Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The present of study was planned to detect of antibiotic susceptibility of Bacillus cereus isolated from dairy products at Al-Qasim city. 60 samples were collected randomly from raw milk and dairy products (raw milk, cheese and yoghurt) then transport to the laboratory in ice-cooled box for analyzer .biochemical tests and chromogenic agar was used to detect Bacillus cereus.
The result showed that positive culture of Bacillus cereus 9(45%) , 12 (60%) and 3 (15%) respectively from raw milk, cheese and yoghurt. Antibiotic susceptibility showed that B. cereus isolates were high sensitive to Erythromycin , Ciprofloxacin , Tetracycline ,Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol, while its was high resistance to Ampicillin.

Water deficit stress is one of the most prominent factors that limits yield of many crops in the world. This will hold true under rain fed and irrigated agriculture. This research targeted identification of the plant traits that are more related to water deficit tolerance. Three non-oil sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars were compared; shumoos , select 1, and select 2. Seed of the cultivars were planted on the farm of Field Crops Station of the College of Agric., University of Baghdad in 2013.Three irrigation levels of water were used ; 320, 400, and 560 mm/season. A randomized complete block design of four replications in a factorial arrangement was used. When cultivars compared, select 2 gave higher number of seeds (1366/capitulum), 21.2 cm capitulum diameter, 99.7 days to physiological maturity, higher seed yield (144g/plant) and high seed weight (119.2mg/seed). Crop growth rate of cultivar was increased with increased level of irrigation water. At 320 mm, crop growth rate was 5.5 g/plant/day, increased to 7.1 g/plant/day at 560 mm/season. Seed filling period and plant height had higher ratio of genetic to environmental variance than other traits. Chlorophyll index, percent water loss (PWL) and days to 90% flowering had higher ratio of genetic to environmental variance than the rest of other studied traits. These five traits had at least 76% h2b.s, and they were similar in P.C.V% and G.C.V%, so, they were recommended to be used as parameters to select sunflower genotypes tolerant to water deficit stress studies in a specific geographic area. Meanwhile, genotypic resultant values were coincided with many traits detected for drought stress tolerance by genetic to environment variance ratio.

With the development and evolution of human technology in the aspects of life, such as buildings, special attention was paid to the gardens and open spaces, therefore they became an important part of the residential complexes. The research was conduccted in three samples were German Village, Hawari Zanko and Kurd City in Sulaimani city, during the periods between Mar. 15 th 2015 to Feb. 15 th 2016 ,to know the area of the green spaces, the gardens and its aesthetic aspect, the open spaces and the various recreational activities, as well as the necessities for maintenance services and their design in light of international and local standards . In theoretcal framwork were clarified the concept of green areas and gardens in residential complexes , the various recreational activities of gardens and its efficiency inside residential complexes and demonstrates the concept of landscape design with the characteristics of design and international and local standards for green areas . In the case study contains the field research on the analysis of the reality of green areas and gardens comprising personal observations, interviews, blueprint analysis through the use of three samples from the residential complexes in Sulaimani city and questionnaires which we calculated in percentage form, statistical analysis and compared them to the actual area of green spaces implemented in the residential complexes. The research obtained several objectives, the most important of which is that the green areas, studied inside residential complexes were not according to standards, neglected and used as storage for generators, water tanks, and garbage. These spacious areas were not taken advantage of for rest and recreation like strolling areas, children's playgrounds, ponds and water fountains. We could see that the small area of green spaces is not sufficient for the needs of the residents. Also the results of three samples showed that the area of green spaces implemented was not sufficient, German Village contained 34% green areas as compared to Kurd City which only contained 15% and Hawari Zanko 6%. We could see that German Village is almost sufficient , and 65.35% of residents thought the presence of green areas was “bad” and 97.3% said that there are no children’s playgrounds in the complexes, while 65.82% were not pleased with maintenance and services , and 77.66% said the presence of sitting areas was not enough, and 80.82% were not pleased with the amount of walkways, while 84.1% thought that the areas for exercise and fitness were not sufficient. During analysis of results the research reached several recommendations and advices that can be beneficial for the blueprint design of gardens and green areas of residential complexes. It also contains the redesigning of some of the vacant and neglected areas of all three complexes , according to the needs and desires of the inhabitants, with the application of local standards as much as.

The current study was carried out on ten local goat breed belonging to a private farmers in Bashika city, 20 km north east of Mosul province. The aim of this work is to evaluate the hygienic and chemical composition of goat's milk, depending on the Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Total Fungal Count (TFC). Milk samples were collected from each goat every ten days and for three times. The samples represented the fore stripping milk (FM), remained milk (RM), which is free from fore stripping milk, and the total milk which is the mixed of fore stripping milk with the remain milk (MM). The laboratory examination of milk samples revealed that the mean TBC were 3.36 log10 CFU mL-1 for FM, 2.8 log10 CFU mL-1for RM and 3.3 log10 CFU mL-1for MM. The TFC were 2.72 log10 CFU mL-1for FM, 2.5 log10 CFU mL-1for RM and 2.63 log10 CFU mL-1 for MM .
The results also show that there is percentage differences in TBC and TFC between FM, RM and the MM, and were 72.25%, 12. 88% , 68.28 % for TBC and 39.77%, 18.74%, 25.89% for TFC. The chemical composition of goat's milk were estimated as follow: 3.82% fat,3% protein,7.92% solid- non-fat and 4. 33% lactose while milk density, freezing point and electrical conductivity were 1.026 , -52.2 and 8.72 respectively.

