Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

This research examines how poets in classical Arabic poetry employed and formulated literary phenomena in their works. The formulation refers to the poet's use of language and their study of literary techniques. Through poetry, a poet conveys emotions, thoughts, sensations, and meanings in an appealing way by utilizing aesthetic phenomena like rhetorical devices, elaborate metaphors, artistic styles, rhythmic formulation, and the structure and essence of meaning. The poet’s task is to inject poetic soul into the artistic structure, elevating a text from ordinary language to a poetic language that touches the soul, addressing the mind and emotions. Furthermore, it addresses the formulation of artistic content within the structure of the Arabic poem, focusing on how the poet manages the general structure, from the introduction, purpose, and conclusion. The pre-Islamic poet's attention to the beauty of rhetorical devices and intricate metaphors, which are unique and irreplaceable, aims not only to enhance beauty but also to show the coherence and strength of the composition, the relationship between words, and their harmony with the meaning, all without pretension or excessive effort. Additionally, this formulation resonates with the audience, who finds it enjoyable. In contrast, Abbasid poets’ use of rhetorical devices, parallelism, and wordplay was often exaggerated and intellectual, which led to diverse critical responses—some admired and praised the poet, while others rejected their style. This variation can be attributed to the artistic formulation by the poets. Our study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the formulation of literary phenomena and reveal their aesthetic qualities.

Blindness may lead to negative influences on the human soul. Multiple patterns of alienations represent the most important ones of these influences. Addition of bad circumstances to the blindness and broke family situations, may give a clue to the miserable situations that the blind person may reach to. So how is the case for a blind person like Ibn Al-taweethi (Die, 584 H).His interprets and students who studied his life .
as a special character of his era mentioned that the blindness of Ibn AL-Taweethi led him to different patterns of alienations such as : Political alienation at which, his advisers ( Politicians and those who possessed high positions turned on him and was ignored by them after centuries of praising that caused them to enter the history from wide doors. The other pattern of alienations was social foreign represented by the behavior of his mates after his injury. Further, he gained poor treatment by his family because of their greediness. Furthermore the last pattern came logically from the assembly of all patterns mentioned before.

Nostalgia or longing for the past is one of the literary phenomena that appear in literary and artistic works in general, and in poetry in particular. This phenomenon evokes a deep feeling of longing for the past, situations, places and people who lived at that time. Nostalgia is a means of expressing feelings of loss and attachment to the past, and it appears clearly in the poetry of many poets, including the poet Hafez Al-Shammari. In the collection "Letters on Tree Leaves", Hafez Al-Shammari uses nostalgia as a primary tool to convey his feelings and thoughts. This collection is a prominent model for embodying nostalgia for the past in contemporary Arabic poetry. Nostalgia is evident in Al-Shammari's poems by evoking memories, places and people who left an imprint on his life, in addition to depicting feelings of loss and longing for a past time when the poet felt reassured and happy.
Nostalgia is a common human phenomenon, and has been manifested in many literary works, including poetry collections. The manifestations of nostalgia in the collection show the poet's longing for the past, his attachment to the old, his rejection of the changes occurring in society, and his criticism of the negatives of the current era. In the poems of this collection, Al-Shammari uses poetic language in a style that expresses the aesthetics of nostalgia, highlighting the contrast between the past and the present. Through his poetic images and phrase structures, the poet reflects the state of the human soul and the conflicting feelings that afflict it between the desire to return to the past and accepting the present with all its changes. "Letters on Tree Leaves" represents a rich poetic experience that explores the depth of human feelings related to nostalgia, presenting a distinctive poetic image that reflects nostalgia for the past in a wonderful artistic style.

