AL-ADAB JOURNAL

YohananTwersky, a Jewish writer known for his historical orientation, was a reflection of his origin and his traditional teaching. Twersky was the first and foremost writer among the Jewish writers who wrote the historical and subjective productions. He is the author of the largest and first historical novel in the modern era, " Uriel da Costa". He also wrote many self-stories, most notably "`ahd-Haam"
The novel ", " Uriel da Costa"" was written in three parts and dealt with periods of the life of the Portuguese-Jewish philosopher, , " Uriel da Costa", and how this protagonist went through different circumstances that forced him to leave his family, country and society in search of a different life. But it collides with a more bitter reality, a society that is contradictory to everything.
Twersky has used all his literary abilities in this novel in order to be a means of persuading the reader. Twersky excelled in this kind of narrative output as well as in the biography of real and well-known personalities in society..

In the 20th century when newly independent countries were trying to eliminate colonial figure from their culture, literature and identities, they created a sort of literature entitled post-colonialism. This theory emphasizes on the critical reading that consider the post-colonial discourse and its big outcomes. The Arabic novel which was placed in the atmosphere of colonialism and post-colonialism” needed comprehensive and pervasive research in the fields of theory and post-colonial criticism. Soheil Idris, the Lebanon writer, worked on rethinking and studying social realities of post-colonial era of Lebanon and France in his novel Al HAY l- LATINI displayed people’s life, situations and sustainable effects of colonialism on popular culture. This research is intended to present a new step in the domain of this critical approach and deals with a post-colonial reading of this novel and probes and analyzes post-colonial meanings such as Orientalism, European-centeredness, Hybridity, Inferiority, Gender, and Subaltern. We show that Idris pay more attention to gender rather than the other elements.

The death general concept is that against the life as it has grandeur. The concept and philosophy of death and dual "life and death" all beings as general and human specifically included. This concept of the mind and thinking of mystics, scholars and philosophers throughout history have engaged in various poets and scholars and focused more or less on this issue Zakaria Tamer and Ahmed Mahmoud as writers who reflect this concept is evident in his works good. In this study, we will discuss their concept from this angle.
Death, murder and suicide among the concepts that almost all the stories of these authors observed, and along with difficult situations such as poverty, hunger, oppression and imprisonment, dark space and create a climate of fear. Although the concept of death and the words that the reader may be associated with a known material But the death of the two storytellers of the material and its simple concept beyond the semantics and other spiritual dimensions have been mixed. Sometimes, feelings, values, ethics and human concepts, and sometimes the beauty around us - whether alive or mineral - implies. In such a situation, something that the others are alive, in fact, dead. How many dead people who literally live and immortal.
In this study it was possible that the concept of death in the works of these two storytellers in connection with the issue of poverty and hunger Which will examine the way that leads to death, As well as the concept of death could take in relation to government repression and imprisonment. But because of the importance of the debate and focus on it and it's part of the story that Zakaria Tamer and Ahmed Mahmoud range of topics are addressed Revolves around this concept; the researcher is encouraged to assign a separate part to him to give this part his right to research and study.

The role of the drunk in Al Mahata is vital to the structural design of the comedy where many ample powerful themes are highlighted. Atwan magnificently and professionally draws the character of the drunk to appear very convincing. Also, he masterfully manifests different stages of drunkenness where each stage explores an area. To achieve this goal, he maintains a rhythmic and smooth development for each stage without any recognizable drawbacks. The paper aims to examine the comedy that is created by using a drunk character. Also, it attempts to address the facts/ realities that require further investigations: The Drunk’s relation with other characters; ills/ good in society, the Drunk’s own concerns and issues and the way this character sees the world. Indeed, the approach that The Drunk physicalises and vocalises his character with has won the audience applause for three times throughout the performance. Accordingly, his excellent performance adds to and elevates the whole performance. Finally, it is very safe to argue that the drunk in Al Mahata is subtle.