Two experiments were conducted in hydroponic device for the year of (2015 – 2016) in the farm of one of farmers at the Arab Gbour region - Dora - Baghdad, to study the effect of spraying micronutrients on green yield of hydroponic barley. The C.R.D design was used with four replicates for the experiments, which included zinc spraying by three concentrates (125, 100, 75 mg.L-1), iron (100, 75, 50 mg.L-1) and calcium (600, 400, 200 mg.L-1), as well as the control treatment (without spraying) in first experiment. The second experiment which included the blend of fertilizer by using highest concentration of Micronutrients obtained from the results of the first experiment were combinations of fertilizer is (Zn +Fe, Zn +Fe, Zn + Ca, Fe + Ca and Zn + Fe + Ca), as well as the control treatment (without spraying). The results of the first experiment showed that treatments of (Zn3 , Fe3 and Ca3) gave the highest plant height of (26.80 cm , 27.60 cm and 24.90 cm) , highest Green yield reached (28.67 kg m-2 , 28.79 kg m-2 and 21.26 kg m-2), and highest dry yield reached (6.30 kg m-2 ,6.29kg m-2 and 5.12 kgm-2 ) respectively. The results of second experiment showed that the combination of (Zn + Fe + Ca) gave the highest plant height reached 29.05 cm, green yield of (29.25 kg m-2) and dry yield of (5.32 kg m-2). We conclude from this study that it is necessary to add the Micronutrients with high concentrations and to formation of a combination of these elements to give better results than spraying them individually to nourish the plant during its growth in the hydroponic chamber, therefore recommend adding elements of (Zn + Fe + Ca) with concentrations of (125 +100 + 600 mg L-1) to obtain a higher green yield of hydroponic barley.

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the field crops sciences department/ College of Agriculture/ University of Diyala during season (2016-2017) to study the effect of seeding rates (24, 36, 48 kg.h-1) and cutting dates (90, 105, 120) days after cultivating on growth traits , seed yield and seed yield components of fenugreek local cultivar. The experiment was conducted with the Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) in the split plot arrangement with three replicates. The seeding rates were the main plots, while the cutting dates were assigned as a sub plots. The study showed the following results: The seeds and dates had a significant effect on all the studied traits except number of branches that were not significant in both factors. The seeding rate was 24 kg.h-1 and the cutting date 90 days after cultivating gave a higher seed yield 0.590 and 0.548 ton, respectively. There was a significant effect of the interaction between seed rates and mowing cutting in all studied traits.

A field experiment was carried out during the spring planting season in 2017 in the fields of one of the farmers which it is located at Al- Shahabia region - Al Kifil district/ Babylon province about 28 km south of Hilla city with longitude is 44.39° east, latitude 32.30° north, and elevation from sea level is 26.6 m, in silty clay soil cultivated with Alfalfa in the previous season for studying the effect of planting patterns and compound fertilizers (NPK) on growth and yield of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiate L.). The experiment included two factors: The Intercropping and fertilizing with compound fertilizers (NPK). The main plots included the fertilization factor on two levels of the compound fertilizer which were 200 and 400 kg.h-1, which is symbolized by (F1) and (F2) respectively, as well as the comparison treatment (without the addition of compound fertilizer), which symbolized (F0) while the sub plots included seven patterns for the intercropping between crops of millet and mung as follows: millet is cultivated on lines alone (S1) , mung bean is cultivated on lines alone (S2) , two lines of millet + two lines of mung bean (S3), a line of mung Bean + two lines of millet (S4), three lines of millet + four lines of mung bean (S5), three lines of millet + three lines of mung bean (S6) and five lines of millet + five lines of mung bean (S7). The experimental sub-plots were separated according to the Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) according to the arrangements of split plots in three replicates. The averages were tested to the of Least Significant difference (L.S.D) under %0.05 probability level. The main results obtained were as follows:
The intercropping patterns gave a significant effect on most of the qualities of growth, yield and its components in millet as in the area of the flag leaf, the biological yield, the grain yield and the harvest index, whereas the height of the plant and the chlorophyll have not significant effect, the pattern (3 millet: 3 mung bean)gave the highest quantity of biological yield and grain are 3.57 and 1.21 ton.h-1respectivly. The results showed a significant effect for the addition of compound fertilizer (NPK) in most of the qualities of growth and yield and it's components in millet.
As for mung bean, the intercropping patterns gave a significant effect on most of the qualities of growth, yield, and it components in (plant length, leaf area, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index), while the chlorophyll had no significant effect, as the pattern (3 millet: 3 mung bean) gave the highest quantity of seeds yield was 0.66 ton.h-1 and the highest yield obtained from the agricultural pattern (2 millet: 1 mung bean) reached 3.48 ton.h-1. The results showed a significant effect for the addition of NPK fertilizer in plant length, biological yield and harvest index.
The pattern of agriculture (3 millet: 3 mung bean) gave the highest average yield of the total Land Equivalent Ratio to millet and mung bean (LER) reached 1.11.