Syntactic structures constitute the basic material for the system of linguistic communication, which includes the humble pronunciation intended to understand whoever is prepared to understand it, so that the purpose of the speech is to understand the addressee and is a means of communication that exists regardless of the self. Regardless of the size, the sender addresses the addressee with it to express his intention, for it is the clearest of speech that separates the correct from the incorrect, and the correct. And the wrong one, or the ability to express and explain, and to express the meaning that comes to mind and imagination without ambiguity.
Hence, the structural structure of the sentence, as required by the context of utterance, with its various elements and multiple mechanisms, received prominent attention in grammatical studies, forming the core around which modern studies revolved, and this attention was linked to By the nature of the compositional structure; Because syntax, according to grammarians, joins a word to another or more, and if silence is correct over it, then it is speech.
Behind this study, we seek to search for the semantic component resulting from syntactic grammatical systems on which (the verses of Al-Naba) relied primarily in establishing the unity of understanding and comprehension according to what the context adds Individual meanings.

Prose is one of the forms of writing adopted by the Arabs since ancient times, and it is considered one of the literary subjects that had an impact and influence on the souls of the Arabs, represented by speeches and letters that led to political, economic and social treatments, in addition to the military aspects and royal letters that were considered the mouthpiece of the governors and caliphs, and the language of prose communication is characterized by that artistry that is embroidered with rhetorical phrases of the utmost sobriety and precision in order to match the level of the addressees to whom the speech aims to address those phrases chosen by the prose writer, so the matter is not that easy as some think, as prose is a double-edged sword, either positive, addressing reality, or negative, condemning the use of the language of communication that sometimes leads to cowardice and regression. The wisdom tendency is one of the means that the Andalusian writers resort to in a funny gesture from them in explaining that style that distinguished them from others, so it came in advanced stages that follow in the footsteps of the predecessors and the ancients, including Ibn Hareeq al-Balansi, so the research came in three axes, The first is the nature of the wisdom tendency, the second axis: the characteristics of Andalusian wisdom, and the third axis: a look at Andalusian rhetoric.

The research deals with an important issue in grammar, which is the emphasis on verbs in order to increase their meanings and show the repetition of the verb, or the transformation to transitivity instead of intransitivity, or the multiple objects of the verb. This issue was addressed by grammarians, and I am not exaggerating if I say that there is no reliable book on grammar that did not refer to this issue because of its importance in grammatical meaning

Deviation is a term that stands out in the ability of the creator to penetrate the familiar reach, because it gives the literary discourse a spirit that distinguishes it in the reporting performance, which gives the text an exit that establishes the excitement of the recipient in one way or another, negatively or positively, and it is directly related to the user of the language.
The problem of Deviation lies in its description of the term thorny definitions in Arab and Western literature alike, and since there are two criteria for external and internal displacement, and both hypothetical, one stable in the mind of collective consciousness and the other in the structure of the text, which is displacement at the level of composition (structural Deviation) so this research seeks to discuss this type of displacement, especially in the AL-Risala AL-Athra’ because it is one of the most mature messages in its subject where the author investigated everything related to writing letters.

Taste is one of the most important things that the peoples of the civilized world have turned to, both ancient and modern. It is not just a vision that falls within the circle of intellectual luxury or the satisfaction of the individual’s needs that fall within the framework of enjoyment; rather, it is something of the components of human existence. Art in general, and literature in particular, represent an important aspect of life. To include aesthetic values and moral principles that contribute to the advancement of life, as literature has a message that refines feelings and purifies the soul from tuberculosis, and the recipient when he reads a work aspires to satisfy an emotional need within him, or to instill a moral value that resonates in his soul, and pushes him to respond to the literary work that represents this value, and on this basis, the discussions of literary taste were based on the principles of aesthetics, and the ancient Arab critics had a major role in theorizing this cognitive dimension through the induction of literary texts, and expressing their aesthetic vision towards them, while the beginnings of this term did not appear in Western literature until the last decade of the seventeenth century, and we will stand in this brief research on the most important issues that prompted the researcher to delve into it.

