion, killing, forced
displacement, retirement, or forcing professors to submit to the power of the system.As for those who
continued forTeachinginUniversities have had to be pragmatic.(Pragmatism) with the Nazi regime and
changing their ideas to suit New regime ideology.
The Nazi regime succeeded in reorganizing universities in line with its interests through policies of
intimidation and spreading terror among professors, which forced them to either emigrate, commit
suicide, or surrender. It was able to invest in the influence of collaborating professors in order to influence students in universities, and to reformulate everything in line with Nazism and give every idea a
Nazi, German, Aryan hue, especially the curricula that focused on the superiority of the Aryan race. It
cannot be overlooked that the professors’ cooperation and collusion with the Nazi regime was due to
their fear of losing their privileges, jobs, and status in society. The results of this policy had a negative
impact on the scientific future of German universities and vice versa on the future of universities in European countries, the United States of America, or Turkey, as a result of the migration of distinguished
professors to universities and the benefit of their scientific expertise.

Bimaristans are one of the facilities and buildings such as mosques, hospices, domes, schools, etc., which were built by caliphs, sultans, kings, princes, and
philanthropists in general, out of charity, charity, service to humanity, and in
commemoration of their memory. The mission of these bimaristans was not limited to treating patients. Rather, they were at the same time scientific institutes
and schools for teaching medicine, from which doctors, surgeons, and estheticians graduated, just as they graduate from medical schools today.

Political factors are an indicator of the stability of a government and the success or failure of policies towards its people, and the subsequent impact on the
security situation. The degree of cooperation between governments in the region
is important, as this greatly affects the security situation. In this context, Al-Ahram
newspaper covered the news of the death of President Abdul Salam Aref in Iraq on
April 13, especially since Iraq was clearly planning to join the Arab Republic. Al-Ahram’s coverage reflected the political events and transformations in Iraq during
this sensitive period, pointing to the potential impact on regional relations.

The period between 1997-2007 is considered the peak of the United Nations’
activity in Iraq, as it witnessed the implementation of the Oil for Food and Medicine
Program and the follow-up of the United Nations Mission to implement this program. As far as suspicions of corruption were concerned regarding this program,
the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, tried to uncover them
by conducting investigations into them. The United Nations’ activity during that
period also focused on uncovering the existence of weapons of mass destruction
possessed by Iraq through the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency mission. This period also witnessed the outbreak of the 2003 war, after which the United Nations continued its work, but it was exposed to a catastrophe due to an attack
on its headquarters in Baghdad. However, it later resumed its work and supervised
the holding of elections in Iraq and continued its other activities

The research dealt with the role of Prince Issa bin Muhanna in the conflicts that took place
between the Mamluks and the Mongols, as he represented the Arab Bedouin tribes in the Levant
desert, and his contemporaries with the Mamluk sultans, including Sultan Qutuz, Sultan Baybars,
and Sultan Qalawun. The Mamluk-Mongol conflict stage is one of the most important historical
stages that the Islamic East region has gone through throughout its history. The Arab tribes
residing on the borders of the Levant and Iraq, adjacent to the borders of the Ilkhanate state,
played a role in protecting the borders and roads and launching attacks on the areas belonging
to the Mongols. Prince Sharaf al-Din Issa enjoyed a prestigious position with the Mamluk sultans,
as he had a prominent role in some of the battles that the Mamluks fought with the Mongols.
We have pointed out the position of Prince Issa bin Muhanna with the Mamluk Sultan al-Zahir
Baybars, who appointed him to the position of Emir of the Arabs or Prince of the Arabs, and we
have pointed out the importance of this position.

The Second Berlin Conference ،both in its discussions and the results it
reached ،represents a vivid picture of the various conflicts between the major
European powers at that time ،especially (Britain ،France and Germany). The
conference laid the foundations for the economic divisions related to the interior regions of the African continent. The Second Berlin Conference also attempted to organize relations between the colonial powers on legal foundations ،in
addition to pushing the wheel of colonial penetration into the African continent

There is no doubt that the development of the problem of South-West Africa (Namibia) was a reflection of the serious developments in the international community, which included the quantity and quality
of the mid-twentieth century, and a typical picture of the long struggle between black and white men,
between peoples fighting for self-determination, and the interests associated with global colonialism, all
within the framework of the international organization that has accompanied the problem since its inception.
In this regard, the British Government authorized South Africa to exercise the Mandate for Namibia
in 1920 and laid down its provisions, which expressly stipulated that South Africa would administer that
Territory under the Mandate as part of it, and that its laws would be applied mutatis mutandis therein.
This research came to highlight the position of the United Nations on South Africa’s policy towards
Namibia for the period (1946-1964), as the first date represented the beginning of the presentation of the
problem within the corridors of the United Nations, while the second date represented the most important resolution adopted by the General Assembly towards the problem of Namibia in December 1964,The
research was divided into three main axes, the first gave an overview of the situation in Namibia until 1946,
while the second axis dealt with the problem of Namibia within the corridors of the United Nations General
Assembly (1946-1960), while the third axis dealt with the positive work of the United Nations to solve the
Namibia issue (1960-1964)