The study was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa from March to August 2018 to detect the ability of Aspergillus flavus isolates to produce aflatoxin B1 and to determine the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus in reducing of Aflatoxin B1 produced by A. flavus. The results showed presente of three species of fungi including A. flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. It was found that there was a significant domunion of A. flavus followed by A.niger and Penicillium spp. Their frequency rates were 63.88%, 22.22% and 13.88%, respectively. However, appearance rates of these isolates were 70%, 40% and 20%, respectively. Ammonia detection test showed that there were 15 out of 23 isolates of A. flavus have ability to produce Aflatoxin B1, with a rate of 65.21%. However, layer chromatography (TLC) test showed only 10 out of 23 isolates of A. flavus were able to produce Aflatoxin B1, with a rate of 43.47%. The present results also showed that adding of P. ostreatus significantly affected the logarithmic number of A. flavus spores which was 5.74 (5.6 x 105spore / g) in the treatment of 5 ml A. flavus + 15 g P. ostreatus. In addition, P. ostreatus has capacity to reduce the Aflatoxin B1 produced by A. flavus. Spectrophotometer results showed that the treatments of 5 ml A. flavus + 15 g P.ostreatus, 10 ml A. flavus + 15 g P.ostreatusand 15 ml A. flavus + 15 g P.ostreatus significantly reduced the percentage of produced Aflatoxin B1 (84.5%, 84.4%, 88.3%), compared to the treatment of A. flavus + 10 g P.ostreatus which gave about 69.8% reduction rate.

The current study was conducted for the period from October 2014 until July 2017 in order to increase the susceptibility of date palm )phoenix dactylifera L(. to withstand the water stress using plant tissue culture and treated with some materials used for cryopreservative , The embryonic callus from the cultivating of the Shoot tips, planted on the Murashige and Skoog media, was subjected to immersion in preservative solution (Glycerol, PEG and DMSO) and cultivation on a sucrose-containing medium (342.3 g.L-1) for seven days at 27ºC in the dark, to save the embryonic callus in liquid nitrogen at -196ºC for 6 and 12 weeks, The callus was cultured on media included sodium chloride at concentrations 0, 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm. The effect of sodium chloride on the growth rate and fresh weight of embryonic callus and number of embryos. The results showed that the effect of tri-interactions between sodium chloride and preservative solutions and concentrations was significant in increasing the number of embryos. The interaction treatment between sodium chloride 1500 ppm, DMSO and 10% concentration was excelled by recording it as the highest number of embryos was 23.2 embryo. The triple interaction treatment between 3000 ppm sodium chloride, DMSO, 10% concentration has excelled by giving it the highest growth rate 0.0372 mg.day-1, while the interaction treatment between 4500 ppm sodium chloride, PEG and 10% concentration recording the lowest growth rate 0.0002 mg.day-1. The interaction treatment between control and sodium chloride with its three concentrations, DMSO, PEG and 20% concentration didn't recorded any growth rate.

The current study was conducted for the period from October 2014 until July 2017 in order to increase the susceptibility of date palm phoenix dactylifera L. to withstand the water stress using plant tissue culture and treated with some materials used for cryopreservation, The embryonic callus from the cultivating of the Shoot tips, planted on the Murashige and Skoog media, was subjected to immersion in preservation solution and cultivation on a sucrose-containing medium (342.3 g.L-1) for seven days at 27ºC in the dark, save the embryonic callus in liquid nitrogen at -196ºC for 6 and 12 weeks, The callus was cultivated on the sorbitol container medias with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 molar concentrations. The effect of sorbitol on the percentage of germination and fresh weight of embryonic callus was studied, complete randomize design was used. The interaction treatment between (0.1 molar) sorbitol, DMSO and 10% concentration was excelled, the highest average of fresh weight was 4.64 g, while the interaction treatment between (0.3 molar) sorbitol and PEG and 20% concentration recorded the lowest average weight of 0.04 g. The triple interaction between the sorbitol, the preservation solutions and their concentration was significant in the decrease in the percentage of germination. The interaction treatment between (0.2 molar) sorbitol, DMSO and (10%) concentration recorded the lowest percentage of germination of 16.7% Compared with the interaction treatment between control, DMSO and 10% concentration Which recorded the highest rate of percentage of germination reached 44.3%.