Socialist thought is largely based on the idea of the unity of the working class in different parts of the world. However, this unity is far from being achieved at the present time; because "the difference between the level of the working class in rich" countries and its counterpart in poor countries is so great that it prevents the concept of any unity of interests between them, and makes it necessary to reconsider the call for the union of the "workers of the world" in order to achieve the socialist revolution.
Arabic literature was built on several schools, and each school has its own thought and certain trends that it follows, and the writers of this school adhere to its principles and trends. Among the literary schools that spread in the modern era, especially in world literature, was the realistic school in literature. Although realism appears as a school with its principles and foundations, its concept has not been precisely defined yet, as opinions and viewpoints abound regarding the definition of the realistic school in literature, especially in Arabic literature. What is said in defining the concept of the realistic school is that realism is the rational knowledge of life, and it can be said that it is the human mind's aspiration for a better future, an ideal life, an attempt to discover the truth of life and the secrets of the world, an understanding of the laws of societal development, and an attempt to determine the way in which human society lives. The most important thing that can be mentioned in the concept of realism is that it sheds light on knowledge of human nature, and determines his relationship with the external environment, and although there is no agreement on a precise concept for realism, it has contributed to establishing laws that concern modern literary criticism and its trends. (Zakaria, 1968(

The novel has various images whose conversations have been adapted to historical material, and their occurrence differs from one novelist to another, as historical material is tempting to narrators. George Lukacs says: (The malleability of historical material is in fact a trap for the modern writer), and perhaps the multiple justifications for resorting to this raw material, including:
- Reminding history and rebroadcasting and marketing it through art.
- Awareness and alerting through the past to build the future.
- Projecting the past onto the present..
All of this contributed to some novelists resorting to different methods to express their positions; (Some of them keep the historical material with its content and external structure, but they present it through a perspective that ensures its suggestion of the present, as Al-Ghitani did in his plans. Some of them neglect official history and turn to the movement of society in the past or the movement of (those below) according to the expression of George Lukacs, to express the makers of history and present their social and political visions. Some of them adhere to the historical material without the real prevailing over the imaginary or the imaginary over the real, in order to present a vision that concerns the past alone, as Naguib Mahfouz did in (Rhodobus). The novelist may prevail over the imaginary over the real, so history dissolves so that art can emerge with it a vision that concerns the present alone, without the future, as Naguib Mahfouz did in the trilogy and New Cairo.

This research attempts to clarify the Qur’anic cultural reference in Abu Tammam’s poetry. As Abu Tammam; In addition to being a great poet; He is an influential actor in Arab culture in general, and in Arabic poets in particular throughout the centuries that followed until the present day. Knowing that Arab culture in general was characterized by linguistic culture; It included acculturation in the Holy Qur’an, the noble Prophet’s hadith, poetry, and the speech of the Arabs and their likes. And their days; Abu Tammam’s state of education is the same as that of his peers and peers, including scholars, writers, and poets. Educate yourself in those cultures; Therefore, this research came to show the cultural reference that was mentioned in Abu Tammam’s poetry. To be entitled ((The Qur’anic cultural reference in the poetry of Abu Tammam)); The text is a cultural structure that contains many patterns that reveal to us the poet’s thinking about his nation, its customs, traditions, and ideology in various fields.

Tracing the stages of development of the poems of Mahmoud Darwish and Walt Whitman reveals the gradual evolution from the chant to the poetic editing, and the employment of the features of visual formation in breaking the restrictions of the textual structure and expanding its meaning to contemporary connotations and suggestions, as this research seeks to enhance the process of communication between the poet and the reader through the blending of the linguistic and visual aspects. The objectives of this research lie in describing the concept of visual value in the poems of Mahmoud Darwish and Walt Whitman, analyzing the visual value in the poems of the poets Mahmoud Darwish and Walt Whitman, and then stating the similarities and differences in the forms of visual value in their poems. Based on the descriptive analytical method and the comparative method; To analyze and compare the selected models from "Diwan", "Don't Apologize for What You've Done" by Mahmoud Darwish, and "Leaves of Grass" by Walt Whitman. This research reached valuable results, the most important of which is that the poetic image in Mahmoud Darwish's poems benefited from visual values as a phenomenon that supports the psychological and objective position, while in Walt Whitman's poems, it acquired visual values in adding aesthetic and semantic dimensions. As for the similarities and differences, the similarity lies in the liberation of the poetic text from rigidity and monotony through visual dimensions embodied in revealing the unspoken suggestions, and the difference in contemporary visual paths that try to replace verbal images with visual images.

