Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Viral agents are the primary cause of meningitis, a worldwide public health concern that primarily
affects newborns and children. It is self-limiting and goes away in 7–10 days. With 85% of cases, enterovirus is the most
prevalent etiologic agent. Summer is the peak season, and warm weather facilitates its spread. Most cases of meningitis
occur in people under 30.
Aim: This study intends to assess the risk factor of meningitis in different age groups in Diyala Hospital (the
Governorate of Diyala– Iraq) and identify the relation of demographical characteristics with the risk factor.
Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional design study was conducted from 1st October 2023 until 1st of March 2024.
Apurposive (non-probability) sample of 118 patients (subjects) was recruited. The data collection has been achieved
manually through self-administered paper copies of the questionnaire that were given to the participants by the
research team. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical approaches using
IBM-Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0.
Results: Of the total of 118 cases involved in the present study, nearly 32% were aged 5–9 years. The major cases were
male56.8%;liveinurbanareas58.5%;theirmothersandfathersgetprimaryeducation41.5%and39%,respectively.39.8%
of children receive arti cial breastfeeding, 22.9% receive breastfeeding, while the remaining get both of them. Aregular
doseofavaccineisgottenby62.7%ofchildren.Thehighestpercentageshadfever84.7%morethananyothersymptoms,
followed by headache 72%, vomiting 61.9%, and poor nutrition 58.5%. Statistically, there is a signi cant association of
CSFresults with frequent use of antibiotics before infection at p-value 0.054.
Conclusions: The study found that over half of infections were caused by viruses, about one third by bacteria, and
others due to various causes. More than one-third of infected children receive arti cial breastfeeding. The highest
percentages had fever, headache, vomiting, and poor nutrition

Main object: This study aimed to assess the impact of laparoscopic and non-laparoscopic procedures on the blood
glucose levels of patients at Baghdad Hospital and Al-imam ALI Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq.
Methodology: The study was conducted from 16 November2023to2March2024.Atotalof50patients, aged between
15 and 58 years, were included in this study. There were 25 males and 25 females, all with an American Society of
Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of either I or II. The patients were divided into two groups based on the type of
operation they underwent, with each group consisting of 25 patients. One group underwent laparoscopic surgery, while
the other group underwent non-laparoscopic surgeries. The data obtained for all patients include their age, gender,
weight, kind of operation, and measurements of blood sugar levels before, during, and after the operation.
Results: There was no statistically signi cant difference between the two groups in terms of gender and age groups
(P. Value > 0.05). In all surgical groups, 11 males (22%) and 14 females (28%) received surgery. Among these patients, 13
(26%) werebetweentheagesof32and42andunderwentnon-laparoscopicsurgery.Additionally, 9 patients (18%) in the
age ranges of 21–31 and 32–42 underwent laparoscopic surgery. The blood glucose levels of patients who underwent
laparoscopic surgery were signi cantly higher before, during, and after the operation compared to those who had
non-laparoscopic surgery. Speci cally, the levels were (96.2), (138.6), and (168.6) before, during, and after the operation
respectively, while the levels for non-laparoscopic surgery were (76.9), (82.8), and (88). The difference in blood glucose
levels during the operation was statistically signi cant with a P value of (<0.05), and the difference before and after
surgery was highly signi cant with a P value of (<0.01).
Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery results in higher blood sugar levels in patients compared to nonlaparoscopic
surgery.

Background: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), is a microvascular complication of the diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 and the
major reason of end-stage kidney disease, which is distinguished by an increase in urine albumin excretion (microal
buminuria) and/or a decreased glomerular ltration rate (GFR) or both. Microalbuminuria has limited diagnostic role
in early-stage diabetic nephropathy, because renal damage usually occurs before proteinuria. Therefore, more sensitive
and speci c biomarkers are needed for early detection of Diabetic Nephropathy.
Materials andMethods:Acase-controlstudyinvolved180participantsaged40-70years,60individualswerehealthy,
and 120 had type 2 DM. The participants were divided into three groups according to the urinary albumin/ creatinine
ratio (ACR): 40 patients with normoalbuminuria, 40 patients with microalbuminuria, and 40 patients with macroalbu
minuria.
Results: Thediabeticnephropathywasfoundinmalemorethanfemaleandthemajorityofpatientswereinagegroup
60-70years. Asigni cant difference in mean SD of age, Body mass index (BMI), and duration of diabetes P 0.001,
macroalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and normoalbuminuria groups show a statistically higher serum nephrin and
TGF-in comparison to the healthy controls. Nephrin and TGF-are strongly associated with blood urea and serum
creatinine and an inversely associated with the glomerular ltration rate in all diabetic groups. Receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for DN detection. Nephrin and TGF-showed high sensitivity and speci city.
Conclusion: Elevated levels of nephrin and TGF-in type 2 diabetic patients have been reported in the current
study. These ndings proposed that nephrin and TGF-could be an early diagnostic markers for detection of diabetic
nephropathy.