This study was conducted in the laboratory of plant tissue culture Department of Horticulture and Landscape , College of Agriculture – University of Baghdad during 2015-2016. The study includ using of plant tissue culture technology in the induction of callus from young explants (Leaf and node) planted in the MS media containing different concentrations of growth regulators, with the use of different auxins (Picloram, NAA and Cytokinin BA) at different concentrations for the purpose of induction callus. The results showed, that the young leaf was excelled on the young node which was planted in the MS media with a concentration of (1.2 mg.L-1) picloram and (0.6 mg.L-1) BA , the highest fresh and dry weights of callus were obtained reached of (212.25, 22.43 mg) respectively, compared to the young node which gave, (94.00, 11.43 mg) at the same concentration of fresh and dry weight, respectively. The young leaf was excelled on the young nods for the of Annona muricata in the MS media at a concentration of (1.0 mg.L-1) NAA and (0.6 mg.L-1) BA, which it gave the highest fresh and dry weights of the callus (185.00, 21.43 mg), respectively, compared to young nods which gave, (140.43, 14.86 mg) at the same concentration, of fresh and dry weight of callus respectively.

The present research was conducted to study the physiological traits of potato seedling to understanding of the plant's response under salt stress conditions, which consequently serves to try to cultivate potato cultivar that are saline tolerant. Eight imported cultivars of potato seeds were selected: Almondo, Arizona, Buren, Everest, Rievira, Rudolf, Sever and Sylvana. A tissue culture was established for the branches of these cultivars to study the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) on growth properties and the production of microtubers in Vitro. The concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mmol) of sodium chloride salt were added to the media of both Murashige and Skoog (MS) each separately and two cutting were cultivated with two nodes per repeater. The results showed that Riviera cultivar showed tolerance to saline stress conditions at the salts concentrations used in terms of growth and production of micro tubers. For plant content of dry substance, Riviera cultivar gave the highest percentage of dry substance at 25.20% while the same cultivar gave the lowest percentage of 0.9% at the concentration of 200 mmol.L-1. In the control treatment, Riviera cultivar was given the highest percentage of protein 3.81%. Significant differences were observed in the effectiveness of the peroxidase enzyme. Arizona cultivar that cultivated in the control treatment (without salt) gave the least effective for enzyme 13.60 Absorption unit.g-1. Riviera cultivar that cultivated in concentration of 150 mmol.L-1 gave the highest activity for peroxidase enzyme was 38.0 absorption units.g-1.

Nine cultivar of bread wheat (tamuwze1,tamuwze2, maksibak ,IPA95, IPA99, Latifia, Abo-graib and sham6) were used in this study to estimate some of the genetic parameters which were cultivated in two locations of Wasit and Diwaniyya in the fields of one of the farmers of each location during the winter farming season (2015). Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replicates. Plant height, tillers number per m2, number of grains per spike 1000 grain weight and total yield were studied. The results revealed significant differences among genotypes for the studied traits at both locations. The highest genetic variance of both locations was obtained of 17449.07 and 16471.29, respectively. The highest percentage of genetic difference coefficient was observed for the tillers number per m2 (23.08% and 27.63% respectively) for Wasit and Diwaniyah locations, respectively. High heritability estimates associated with a high genetic yield for the number of spike grains and weight of 1000 tablets for both locations. Genetic correlation coefficients were higher than the correlations of the phenotypic correlations of both traits and both locations, This indicates that variation exists between genotypes due of genetic factors with little effects to the environment in spite of diversity of environments. The highest direct effect of the plant height, the number of spike grains, and 1000 grain weight, which reached of (0.869, 0.610, 0.20), respectively for Wasit location, (1.704, 1.07, 0.804) for Diwaniyah location. The path coefficient revealed that the direct selection of plant height, number of spike and 1000 grain weight would be effective in improving the bread wheat yield, particularly in Diwaniyah.

The study was conducted in the Lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad for the period from March to November 2013. To study the effect of soaking local orange grafts in the BA growth regulator on three rootstocks of citrus, the study included two factors: The first factor is citrus rootstocks (Sour orange, Volkameriana lemon, Cleopatra mandarin). The second factor is to soaking into the growth regulator of Benzyl- Adenine at three levels of (0, 150, 250 mg.L-1). The experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with three replicates. The results were summarized as follows: The cultivar had a significant effect, so Volkameriana was excelled in success rate of grafts, plant height, number of leaves and branches, leaves content of chlorophyll, phosphorus and potassium. While the Cleopatra mandarin rootstock excelled by giving the highest content of carbohydrates in the leaves reached of 3.48%, while the sour orange rootstock excelled in the leaves content of nitrogen. As for the effect of soaking grafts in (BA). It was showed that the spraying treatment of with Benzyl- Adenine at a concentration of (250 mg.L-1) excelled in all studied traits (success rate of grafts, plant height, number of leaves and branches, leaves content of chlorophyll, phosphorus and potassium). As for the interaction between the rootstock and the soaking levels in the Benzyl- Adenine, while the interaction treatment between the volkameriana and soaking of the grafts in Benzyl- Adenine with a concentration of 250 mg.L-1 was given the highest rate of all studied traits.