The poet's culture and cognitive references are evident in the surface, content, structure, and artistic impact of the literary work. Literature in general, and poetry in particular, are products of culture and stem from its cognitive and emotional outputs. Thus, both the creator and the audience share cultural references firmly rooted in each of their minds. As a result, the poet's poem and creative output embody a cultural image and intellectual contribution that captivates the taste of the audience. They engage in a cultural dialogue that establishes a strong relationship between them, based on mutual understanding, comprehension, and shared interpretation. The produced text becomes a point of intersection and meeting, as every human society possesses a unique culture, and no society exists without culture. The relationship between culture and society is dialectical, with humans having an immense capacity to produce culture, setting them apart from other creatures. The values, customs, and traditions passed down through generations are a significant source of cultural interaction and creation, especially as they interact with social life, which serves as a fundamental pillar of culture. From this perspective, the poet draws upon literary culture to strengthen his texts and to reap the fruits of his talent, which has been shaped by broad knowledge and the struggles of personal experiences. The poet’s text does not emerge from his own essence alone but is a collection of texts embedded in his memory. Every text is a tapestry woven from quotations, references, and echoes.
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Stylistics is a modern critical approach concerned with analyzing literary texts and studying their structural framework by highlighting recurring meanings in poetic discourse, revealing their semantic and aesthetic values away from impressionistic and psychological judgments. It examines texts through their three levels: phonetic, semantic, and syntactic. The focus of this study was the poetry of Ibn Abd Rabbih Al-Andalusi, one of the most prominent Andalusian poets of the 3rd and 4th Hijri centuries. His poetry is distinguished by its linguistic and lexical richness, profound semantics, and his ability to craft innovative imagery and meanings.
These qualities motivated me to select his poetry as the subject of my research, titled "The Stylistic Features in the Poetry of Ibn Abd Rabbih Al-Andalusi." This study aims to delve into his work, uncover its stylistic features and prominent traits, and analyze his texts through a stylistic and statistical lens at various levels.

The experience of the Iraqi novelist Ahmed Saadawi of the Contemporary novelist experiences that declared it subjection to experimentation and its belief in its mechanisms, which included the creative experiment and its rebellion against the authority of the old template, through a narrative path open to diversity and difference. This study seeks to reveal the mechanisms of experimentation and its aesthetics in his novel and to present its characteristics with regard to experimentation and the intersection of genres between the arts and various new technologies that gave the text horizons Creative.

The flashes of rhetorical phenomena began to shine in the folds of human sayings; when man moved with his language from the region of truth to the spaciousness of metaphor; to make a breach in the zero of everyday language and its solid lexical level, and to violate its logical rules and its agreed-upon standard laws, and this shift is by an innate faculty stemming from a tasteful need among speech makers to dismantle this system and reshape it through their innate faculty of rhetoric, which produces statements that differ from the superficial, mixed everyday language and limited in its moral horizon; so that the rhetorical faculty transfers these daily sayings and reproduces them in effective, influential statements, moving from the static nature of truth to the dynamism of metaphor with its broad semantic horizons, so that the performative statements are organized within this artificial rhetorical machine in systems of the arts of words pulsating with a harmonious, flowing music that captivates souls and enchants hearts; These sayings are a departure from the prevailing discourse and carry within them an influential energy that attracts the listener to them, entices him and pushes him to do something and believe it or refrain from doing it and believing it, while entertaining him and convincing him with communicative efficiency, carrying the intentions of the maker and producer of these sayings with his rhetorical faculty that reproduces and formulates the discourse, and is able to master the laws of language in daily use. Therefore, these rhetorical flashes have moved from an innate to a conventional faculty; To be a descriptive, inductive science that monitors these phenomena and images, encompasses their boundaries, and deduces laws resulting from the product of this innate rhetorical faculty, explores its systems and patterns, classifies its images and patterns, and classifies its genres, so that it investigates in this rhetorical faculty its comprehensive meaning for images that occur in many aspects, starting from imagination and illusion and reaching convincing arguments distributed on the ladder of probability, so that it monitors with the sensors of the descriptive, methodical science the locations of these luminous flashes in the folds of the saying, driven by a methodological question: What makes some sayings better than others?; to seek with this question the locations of the secrets of rhetoric with its enchanting and captivating verbal systems for souls, and encompasses the borders of its deep sea, and extracts its precious jewels; The science describing the rhetorical faculty and its secrets moved to promising scientific projects that emerged from the realm of the metaphor of the Qur’an and were crowned with the investigation of the persuasive rhetoric of argumentative statement, and the images of rhetoric with their aesthetic and enjoyable horizons; to bear fruit in exploring the secrets of rhetoric and evidence of its verbal miracle, and the secret of its eloquence and the correctness of its harmony in the sayings that flow in the ear as colors flow in the eyes; for these projects to reach their final goal, so rhetoric is completed and matures and its branch is strengthened, and it becomes independent as a descriptive methodological science in the middle of the fifth century AH through the projects of Al-Jurjani and Al-Khafaji, and these two projects become the starting point for what came after them of distinctive rhetorical projects with Al-Sakaki (died 626 AH) and Hazim Al-Qartajni (died 684 AH).