The aim of this research is to highlight the relationship between archeology and GIS For the possibility of GIS to interpret, analyze and visualize past lifestyles and patterns of geographical distribution,This is supported by GIS programs through their diverse spatial analytical capabilities Allowing the archeologist to ask and answer questions about the old way of life, its geographical distribution, and its spatial relations.The research followed the regional approach and Chronology approach of the historical sequence to reveal the spatial relations of ancient civilizations,The research found that the Anatolian region was not free of civilization on Her land, from the Stone Age to the end of the Ottoman Empire,And that some of the current Turkish provinces lived on its territory most of the civilizations and this is due to the perfect geographical location and cultural heritage of the region,Through the potential of GIS programs, a spatial and Metadata database of successive civilizations have been built on the current state of Turkey,Emphasis was also placed on the characteristics of each and the extent of their spatial spread. This was represented by 22 maps in this research.

Public space is one of the most significant components that constitutes our cities due to its being as a collector component of everyday life activities and a motivator that activates these activities. It is incomprehensible notion and can’t be tabulated within a clear and explicit scope due to the multitude of concepts associated with it. According to that, the research problem has been defined by “the vagueness of this notion with the existence of knowledge gap in interpreting it”. So, this paper aims at interpreting the notion of public space by analysing the publicness dimensions of it as it assumes that “the ability to understand the notion of public space by exploring the interpreted dimensions of its publicness”. To achieve that objective, this paper has to demonstrate the notion of public space and its related terms in its first part to go on with classifying public space which will reveal some ambiguous types of public space that are not truly public. Then the study will review some studies which analysed the notion of public space according to the notion of publicness to extract its dimensions, ending this research with a number of conclusions and recommendations.

For more than five decades, the Argentine dramatist Griselda Gambaro is a master at artistically demonstrating the social and political climate of her country. to criticize the abuse of authority and the consequent alienation of the individual.
Gambaro's simple message in all her plays, which is directed to the characters, the audience, her follow citizens in Argentina and the world is" to use the power, to see and not say (Yes), but to know, act and change.
Though Gambaro began her career as a narrative writer, but she has become one of the most famous playwright in Latin America due to her political plays that awaken the national and international concern. For nearly half a century, Gambaro has been writing allegorical plays as well as novels that dedicated with the subjugation, complicity, and the violence of Argentine authority especially of the military junta during the Dirty War between 1976 to 1983 and their overwhelming effects on the moral framework of society.
The Camp is one of Gambaro's famous plays of 1960s that played a vital role in her international success. This play is written and staged in 1967 .

This research deals with an important and even serious subject in the field of Quranic miracles. One of these faces is the rhythmic miracles related to the meaning of the Quranic singularity and composition. It balances the patterns and poetic balances of the narration with a set of patterns in the Qur'anic verses to prove this facet of Quranic miracles that no one dared Of former scientists or contemporaries to enter into its field, it is a research genuine add to our study and our previous research in this field.

A Baghadin Poet, was born on Al-Karkh Baghdad, then he finished his initial study in the schools of Baghdad , and he was traveling between Egypt and Dimasouss for studying and working in journalism. He Composed several Poems descrbing the middle gate of Baghdad and Commended the city and people.

The main objective of cultural criticism is to understand the problem of culture in all its complex and complex forms and to analyze the different intellectual contexts in the framework of what is clear, because cultural studies are not a system but a collective term for continuous and different mental attempts in one.
Cultural Criticism works to critique the cultural patterns of the general literary and cultural discourse in all its forms and forms. Cultural criticism is one of the branches of public criticism, and therefore one of the sciences of the language and the fields of "Sunni". It is concerned with criticism of the implicit form of cultural discourse In all its manifestations, patterns and formulas, so his interest in literary texts more than any other relationship
Based on the above, I will try to shed light on the (Adam's hardship) of the poet Star Abdullah, and the reason for that attempt is derived from what I found from the obvious dominance of cultural forms that covered the poems of the Diwan.
The nature of the study necessitated that it be divided into three axes: the first is the pattern of the pattern, the second is the woman as a model, and the third is the negation of the ego.