The research aims to conduct an economic analysis to determine the factors affecting the profit achieved from barley crop production, as well as to study the production and price effect on increasing the marketing percentage of the crop. Data were obtained through a questionnaire randomly collected from 130 farmers from barley farmers in Wasit Province. The effect of the yield price, the average production costs and the quantity of production on the profit of the crop using the Evewis program was estimated to be the most influential factor in the profit, as the production increase by one unit, the profit will increase by 315203 dinars. when estimation the percentage of marketing function, the explanatory factors were the productivity, price, farm size and farmers family size, their treatments were 0.23, 0.08 and 0.05 respectively. The research concluded that the marketing administrative complexities and the dwarfing of the area and the low production exposure the farmers to economic pressure that made them sell their yield to the markets where the average price is lower than the quantity marketed and thus their profits. The research recommended the need to open marketing centers in each district and support inputs and provide them at specific times, especially high-productivity cultivars.

In this study (96) swab of clinical pathogenic specimens were collected from Al-Hashimyah General Hospital, by taken from Hospital environment, worker's hands, wards, Hospitalized & admitted patients during 2016.
Specimens cultured directly on enriched and differential media, colonies purified by streaking, then bacteria diagnosed by culture and cell morphology using gram stained slides, finally confirmed by biochemical tests and Api 20 and Api Staph. So, four bacterial species isolated (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli).
Antibiotics tested using disk-diffusion method, then use two-fold dilutions method to determine MIC. Primary dilutions of chemical agents were prepared using well-diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar, also determined MIC.
Results of bacterial sensitivity tests to antibiotics shows that both Gram +ve and –ve bacteria resist most antibiotics used against them. On bacterial species they resist most antibiotics used except Strep. pneumoniae and E. coli.
Results of determine time needed to kill multi-drug resistant bacteria after exposure to chemical agents shows that most of these agents were active at (20min), then (15min) and not observed at (5min).
MIC values of different chemical agents affecting on bacteria shows that these results were higher in Bleach and H2O2 than others, this indicate potency of them in high concentration to inhibit bacterial growth in culture.
This study conclude the possible of treating bacteria with these chemical agents used, also the emerge of bacterial resistance to both antibiotics and chemical agents, that face its health and public applications.

The research was aimed to identify the impact of the discussion method in developing the level of knowledge of rural women to breeding the quail's birds at cages in the area of Al-Battar, Wasit Province. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with equivalent groups was used in a randomly selected sample of 32 female farmers out of 85 farmers. The sample was divided into two groups in a simple random manner with 16 female farmers per group (experimental group and control group) and adopted the method of analysis of statistical variance of second type. According to the following non-experimental variables, the equivalent of the two research groups are: the age of the female farmers, the level of education, the desire for indicative education. Two research tools were prepared, the first is a questionnaire for non-experimental variables, and the second is a test of the cognitive development of the female farmers in the field of raising the quail bird (Salwa or Frei) according to the first three levels of Bloom's classification of the cognitive dimension: memory, understanding and application. The test consists of a paragraph of a multiple choice type [27]. The researcher reached to the following results:
1. The post-test was excelled on the pre-test in developing the knowledge level of the female farmers of both groups (experimental and control).
2. The experimental group that used the method of discussion as an indicative method is excelled on the control group (lecture group) in the cognitive development of the female farmers.
The researcher recommended using of the indicative methods, especially the method of discussion to promote the educational indicative work to enable rural women to adopt and apply modern technologies in the process of agricultural production (both plant and animal).

The experiment was conducted at the Protected Agriculture Research Station (B) at the college of Agriculture / University of Baghdad in Al-Jadriya Complex to study the effect of spraying different concentrations of humic acid (0, 75 ml, 100 L-1), Gibberellins (0, 100, 200 ppm) and Smoked water (0, 1: 250, 1: 500, 1: 1000 v/v) In the growth and yield of tomato under protected agriculture conditions for the autumn season 2017-2016. The results showed that the treatment of Spraying with Gibberellins (G1) and Smoked water (S2) was significantly excelled in most vegetative traits, either as individual or interaction factors, as well as in the interaction effect of the humic with the Gibberellins and its interaction with the Smoked water. Triple interaction of the factors in all the traits was excelled under study. While no significant effect was observed for individual humic spraying treatments in any of the traits.

The study was conducted to evaluate of the efficiency of some biological agents and chemical fungicides to reduce disease incidence and disease severity of Fusarium wilt disease in cucumber, which caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum under plastic house conditions. Results showed superiority treatments of biological agents Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, bio-preparation Biohealth and bacterial preparation Fluramel (separately or in mixture). Treatments reduced disease incidence and disease severity, to 0 % , followed by Biohealth with Uniform in presence of pathogen 10 and 8.67% respectively ,and then the interaction between T. harzianum with Uniform in presence of pathogen 16.67 and 10.67% respectively, compared to control treatment ( only pathogen) where 86.67 and 68% respectively. In addition to the results showed biological agents superiority to improve plant growth and yield. Where superior treatment of Biohealth (alone) on the other treatments in the increase plant height, wet and dry weight and yield, where amounted to 394 cm/plant, 930.7 gm/Plant, 145.3 gm/ Plant and 4.333 kg/plant respectively, followed by treatment of Fluramel (alone) was record 385 cm/plant, 926.0 gm/Plant, 138.6 gm/ Plant and 4.067 kg/plant respectively, while control treatment ( only pathogen) where amounted to 231 cm/plant, 474 gm/Plant, 67.67 gm/Plant and 1.167 kg /plant respectively.