Criticism and analysis of dictionaries contribute to identifying their strengths and weaknesses. The importance of this criticism lies in trying to develop the language, purify it from the impurities of errors and mistakes, enrich its vocabulary, and expand its meanings. It also contributes to improving existing dictionaries by revealing shortcomings and identifying them in an attempt to improve and develop them, which ultimately leads to working on establishing theoretical and scientific foundations for the birth of new dictionaries of high quality. This entire process must be built on scientific and objective foundations and rules, far from scientific and subjective fanaticism, which the reader of some dictionaries' introductions finds in the method of error and misleading. In this research, I tried to identify Al-Azhari’s approach to finding fault with Al-Kharzanji through his book (Takmilat Al-Ayn), until many found him to be non-objective in his criticism and violent and unjustified attack. Therefore, I addressed lexical criticism and the approach of finding fault and misleading with some definition, then I went on to explain this approach in Al-Azhari’s criticism of Al-Kharzanji and the responses that his violent response provoked. The study concluded that Al-Azhari was biased and non-objective in many places, and this is what the details will show.

Narrative studies are considered one of the most important literary studies in the modern era, due to the importance that narrative represents in human existence. Through narrative, peoples were able to communicate with each other, and through it, communication was achieved between previous and subsequent generations. Narrative reflects the various aspects of humanity. Therefore, God Almighty used it in the Holy Qur’an, as an important and essential means of conveying the meaning and purpose of the Qur’an. Through it, He achieved the goals of guidance, reminder, admonition, and understanding. The Holy Qur’an used many narrative methods, each varying according to the desired purpose, and this is what prompted us, like others, to The researchers decided to delve into the analysis of a small part of those narrative uses available in the noble text. The study limited the investigation into how to move in the narrative position and determine the distance between the one who sees and the one who speaks according to the concept of narrative distance proposed by Gerard Gnette in his book (The Discourse of the Story: A Study in Method), which Determine the ways in which narrative material is conveyed by determining the distance between the narrator and the characters and the textual relationship that links them to the narrative text.

There is no doubt that the term is an introduction to cognitive sciences in which concepts and limits are manifested that make the researcher characterized in anticipating that science through exploring meanings that make him establish a specific methodology in dealing with those mechanisms according to standards and elements that enable him to enter into exploring that concept, and therefore this is a problem that most scholars of Arabic in particular and other sciences in general have sought to establish foundations for addressing that problem by solving symbols and utterances, and from here the features of that problem appear intertwined between the sciences due to influence and impact sometimes, and other times due to the cultural references of scholars in addition to the doctrinal ones, and this research is a modest attempt to produce knowledge in order to establish foundations and standards that are added to what has been handed down in knowledge in linguistic studies, especially linguistics, and in light of that, the research proceeded with the help of references and sources that contain cognitive visions that contribute to solving the problems from the researcher's point of view