The perhaps main reason behind Keepsake is forgotten and not cut speaker for his words, the Keepsake style leads audio extension three movements which are: Aperture and Vibrio and Kasra generated by tide characters or extending three characters: Al Alaf, and Al Waw, and Al Yaah, shall be longer than usual calling the forgotten or adding doubt in his words, or bursting illusion.
This method itself is companion voice that he forgot speaker wanted to recall, reminder, or doubt it, or what he wanted to pay in imagining, that period shall be a presumption that speaker in case forgetting, which is the presumption to indicate the mnemonics.
This research term Keepsake characters language terms, and received from voices remembrance and reminders Keepsake and using overlooking three movements or view vowels as if came the last word, and the eloquence Keepsake characters whether received in word eloquent, as well as the reasons which called speaker to Astana Keepsake characters to speak, and relationship these three E quietly letters.

We can get the good collection from ( a Confiscated Terracotta Plaques from Iraq Museum ) .
After we examination all these pieces , we can choose a numbers of these Terracotta Plaques, which studied in this research , also contain an empirical study for all details in this motives , and drawing for all figures , also I put the list for its shapes , and its Iraqi numbers , with its measurements , with its colours , and its conditions , as I can , we try to do a comparative study for these pieces in artistic way , also to determine the period to which its belong , and the study was adopted ( the Archaeological and artistic way to described and analysis ) .We reach to the final conclusion of these Terracotta Plaques, which refer to ( Terracotta Plaques Goddess ) .

The Akkadian era is considered one of the most important periods in the history of ancient Iraq in particular and in the history of the Near East in general. This era has added to its political, economic and social characteristics much as a result of the great cultural developments that took place in this era. Although the Akkadians are the island people who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to Mesopotamia, where this migration (a positive migration) of the new features brought to the features of the Sumerians who lived side by side with them in the era of political control of the country.
One of the reasons that led me to choose the subject of my letter "Cuneiform texts unpublished from the Akkadian era" because of the great importance that this era in the civilization of Mesopotamia has on the one hand and information about this era characterized by scarcity and scarcity on the other hand because of the lack of disclosure of the real location of the civilization of The capital of the Akkadian state.

In pre-Neolithic period od about (15000-9500 BC), existence of ritual buildings is not well documented, or they may never exist in the ancient Near East. Although there were non-domestic privet buildings that were described in pre-Neolithic periods. But it is difficult to say that these buildings were shrines or temples, especially with evidence of house activities round these buildings.
Before the series discoveries Upper Mesopotamian communal ritual structures, the question of the construction of cult buildings during the Aceramic Neolithic period remained unresolved.
Gobekli Tepe is a monumental and enigmatic Pre-Pottery Neolithic site. it was revealed in 1963, But archaeological exploration and excavations began in 1995 by a German expedition. that its excavator claims consisted only of temples, to illustrate weaknesses in some kinds of claims about Neolithic sacred spaces and to explore some of the problems of identifying prehistoric ritual.

Jordan is one of the countries with limited resources. Therefore, its dependence on external financing has made the developmental inputs to that economy and the aspects of the country's annual budgets unclear, accompanied by the lack of monitoring role and poor government performance, especially in the formulation of economic strategies, Including the crisis that took place between 1988-1990, which greatly affected the Jordanian street, which soon crystallized claims that clearly contributed to the revival of new political concepts, the most important of which is the re-election of the parliamentary elections and the enactment of a set of laws that were absent for several decades. Of the most important parties law and laws relating to the various economic and social matters.

It is composed of three decades (sections), the first relates to its proportions, the second is its birth, its titles and its poets, and the third is the mention of his martyrdom, the statement of his age, his children, and what he did. Of horrors and calamities.

This study is an attempt to shed Light on an important motive of the motives of treaties and agreements in Mesopotamia, namely the economic motives (agricultural-trade- industrial) of treaties and agreements held by the King of Mesopotamia with cities and Kingdoms inside and outside Mesopotamia to Organize and develop agricultural and Commercial raw materials that are Lacking (Minerals- Wood-Stones).