The aim of this study is to using liquid sweet whey as substitute ingredient to milk or/and water in Yellow Layer Cakes. This main recipe was used to prepare the standard cake (control) while the milk was substituted by whey in cake Wm, and in cake Ww the water was substituted by whey. Also results showed that substitution of milk and water by whey in both cakes increased the shrinkage index to 2cm and 2.5cm compared with standard cake which was 1cm. The substitution of milk and water in both cakes (Wm and Ww) by whey caused increasing of cake volume index, and the volume index for standard cake was 17.3 while it was 18.24 and 17.15 for Wm and Ww respectively. The results showed that substitution milk with whey did not prevent the cake collapse, but there was a benefit effect for using whey instead of milk or water in the cakes uniformity index. The sensory evaluation results showed that, no significant effect of liquid whey addition on enhancingsensory characterististic of whey addition treatment comparied with stander cake.

The study aims to identify the level of applying scientific recommendations for using of improved wheat seeds and chemical fertilizers in Al-mahaweel cultivation department / Babylon Province for cultivation season 2016-2017. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a 12-point Scale was prepared and distributed on two axes. The data were collected from a random sample of 90 farms in Al-mahaweel cultivation department by means of a questionnaire in the interview method. The research found that 77.78% of interviewees described their level of applying for scientific recommendations for the use of improved wheat seeds by medium, 75.56% of interviewees described their level of applying of scientific recommendations for the use of chemical fertilizers by medium, and 85.56% of interviewees described their level of applying scientific recommendations for the use of improved wheat seeds and chemical fertilizers by medium. The study reached to conclusions such as: insufficient quantities and varieties providing from improved wheat seeds technology and chemical fertilizer for farmers, it is considered a major factor in the low level of dissemination and applying of the scientific recommendations of these technologies. The researcher recommended several recommendations, including: The importance of meeting the requirements of farmers such as provided the improved wheat seeds and chemical fertilizers technologies in either quantity or quality and timing by the processing and extension government institutions guide them to the proper use of these technologies, follow up their application and with the continuous evaluation of these activities.

A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season of 2016 in the fields of Field Crop Sciences, Baghdad University, in order to determine the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid, mechanical cultivation and their interactions on weed control and reducing some of biotic and abiotic stress effects on growth characters and yield of maize (synthetic variety,5018). The experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in split block arrangement in three replicates. The main plots included four mechanical cultivation [ control without cultivation), cultivation at 5 cm deep, 10 cm, and 10 cm with Triflane herbicide at [1L ha-1) 4 weeks after seeding]. While secondary plots included salicylic acid spraying with four concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 mg L-1). The results showed that there was a significant effect of SA in reducing the biotic stresses of the weed and abiotic as the temperature rise. Salicylic acid spray increased the average vegetative growth characteristics of the plant. SA at 200 mg L -1 treatment gave the highest rate of plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and dry weight of the vegetative system [186.16 cm. , 1.75 cm, (5965 cm2), (174.95 gm plant-1) respectively, while the control treatment gave the lowest rates in these characters (170.28cm), (1.49cm), (5018cm2), (162.37 g plant-1) respectively.. Salicylic acid treatment had no significant effect in the dry weight of the weed. Cultivation at 10 cm deep with triflan herbicides (W3) treatment recorded the highest rate of plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, which reached (191.59 cm), (1.75 cm), (5996 cm2), respectively, while the control gave the lowest rates in these characteristics, reaching (159.14 cm), (1.57 cm). Cultivation at 10 cm deep (W2) treatment showed a higher mean of dry weight (176.22 g plant-1), which did not differ to W3 (175.74 g plant-1), while (W0) treatment gave the lowest rate (158.18 g plant-1). (W2) showed the lowest dry weight of weed plants (223.7 g m-2), while the control treatment (W0) recorded the highest rate (842.7 g m-2). All of these effects have contributed to give high grain yield, for this (SA2) gave the highest rate of grain (7.37 ton ha-1), while SA0 gave the lowest rate (5.89 ton ha-1). (W2) showed a higher mean yield of grain ( 8.39 ton ha-1), while the control gave the lowest yield (3.64 ton ha-1). Here we can conclude that growth regulator (salicylic acid) has improved most of the growth characteristics and biological environment of the roots, which works to raise the plant viability in competition of weed plants and increase the efficiency of roots in the absorption and transfer the nutrients from the soil into the plant, thus increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and increase dry matter. It also showed a role of increasing most of vegetative growth and yield due encourage the plant to withstand the stresses which caused by the weed.