Most of the chemicals produced and used today are bene cial, but some also have the potential to damage human
health andtheenvironment.Toachievethegoalofallowingtheuseofchemicalsforcompaniesandfactories,safetyand
security tools were used in the laboratories, and workers were trained on the dangers of chemicals. We studied worker
exposuretohazardouschemicalsanddeterminedtheprevalenceofoccupationalskindiseases.Aswellasexaminingthe
availability of personal protective equipment. A questionnaire was used to determine the chemicals used, the ages of
the employees, their educational level, and the extent of their infection with acute and chronic diseases that may be the
result of their exposuretosome,andinterviewswereconductedwiththeworkers.Thenumberofworkersinthetanning
factory is 122 and their ages range from 21 to 60 years. The number of males was 101, while females were 21 among the
total number of 122 workers. It is noted that the percentage of males is higher than females. It was found that workers
who adhered to wearing gloves, cotton masks, aprons, and safety shoes were less likely to suffer from skin and chest
allergic diseases compared to those who were less committed. Frequent prolonged exposure to many skin-hazardous
agents was observed in tanning businesses even though personal protective equipment was relatively available. The
prevalence of skin diseases, chest allergies, and bronchitis were among the most common diseases among workers.

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal can be found in many sources, including cigarette smoke, e
cigarettes, batteries, contaminated water, plant-based foods, air, fertilizers, plastic toys, ceramics, soil and paints. the
exposure to environmental factors may affect different body systems including lymphatic system.
Objectives: to investigate the effect of ingested cadmium chloride on mesenteric lymph nodes in rat.
Materials andMethods:twentyadultmalealbinoratswereusedinthisstudy,whichdividedequallyintotwogroups,
ongroupservedascontrolgroupadministratedoftapwaterwhilethesecondgroupusedasexperimentalgroupexposed
to daily dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at a dose 100mg/kg/day for two weeks via gastric gavage. The weight
measured before and after administration and also blood samples were collected for hematological examination by
using blood lmbeforeandafteradministrationinexperimentalandcontrolgroup,thentheanimalsweresacri cedfor
routine histological examination under light microscope using (H&E) stain.
Results: there are signi cant differences showed decrease in the weight of experimental group (186.8750 6.20034g)
after administration in compares to control group (253.7500 1.56696g). Histological examination of the mesenteric
lymph nodes in the experimental group showed many defects were seen reactive lymphadenitis including paracortical
and follicular hyperplasia (lymphoid hyperplasia), subcapsular sinus expansion, sinus histiocytosis and enlargement
of mesenteric lymph node. While the hematological changes in blood smears showed that WBC differential count in
the experimental group after two week was increase in the ratio of neutrophil count (29%) and monocyte (4%) while in
control group (18%) and (2%).
Conclusions: The present study appeared that exposure to oral Cadmium chloride after two weeks caused decrease in
the weight with hematological changes that affect increase in neutrophil count mainly while histopathological changes
include lymphadenitis that progressed to lymphoid hyperplasia, sinus histiocytosis and enlargement of mesenteric
lymph node.

The unexpected monkeypox outbreak and global increase have drawn attention due to the ongoing COVID-19
pandemic. With 3340 con rmed cases worldwide as of June 22, 2022, this is the biggest and most pervasive monkeypox
outbreak outside of Africa. In addition to vertical transmission from mother to child, MPXV can spread from person to
person through direct contact with infectious skin or mucosal skin lesions, respiratory droplets, or indirect contact with
contaminated objects or materials. Additionally, it is most likely sexually transmitted through vaginal uid or semen,
and community transmission is a possibility. MPXV, an envelope, linear, double-stranded DNA virus that is a member
of the Orthopoxvirus genus, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Poxviridae family, is the causative agent of monkeypox,
a viral zoonotic disease. The symptoms of monkeypox often go away on their own after two to four weeks, and the
mortality rate has historically ranged from 0% to 11%.
Monkeypox is characterized by severe headaches, fever, lymphadenopathy, and lesions. Antiviral medications and
smallpox vaccines have been authorized for use in a numberofnations inresponse to the monkeypoxoutbreak,despite
the fact that there is no particular treatment or vaccine for MPXV infection. Rapid action is required to control the local
spread and, consequently, the multi-country monkeypox outbreak before the virus can be allowed to establish effective
person-to-person transmission