The study of religious beliefs is a great importance in the study of any society because it reflects the political, economic , social an cultures life of that society, and there is a difference between religion and belief, religion is a contact between the man and his god, belief is all that man believes in matters of religion and others thing. oman had known many religions before Islam like heathenism, planetary worship, the magician, Judaism and Christianity. Religious pluralism in oman is a nutralconseresult of its ethnic diversity as a result of migration or the trading and the mixing and living with other peoples.

This study covers a difficult period of the history of the Mountain Region era especially during the control of Sultan
Khwarizmi on this region in (614 AH-1218 AD), again restore the power there and making progress towards the capital of the Caliphate. The research also seeks to determine the position of the Abbasid Caliphate from this Khwarizmi expansion towards its territory and ways to address it.
The study also dealt with the impact of the Khwarizmi Mongols conflict on the region during the years (616-617 AH / 1220-1221 AD), which can be considered the first beginnings of the Mongol invasion of the areas adjacent to the territories of the Abbasid Caliphate by processing the Mongols to two military divisions led by the most skilled commanders to follow the Sultan Khwarizmi fugitive to the Mountain Region and eliminate it.
The study also dealt with the attacks of the Mongols during their chase for Sultan Khwarizmi traveling among the cities of the Mountain Region where they committed looting and murder acts against the people of those cities.

The aim of this study was to estimate water needs and to schedule irrigation water for the tomato crop. In order to achieve the objective, the study used a number of equations to estimate water needs, water consumption, irrigation requirement, irrigation cycle. In this study, the electrical conductivity of a sample of groundwater was measured. The results showed that the electrical conductivity of groundwater was 2.63 (ds/ m). The monthly water requirements for tomato yield ranged from 138.42 mm in February to 300.41 mm in May. The water requirement in the agricultural season was 880.43 mm. Monthly water consumption ranged between 83.05 mm for February and 240. 3 mm for the month of May and the amount of consumption of tomato crop during the agricultural season 732.65 mm, and the requirement of washing 0.4%, Which is a high percentage, which confirms that the cultivation of tomatoes in Umariyya is not economically feasible. The irrigation requirement ranges from 132.8 mm in February to 384.4 mm in May and a total of 1171.7 mm. The irrigation schedule for the tomato crop varies from month to month. The interval varies from 5.3 days in February to 2.06 days in May.

The phenomenon of random housing has become one of the most prominent problems facing most developing countries and even the developed countries at present. The solution of this complex problem is difficult one day after another, which is reflected in the creation of serious obstacles to the socio-economic development process. Legal and one of the secretions of rapid urbanization and unregulated internal migration. Most of the centers of economic, social and environmental attractions in the main cities, especially the city of Ramadi, are concentrated in different sizes and settlements of size as a result of the displacement of families from outside the city. And by the multiplicity of causes and manifestations of this problem is not interested in specialists in the field of scientific or social one, but dealt with specialists in many areas, including geography, economy, society, planning, architecture and the environment.
Thus, the problem of random housing is not recent, but it dates back to the beginning of the 1930's and increased this phenomenon and worsened one decade after another, especially after the events of 2003 and became a clear phenomenon in the city of Ramadi. The study of the phenomenon of random housing in poor neighborhoods and on the city limits, which is one of the negative reactions to the failure of national policies for housing for decades, as well as the inability of government service agencies to develop villages and rural areas and provide the main services and the difficulty of absorbing the main cities of newcomers. The population faced the dire economic, social and human conditions in which slum dwellers lived and increased alienation and alienation from society.

Therefore, the spatial change of land use systems in crop cultivation in the study area, which was the result of the environment experienced by the study area in terms of water, the circumstance of the untreated, untreated soil in most provinces, as well as population migration due to the events of 2007, Crops with the greatest possible return, showing the spatial variation of land use systems in crop cultivation between 2007 and 2016. Which is revealed by the analysis in this study, and the components of the systems are variable in terms of the two years and similar in terms of titles, each system has its components and the area of study study three systems during the duration of study and this is the essence of the thesis and this confirms the validity of the hypothesis of the study.