A Factorial experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design (RCBD ). The duration of the experiment spanned out across two seasons of growth 2016 -2017 In lath house in order out to investigate the influence of organic fertilizer "Root Enhancer" and "Cytoplus" as soil application on vegetative and root growth on one year old "Sourany" olive sapling . The "Root Enhancer" (E) is applied in four amount (0, 2, 3, 4 g. sapling -1) and "Cytoplus" (C) at four amount (0, 3, 5, 7 ml. sapling -1).Level E4 of Root Enhancer (4 g .sapling -1) had a significantly high value for the two seasons the higher of sapling was 10.93 , 11.04 cm, leaf area was 544.9, 861.8 cm2 , Fresh weight of root was 27.84,34.26 g , Main root diameter was 2.958, 2.275mm , number of root was 10.00 , 19.83 , Root surface area was 320.4, 368.6 cm2, for two seasons .Cytoplus at (7 ml. sapling-1 ) application was give highest values for the higher of seedling10.48,10.55cm , branches number 14.58, 13.09 branch , leaf area 475.5, 664.8 cm2, , Main root diameter2.370, 2.408 mm , Root number 9.83, 14.42 , Main root length19.41, 36.50 cm, Root surface area 324.7, 373.2 cm2 , for two seasons. The interaction between the experimental factors was influenced by the growth parameters.

A Factorial experiment within The randomized complete block design (RCBD ) during the two season of growth 2016 -2017 In lath house was carried out to investigate the influence of adding organic fertilizers "Root Enhancer" and "Cytoplus" soil applied on chemical characteristics on one year old "Sourany" olive sapling . The soil-applied amounts of "Root Enhancer" (E) at four levels (0, 2, 3, 4 g. sapling -1) and "Cytoplus" (C) at four level (0, 3, 5, 7 ml. sapling -1).The adding of organic fertilizer E (4g. sapling -1) gave significantly highest values of chlorophyll contents was 182.2 ,231.9 mg.100 g-1 F.W , vegetative dry matter was 48.63, 49.12 % , Leaf nitrogen concentration was 2.246 ,% 2.438 , Leaf phosphor concentration was 0.372 , 0.376% , Leaf potassium concentration was 2.658 , 2.669% , Leaf calcium concentration was 2.582,2.425 %, Carbohydrate in shoot was 9.340, 8.234 %, Nitrogen in shoot was 0.813, 0.804 % , Root uptake efficiency 34.24, 36.33% . The adding of organic fertilizer C (7ml. sapling -1) gave significantly highest values of chlorophyll content at 171.6 , 163.6 mg.100 g-1 F.W , vegetative dry matter of 51.57 ,52.63 g , Leaf nitrogen concentration of 2.426 , 2.615% , Leaf potassium concentration of 2.482 , 2.420% , Leaf calcium concentration of 2.112 , 2.082% Carbohydrate in shoot 8.637,8.544% , Nitrogen in shoot 0.772 ,0.763 % , Root dry matter 34.73,40.24 g % , Root uptake efficiency 37.96 , 38.77 % . The interaction between experimental factors significantly increased most Characters.

The study was conducted to control the disease of seed rot and damping off cucumber caused by Rhizoctonia solani using Aspergillus niger, The results of the pathogenicity capacity test of fungi (R. solani) on the seeds of cucumber plant that the fungus negatively affected the germination of seeds, the germination percentage reached of 00.00%, while the fungi (A.niger) has worked to raise germination rate by 100.00% compared to the control treatment, which reached to 73.33%. A.niger fungus showed a high resistance against R.solani with rate of inhibition reached 91.58%. The effect of A.niger was found in some growth characteristics of cucumber plant on percentage of germination, stem diameter, Dry weight of leaves, leaf content of growth hormone Cytokinin (CKS), leaf content of phosphorus and Peroxidase with the presence or absence of pathogenic fungus (Rhizoctonia solani), these traits were found to have increased significantly which reached of (73.70, 7.8 mm, 1.97 mg, 2.98 mg / kg wet weight, 0.037 mg / kg dry weight, 0.14 units / micromole) respectively, compared with the lowest rates of control (40.00 mm, 5.2 mm and 0.65 mg, 1.19 mg / kg wet weight and, 0.009 mg.g-1 dry weight, 0.04 unit /micromol), respectively.

This investigation was conducted during the winter seasons of 2016-2017 at Bakrajo Agriculture Research Station, College of Agricultural sciences, University of Sulaimani, using split plot design the main plots conducted in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates to study the effect of three levels of NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield and yield component of barley varieties. The two genotypes [ATACO/BERMEJO/HIGO/3/CLN-B/80.5138//… CBSS99M00320T-L-2M-1Y-1M-0Y (ATACO...) and- ALPHA-BAR/DURRA//CORACLE/3/ALELI/4/… CBSS99Y00032S-11Y-2M-2Y-1M-0Y (ALPHA…)] were implemented in the main plots, three NPK fertilizer levels (0, 150 and 300) kg / ha from NPK fertilizer complex source (15-15-15) were implemented in the sub plot. Comparisons between means were carried out by the lease significant difference (L.S.D) at 5 % level of significance. The results of this investigation confirm that (ATACO...) produced the best values for most characters, and the application 300 Kg NPK /ha was found to be the best level to this crop. The characters grain yield recorded highly significant and positive correlation with plant height ,spike length ,average spike weight ,number of grains /spike ,grain weight /spike,1000 grain weight and biological yield with( 0.939, 0.965, 0.905,0.922, 0.883,0.829 and 0.977 ) respectively .