Abstract
It is guessed that this study would take a gander at the connection among liver and kidney function and the predom
inance and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Iraqi people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). three hundred
T2DMpatients that were browsed Iraqi tertiary thought of ces partook in a cross-sectional survey. Segmental, clinical,
and biochemical information were gathered, including liver function tests (e.g., alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspar
tate aminotransferase [AST], and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]) and renal function tests (e.g., serum creatinine,
evaluated glomerular ltration rate [eGFR], and albuminuria). Fundoscopic assessment of DR was directed to recognize
proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and no DR. Multivariate key
backslide and relationship investigation were essential for the veri able examination. The commonness of DR was
62% among the 300 patients (mean age: 55.3 9.8 years; 58% female), with 23% having PDR and 39% having NPDR.
Contrasted with patients without DR, those with DR displayed lower eGFR (p < 0.001) and more noteworthy serum
creatinine (p < 0.001). Patients with DR basically had more signi cant levels of liver catalysts (ALT, AST, and GGT) (p <
0.05). A multivariate examination uncovered that DR reality was freely related with expanded albuminuria, diminished
eGFR,andbroadenedALT.InIraq,thepresenceandseverityofDRinpeoplewithtype2diabetesareconnectedtorenal
damage and raised liver proteins.

ShohaniSaveGuard(SSG)isascienti callyformulateddietarysupplementdesignedtoaidintherecoveryfromdrug
addiction, particularly methamphetamine addiction. This study explores the biochemical and biological mechanisms
through which SSG’s natural ingredients, including KSM-66, Panax Ginseng, Bacopa Monnieri, Green Tea, Curcumin,
and other essential vitamins and minerals, work synergistically to promote recovery. The paper also reviews recent
studies supporting the ef cacy of these ingredients and highlights their roles in reducing addiction symptoms and
improving overall health.

Background: This study aimed to modify levo oxacin and evaluate its cytotoxicity as well as the synthesis, character
ization and physical evaluation of mixed ligand zinc complex with the third generation quinolones’ representative,
levo oxacin. Levo oxacin coupled to zinc through one pyridone and one carboxylate oxygen as well as with two
nitrogen atoms fromtheheteroligand, as demonstrated by thecomplexation ofzinc(II) metal ion with thedeprotonated
ligand and heteroligand. The identi cation of the complex structure was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy, Hydrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, melting point, and UV–visible spectrophotometry.
Results: Bindingofthezinconthetwodonor N atomsof1,10-phenanthroline,theobtainedligandwaspaleyellow
powder with melting point, 260–263 C. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectra, v(C O) is responsible for the strong
band located at 1722.43 cm1 in the levo oxacin spectrum. The ligand spectra lack this peak, and its place is occupied
by strong distinctive bands located at 1718.58 cm1 and 1620.21 cm1. Concerning UV-visible spectra, the spectra of
levo oxacin and the ligand are the same, with a few little variations. Hydrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra of
the ligand showed broader signals. The majority of the hydrogen atoms in the levo oxacin molecule exhibit an obvious
shift to the down eld region in the zinc complex spectrum. The cytotoxic behavior of the synthesized mixed complex
wasperformedbymethylthiotetrazolium assay. It was discovered that following treatment with the compound, HRT-18
cell viability and proliferation rates dropped. The 67-year-old male patient’s large intestine included colorectal cancer
cells known as HRT-18 cells, which were obtained from his adenocarcinoma.
Conclusions: Through in vitro research, we discovered that complex at 1000 and 500 µg/ml signi cantly cytotoxically
affected the HRT-18 colorectal cancer cell line. The study concluded that the synthesized mixed complex (Levo oxacin
coupled to zinc) is a potential cytotoxic agent against HRT-18 colorectal cancer cell line.

Internet and Social media have become an essential part of our daily routine, allowing us to connect and be close
with others, share information, and engage in various activities. Nevertheless, the extensive use of social media has
raised many questions about its inuence on our health and emotional well-being. The purpose of this review is to
provide an in-depth analysis of the literature on how social media distresses our emotional well-being. Current review
was conducted by investigating existing literature, the works was obtained through searches on academic databases,
includingPubMed,PsycINFO,andGoogleScholar.Theliteraturefoundthatsocialnetworkingusecanhaveundesirable
effects on the emotional well-being, which may include increased feelings of anxiety and depression, decreased quality
of social relationships, and declined in levels of life grati cation. As a conclusion, the impact of media platforms
on emotional well-being is multifaceted and sophisticated. While social media use has been associated with positive
outcomes suchasincreased social support and improved mood,ithasalsobeenassociated with negative outcomes such
as increased anxiety, decreased life satisfaction, poorer sleep quality, decreased social relationships, decreased academic
performance, cyberbullying, and negative body image

This research enlightens into a fully automated model for segmenting blood vessels and extracting clinical features
from retinal fundus images, which is vital for diagnosing ophthalmologic and cardiovascular diseases. The model
utilises contrast enhancement, noise reduction, edge detection, and a method for reconnecting blood vessel branches.
It extracts properties like tortuosity, girth, and length of blood vessels. The model’s performance surpasses existing
approaches, achieving high accuracy, sensitivity, speci city, and positive and negative prediction values on DRIVE and
HRF datasets. This innovation offers the potential to reduce specialists’ workload, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and
streamline the analysis of complex fundus images, ultimately improving patient care.