The issues of the Arab-Israeli conflict since the establishment of the Zionist entity to this day have
occupied an important place in the global conflict, and what increases the conflict and its ferocity is the
distinguished position that the Middle East region occupies in all strategic, military, political, economic,
geographical and geopolitical aspects, because the region enjoys the presence of many goods that made
it the focus of the ambitions of colonial countries. The Palestinian issue is one of the most important
and prominent topics that the researcher is interested in, and it is one of the most prominent issues
that have occupied the Arab world, especially Egypt, which links them with each other geographically
and with the presence of common borders between them, in addition to the presence of common and
deep ties between the Arab Egyptian and Palestinian peoples. The Palestinian issue and its developments
have occupied the Egyptian government from the official and popular position, while in other aspects,
Egypt has officially and popularly sent humanitarian aid to the Palestinian people in order to alleviate the
suffering of the people, and Egypt has also played a clear role in supporting the process of rebuilding the
infrastructure that was destroyed by war machines. The official and popular Egyptian position emerged
in more serious ways in the Al-Aqsa Intifada (the second Palestinian Intifada 200-2005), as Egypt played
an important role in supporting the Palestinian position through its material and media support, as Egypt
sought to raise the Palestinian issue to international forums in order to find a compromise that would
end the Zionist attacks on the Palestinian people and end the state of killing that the Zionist war is now
practicing and its quest to establish peace

ادى علـاء الديـن ادوارا مهمـة في الوطـن العـربي بصـورة عامـة والجزائـر بصـورة خاصـة، في المجـالات
الدينيـة والسياسـية والاداريـة والثقافيـة، خصـص البحـث لدراسـة سـرة ودور شـخصية الشـيخ عبـد الحميـد
بـن باديـس ( ،)1940 - 1889في المجالـن الدينـي والسـياسي، وتطـرق البحـث الى اسرتـه والبيئـة الاجتاعية
التـي نشـأ فيهـا، وتأثرهـا عـى شـخصيته وعلاقاتـه الاجتاعيـة، واوضـاع الجزائـر فـرة السـيطرة الفرنسـية
عليهــا، وســلط الضــوء عــى حياتــه المهنيــة كرجــل ديــن وتدريــي للعلــوم الدينيــة واللغويــة، فضــ ًلا عــن
نضالـه ضـد الاحتـلال الفرنـي ودفاعـه عـن القوميـة والهويـة والديـن، وركـز البحـث عـى دوره في التصـدي
للسياسـة الاسـتعارية الفرنسـية، ودوره في تأسـيس العديـد مـن الصحـف والجمعيـات، فضـلا عـن طروحاتـه
وآراءه الفكريـة والقوميـة

While the historical line of Jewish in Iraq has been widely documented by both
Iraqi and international scholars through numerous studies, theses, and dissertations, a notable gap exists regarding the specific examination of influential Jewish
individuals who significantly influences on the judicial of the Iraqi society.
Therefore, I found researching on this topic is important central to shed light
on this elites in the field of judiciary, which was distinguished by their positions
despite the pressures and events that occurred in Iraq towards Jews.
Through this study, we discover whether the Jewish elite in Iraq and David Samra, as a model, worth a scholarly examination. This analysis will serve as the pivotal
point of the research. Thus, the research focusses on the Jewish elite and their role
in the Iraqi judiciary, with David Samra as a model (1878-1960).

Andalusia was a microcosm in the European continent, representing the Arab-Islamic life
in the faces of its intellectual, scientific and civilized activity, and the faces of creativity of its
sons in trades, agriculture, shops, and other forms of effective activity, as it was a caliphate
state in which the characteristics of the East, and in which its subjective aspects of the arts,
features and peculiarities became independent and became part of the (Andalusian character)
that characterized the people of that country, and its malaka: One of the ancient Andalusian
cities, Islam entered it in the early days of Tariq bin Ziyad’s entry into Andalusia, and remained
for eight centuries in the hands of Muslims, as it was one of the last Andalusian cities that fell
to the Christians, and Malaga was famous for many flags, including Ghanem’s nephew from
the notables of Malaga and they have a participation in the science of agriculture Yaqut said:
It was attributed to a group of scholars, including: Aziz bin Muhammad Al-Lakhmi Al-Malqi and
Suleiman Al-Maafari Al-Malqi, Prince Ibn Al-Ahmar of the flags of Malaga, and since the fourth
century AH until the end of the second half of the tenth century AH appeared there Andalusian
scientists interested in translations and biographies and left many books for those who have an
interest in science and knowledge, has multiplied these writings and varied concepts, it is Some
of them specialized in a specific aspect of the sciences of the elders, including a university for
the translations of sheikhs who differ industry and class united by the characteristic of merit
and merit to translate them and record their biographies

Many academic studies have addressed the history of cities in northern Iraq; however,
some cities still require deeper studies, including Kirkuk, which held significant political and
economic importance. British authorities took a keen interest in the political and administrative situation in Kirkuk due to its vital role during the British occupation between 1919 and
1920. Therefore, it is essential to provide a clear and comprehensive picture of the general
situation in Kirkuk during that period.
The current research aims to answer several important questions related to the history
of Kirkuk during that era, including: What were the administrative boundaries of the city of
Kirkuk during the occupation? What were the key administrative measures taken in the city?
What was the position of local tribes regarding the British occupation? Additionally, the research examines the British authorities’ reactions to tribes that showed resistance or rebellion against the occupation and the measures they took in response.
Studying these themes represents an important illumination of Kirkuk’s history and its
role during the significant transformations that Iraq experienced in the early twentieth century

In this research, I tried to present a brief picture of the People of the Covenant
in the lives of the common people in travel books. I divided my research into three
sections. In the first section, I dealt with the definition of the People of the Covenant
in language and terminology. In the second section, I defined the journey in language
and terminology. In the third section, I divided it into two requirements. In the first
requirement, I dealt with the social and economic conditions of the People of the Covenant. In the second requirement, I talked about the political and religious conditions
of the People of the Covenant. The traveler Benjamin of Tudela wrote in detail about
their public life. As for Ibn Jubayr, he addressed them during his visit to the cities and
spoke about them briefly. As for Ibn Battuta, he addressed them when he visited the
cities and mentioned their relationship with the Muslims.