This study was conducted on 28 Awassi lambs with age of (3-4 months), with an initial weight of (24.510 kg) in order to study of the use of different percentages from feed blocks of the sunflower, for the purpose of fattening Awassi lambs and their effect on the productive performance and some traits of the carcass. The lambs were randomly distributed to four groups. The four groups were fed freely on the feed blocks as a concentrated diet, which were homogeneous in terms of protein and energy, and differed by containing it different percentages of the sunflower meal, where they were (0%, 6%, 12%, 18%) for the first, second and third and fourth, respectively, and continued for 91 days. The results showed no significant effect (P≤0.05) in the final weight between the four treatments where the final weight ranged between (44.171 and 48.243 kg), the average of Total weight gain between (19.657 and 23.7 kg) and the daily increase ranged between (0.216 to 0.260 kg). It was found that the best Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was for the group that ate the feed blocks which contained on 18% of the sunflower meal, which amounted of (6.101 kg feed.kg-1 weight gain), and there were no significant differences in the weight of the hot carcass, the percentage of dressing, Rib Eye Muscle Area and the residues of eaten and uneaten carcass and the amount of intake from dry matter, While recorded a significant (P≤0.05) differences in the averages weight of the shoulder where the highest weight was in the first treatment compared to the second treatment, The weight of rump was significantly excelled (P≤0.05) for the fourth treatment, which recorded the highest weight compared to the second and the first, and the third and the second compared to the first. The weight of the half neck recorded significant increase (P≤0.05) for the third treatment compared to the first, second and fourth, while there were no significant differences in the weights of Thigh, chest, fore shank and flank. In the economic sense, the best type of feed blocks was in the fourth treatment because it was economically better to produce 1 kg from live weight between the treatments, followed by the first, second and third treatment, and priority the total average of Total weight gain was in the first and fourth treatment compared to other treatments.

The experiment was conducted in one the fields belonging to the Directorate of Agriculture in Basra (Tomato Developing Project in Khor Al-Zubair) during the agricultural season (2015-2016) in order to study the effect of the dates and density of cultivating and spraying with seaweed extract (ALGIDEX) and the licorice root extract on the growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and the cloves content of the elements of NP.PK.S., where the experiment included three-factor which are the interaction between three planting dates (10/25, 11/10, 25/11), two plant densities (1, 3 clove/pit), and spraying with five concentrations of organic nutrients are organic fertilizer (AlGIDEX and Ascophyllum nodosum) with two concentrations of (2, 4 ml.L-1) and licorice root extract with two concentrations (6, 8 g.L-1). In addition to the control treatment of (spraying with distilled water only), with the rate of four sprayings (two weeks between one spraying and another after completing the emergence of cultivated seedling with a month of cultivating for each date). The results showed that the second and third planting dates were significantly excelled in the leaf area (dm2), the percentage of potassium in the cloves, the weight of the head (g) and the cloves content of phosphorus, While the first planting date has excelled in the total number of heads (tons.h-1) and the percentage of nitrogen and sulfur in cloves. The cultivated plants with a density of (3 cloves/pit) were significantly excelled in leaf area (dm2), the total number of heads (ton.h-1) and the percentage of phosphorus and potassium in the cloves. The plants that were sprayed with licorice extract at a concentration of (8 g.L-1) are excelled in plant height, leafy area (dm2), the weight of the head (g), total head yield (tons.h-1), Percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur in cloves, the plants that sprayed with AlGIDEX extract at a concentration of (4 ml.L-1) are also significantly excelled in plant height. Bi-interactions and triple interactions showed significant superiority in most of the studied traits.

This study was conducted to evaluated nutritional properties of some infant formulas available in the local markets and their effects on the growth and nutritional status of rats and their body organs. This experiment was designed using 42 white male rats (Albino) with initial average weight of 50±5 g, they were divided into 7 groups of 6 rats per group. The experiment continuous for 28 days during which the rats were fed on infant milk formula treatments T1, T2 and T3 to age less than 6 month (Nactalia1, Dielac1 and Evolac1) respectively, and in treatments T4, T5,T6 feed on infant milk formula for age more than 6 month (Celia2, Dielac2 and Sunny baby2) respectively, and the rest of rats in control treatment fed on standard provender and filter water. The results showed significant (P≤0.05) decrease in final weight rate of rats in T3 which was 118.7 g recording the lowest weight gained 72.8 g during the experiment period, while treatment T5 recorded the highest weight increase gained reaching 118.4 g and final weight rate (169.8 g). In control treatment was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in amount food intake compared to all other treatments, while treatments T2 and T3 have the higher and lower amount of food intake respectively.. On the other hand, it was noted decrease in relative weight of rats' kidneys in treatment T1, T2 and T3 compare with the control treatment, which recorded the highest average of relative weight for rats' kidneys of 1.086 g.