Narrative voice is one of the basic elements in constructing literary texts in general and the structure of narrative discourse in particular, and directing reception in an understandable way. It is the link that conveys events and determines the relationship of the narrator with the narrated and the narrated to, which is reflected in the nature of the story and its interaction with the reader, as the narrative voice is not limited to conveying events only, but rather goes beyond that to be the tool used by the narrator to express his own vision of the world and his interaction with events and characters. The novel (Baba Sartre) by the Iraqi writer and novelist Ali Badr is a prominent example of the distinctive use of narrative voice, as voice is used as a pivotal element in constructing the text, which allows the reader to understand the complex interaction between the narrator and the characters. In this research, we discuss the narrative element in the novel, reviewing different aspects of the relationship between the narrator and the narrated to, and presenting limited applied models to reveal the mechanisms of narrative voice in the text.

This study entitled (Prose poem and the aesthetics of the modernist horizon - poetry by Abdul Amir Jars as an option) aims to reveal the limits of poetic creativity at which the poets of the prose poem in Iraq stopped, relying in its aesthetic and artistic horizon on imaginary dimensions that have the ability to shift the textual content, as the poet seeks to present his vision and intellectual adoption in poetic molds, as a creative means through which he can spread his visions and his presence in the poetic scene. It is natural for the poet to create his imaginary world in which he sheds light on his visions in his creative activity and its content, so the transformation in the poetic content appears from one stage to another, according to the relationship of the creative product and the stage of its production, where the imaginative employment based on framing the prose poem with a textual vitality comes from the depth of interaction with the text aesthetically on the one hand, and interaction with the motives of speech and openness to the modernist trend on the other hand, especially openness to literary genres, and the formation of new poetic presence features, which the creator undertakes in his artistic standards and creative subjectivity and the extents of his pictorial displacements, and this is what appeared with the poet Abdul Amir Jars in his prose text and pictorial displacements, so this research shows a critical reading of the poet's prose poems and the revelation of the dominants of poetic construction and standing at its social and cultural dimensions.

Poetry is considered the finest Arab literary art since the ancient era, to the point that it is a vessel in which the Arab poet contains his emotions, feelings and thoughts. Antitheses are also considered one of the finest arts of Arabic poetry in the Umayyad era. It was a distinctive literary phenomenon as it represented a form of literary conflict between poets, and despite it being As an extension of the debates of the pre-Islamic era, it was considered a new type of debate literature because of the controversy it caused in the field of poetic argument. It became a feature of the era at that time.The main goal of the manufacture of a rich text in terms of building and meaning is the totality of conversational processes that occurred around it and produced an integrated text capable of making a difference to the recipient, and this is what we have seen in the poetry of the contrasts of the poetic color that we adopted for our research this through selected models of it was as the value of the dialogue was high and proved the axioms of access to analytical results dominated the subject of poetry itself, hence the breakthrough to subject texts to rhetorical processes characterized by the employment of a group of Argumentative techniques are defined by an external framework, namely traditional rhetorical means such as metaphor and analogy, so the text takes its own rhetorical character according to the level of argumentative analysis.

Iran is considered one of the countries that had a prominent role in the history of science, culture and civilizational communication in the Islamic world, especially in the field of medicine. In the period after the Islamic conquest, the Iranians played a pivotal role in transferring and developing the sciences that they contributed to enriching, including medicine, where Dar al-Shifa stands out as one of the prominent centers that contributed to medical progress in that era. This article aims to analyze the role played by the Iranian minister Khawaja Shams al-Din Muhammad Juwayni in civilizational communication in the field of medicine and the development of medical sciences in Dar al-Shifa, and how this institution helped develop medicine in the Islamic world and create civilizational-Islamic communication in this field. It also seeks to clarify the role of Khawaja Shams al-Din Juwayni in paving the way for scientific and educational institutions and the impact of Khawaja Shams al-Din Muhammad Juwayni's cultural and educational policies on scientific and medical progress and its reflection in poetry as well. The article concluded that Iranian ministers contributed to expanding knowledge and culture in society, where one of the prominent examples of this influence is Dar al-Shifa established by Khawaja Shams al-Din Muhammad Juwayni. The primary role of this hospital was medical care and therapeutic affairs, but it also served as a center for spreading science and culture and raising the scientific and medical level in society. Dar al-Shifa was used to teach and educate various sciences, including Hadith and medicine. The scientific-cultural role of the minister Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Juwayni and his resistant discourse were reflected in Persian poetry. Through the analysis of poetic models, it became clear to us that the minister is considered one of the founders of the scientific and rhyming resistant discourse against the Mongol ideology. What poetry has proven as a historical record is the role of the minister Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Juwayni in the civilizational and scientific communication between the Persians and the rest of the Islamic world.

 

Prosody is one of the significant features of spoken language, that is, other than the basic segments (i.e., consonants and vowels), prosody affects the meanings of sentences through elements such as pitch, tone, rhythm and intonation. This study particularly deals with the intonation patterns that are used to designate different question types. This study makes such implications by a comparative prosodic approach with a special reference to question types in English and Arabic to point out the differences in prosodic cues that each language employs when requesting information. This will be done through the usage of the acoustic tool Praat, which is a widely used program in the studies of this nature. The results show that both YN-questions and declarative sentences in Arabic and English are characterized by rising and falling intonation styles respectively. However, a new insight was gained with the identification of the different intonation patterns of Wh-questions, where the Arabic language has a flatter pitch contour, whereas the English language has more significant pitch variation.

This study uses the concept of racial criticism to analyze some chosen literary poems in order to investigate how racism affects children. It focuses on showing how racism affects children psychologically and socially, especially through discrimination and social exclusion. In order to illustrate the profound effects that racism has on a child's development and his relationship with the world around him, the study looks at how poetic writings depict childhood events like losing one's innocence and struggling with one's identity. By examining the texts, the study demonstrates how racism shapes reality and developmental trajectories and emphasizes the function of literature in offering firsthand accounts of this enduring influence. The poets "Countee Cullen" and "Nikki Giovanni" examine racism's effects on childhood and how these experiences impact children's growth and identity building in their selected poems.

The concept and defining features of postmodernism in literature have been a topic of much discussion throughout history. The roots of postmodernism can be traced back to ancient Greece, and its impact has been felt across various aspects of culture, history, politics, and lifestyle. The historical connection between ancient Greek philosophy and Western thought reflects an assumption that invites reflection. The belief that everything is continuously mutable has cognitive and pragmatic centrality, influencing the way knowledge is built and understood. While not everyone may openly identify with postmodernism, the informal and multifarious verbal practices in society often reflect its principles. Understanding the historical background, key characteristics, techniques in literature, major themes, and key figures in postmodern literature can provide insight for those seeking to understand their place in the world. The concept of postmodernism in contemporary American poetry has been marked by an exploration of fragmented voices and identities, reflecting a broader cultural shift in understanding selfhood, language, and narrative. Fragmentation in postmodern poetry serves as both a literary technique and a thematic statement, emphasizing the instability of meaning and the plurality of perspectives.

This paper examines the critical role of morphology in first language (L1) learning and second language (L2) acquisition, addressing the challenges learners face in acquiring and internalizing morphological rules. The problem lies in understanding how morphological awareness—defined as the ability to reflect on and manipulate morphemes—contributes to vocabulary development, literacy, and grammatical competence, particularly in languages with complex inflectional systems. Drawing on data from existing studies on natural morphology and inflectional paradigms, this review explores cross-linguistic differences in morphological structures and their impact on language acquisition. The primary aim is to investigate how learners process and utilize morphological forms in diverse linguistic contexts and to identify implications for language instruction. Methodologically, this paper synthesizes research findings on morphological input through paradigms, explicit teaching strategies, and interactive activities designed to enhance learners’ morphological awareness. The study concludes that explicit instruction in morphology, including tailored activities and paradigm-based learning, is essential for improving language acquisition outcomes. It recommends the integration of morphological teaching techniques into language pedagogy to support vocabulary growth, reading comprehension, and grammatical accuracy for a broad spectrum of L1 and L2 learners.

Though the source of evil seems ambiguous, it is very deep-rooted that all its forms determine to use every possible ways to destroy people. Evil is caused not by dissipated monsters but by ordinary people who from the beginning has been accompanied by evil which becomes part and parcel of their lives and works.
There are arguments that evil consists primarily of two parts: an evil nature derivation that from a single evil one can infer an evil nature and the second universality one is that all humans have an evil nature. The first but not second of these arguments succeeds. The fact man is evil by nature and this evil surfaces itself when it finds suitable circumstances that can remove any societal rules and disciplined control.
Anything in this world can be changed or damaged due to modernity and civilization that violate the peace and calmness of man’s life for it belongs to this world of evil, greed and pride hence the outcomes are wars, oppression, enslavement and suffering. Definitely, if one knows how to deal with evil he can at least not end its bad effects but diminish them.

Learning English using the mother tongue effectively enhances English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at Vocational Education Schools (VES). This strategy necessitates the teacher to act as a facilitator by incorporating Arabic into the English learning process. Using the mother tongue in teaching English can be beneficial for promoting the students' comprehension of diverse cultures and the development of positive communication with both the teacher and peers. A descriptive approach was used to get the information needed for this study. Achievement tests were conducted to see how significantly the students had learnt during a practical semester ended of the curriculum. The pretest scores were equivalent for the randomly selected groups before using Arabic as the mother tongue for the necessary activities in English teaching. At this point, the experimental group was (M=2.04, SD=.883), and the control group was (M=1.73, SD=.622), and t=(1,62), 1.60=.114, p<0.05 was also equivalent. Conversely, the experimental group's mean score was significantly higher than that of the control group in the posttest following the switch to Arabic in the English syllabus (M=2.46, SD=.918), and (M=1.79, SD=.693), respectively, and t=(1,62), 3.28=.002, p<0.05 was also significant. Based on these findings, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. Spearman's rho test indicated a meaningful relationship difference was found between the two variables, mother tongue use and English language proficiency. Spearman's rho value for pretest and language proficiency indicated no positive correlation (x2 (1,62)= .031‎‎, ‎p<0.05‎). On the contrary, Spearman's rho value for posttest and language proficiency was seen as (x2 (1,62)= .229‎‎, ‎p<0.05‎). At the same time, pre and posttest mean scores also have a strong correlation (x2 (1,62)= .583‎, ‎p<0.05). The primary conclusion of the study is that vocational education students can improve their English for Specific Purposes (ESP) by placing a greater emphasis on the mother tongue.

Le XXe siècle était clairement caractérisé par l’émergence de la philosophie existentialiste et de conflits religieux et théologiques, notamment les deux guerres mondiales qui ont joué un rôle primordial en provoquant des révolutions intellectuelles et philosophiques marquées par l’inclination vers la religion ou vers l’athéisme. Les écrivains Simone de Beauvoir et Julien Green ont traité la notion de l'Autre dans leurs romans, chacun selon sa philosophie et sa perspective existentielle, bien que les deux auteurs appartiennent à la même pensée existentialiste et à la même époque, mais il existe certains nuances dans leur définition de l'existentialisme, qu'il s'agisse d'un existentialisme théiste ou d'un existentialisme athée. Cela nous évoque à faire une étude analogique pour montrer les différences entre l'existentialisme de Beauvoir et celui de Green. Les deux auteurs se sont concentrés à montrer la position de l'Autre du soi et leur influence les uns sur les autres. Par conséquent, De Beauvoir a tenté de mettre en lumière la question de la domination masculine sur la femme en tant qu’elle est l’Autre faible et marginal. C’est bien sûr dans un contexte purement existentiel, tandis que Green a voulu trouver une issue à son conflit interne entre foi et athéisme à travers ses deux héros qui incarnent, tous les deux, la notion de l'Autre, chacun à sa propre perspective. En plus, le facteur de l'amour (sous toutes ses formes) joue un rôle central dans la formulation de l'Autre chez les deux écrivains.