It is a sudden and rapid change occurring in the natural environment, which leads to physical and human damage, or it is an event that is concentrated spatially and temporally as this rapid change threatens a region or a society , Rainfall is sudden and heavy, as rain accumulates in the valleys and is accompanied by rapid water flows based on the slope of the area and the amount of water. The area of the study is exposed to morphological, morphological, morphogenic and flood hazards. And the effect of these floods on the destruction of the manifestations of the surface of the earth, and these floods increase water erosion, and the different temperature in the study area is working on the sliding and crawling of rocks in the study area, and decreased some of the land in However, there are other factors that control the degree of risk. Based on this, the study area is divided into several types of risk, but each type of risk is different from the other. Each kind of risk depends on the weight of each layer, and according to the classes that each type of risk needs.

تتصف المنطقة العربية بتنوع المناخ وتعدد الاقاليم البيئية مما يميزها بتنوع حيوي هائل متمثل في الانواع النباتية والحياة البرية الحيوانية، وهذا التنوع الحيوي من الثروات الطبيعية المتجددة حيث تشكل ارثأ قوميا لايستهان به على المستويين الاقتصادي والسياحي وقيمة علمية وبيولوجية، وبالرغم من هذا التنوع الحيوي والميزات التي تحظى بها البيئة الطبيعية العربية الا ان هذه الموارد الطبيعية تتعرض الى مخاطر عديدة تهدد بتدهور وانقراض عدد كبير من الانواع النباتية والحيوانية، اذ بلغ عدد الانواع النباتية والحيوانية المهددة بالانقراض 563 نوعا في الوطن العربي لسنة 2016، ومع تفاقم الخطر وتأثيره المباشر على التوازن البيئي وعلى حياه الانسان، بدأ الاهتمام بتحقيق التنمية المستدامة والتوازن البيئي وحماية التنوع الحيوي وصيانته وتنميته المستدامة بوصفه جزءا اساسيا في الموارد الطبيعية.

The research aims to detect Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD level in a children in the Damascus country governorate, and to know the relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and mental health, and to know the difference between the children who for traumatic experience and children developed the traumatic experience for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder , and to know the difference in between males and females of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and mental health.
The sample involves (280) children selected randomly (149) male (131 ) female in childhood delayed Stage
The research had used rating mantel health and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and rating traumatic experience
The most important results of the current study are:
1-There are level high of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD in a children
2- There are strong statistical significant correlations between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and mantel health
3- There are statistical significant differences in between the children who for traumatic experience and children developed The traumatic experience for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in favor of children developed The traumatic experience for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
4- There are statistical significant differences in between males and females of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in favor of females.
5- There are statistical significant differences in between males and females of mantel health in favor of males.

The purpose of this research is to identify the effect of the cooperative learning method on the collection and retention of Islamic education for the fourth year students. The research included the experimental and control groups. These groups were randomly chosen. For this research, the researcher prepared a collection test consisting of 30 questions. Statistical methods were represented in the arithmetical averages and the experimental and control standard deviations in the response to the test paragraphs and the appropriate analytical statistical methods which were in the analysis of the binary variance.
In light of the findings of the research, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations.

The religious Matter has been occupied a huge space in the Philosophical thought. The philosophy in such era gas a great effect on heritage of Aritotle. In respect to Albert the great, we find him that he distinguished among matters that could be solved by the reason (the mind) that based on basis of revelations. Whereas Toma has separated between the mind and believe, he saw that the mind's job is to prepare for us the sight and guide us integrity and believing.

The objective of this study was to identify the role of socialization regarding the issue female domination in UAE society. The study bused on social survey using a sample 100 women. The participants according to a non-random sampling method method convenience sample. Data statistically analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
The study show that 77% participant considered family preference male over female on the most important family factor. Whereas، 85% considered tradition and social norms female on the most important social factors. The negative effect made dominance ، Their lendency to accept marriage from anyone to escape their brothers dominance 75%. Finally، participant think that spread the true religion can reduce made dominance 94%.
This study recommends that wrong concepts regarding the responsibility of man for women should be changed، and the status of women in the society be highlighted through the role of religion institutions. It is also recommended that families be made aware of the proper social methods of upbringing on the basis of equality. Furthermore، women should be aware of their rights to education and work.

The problem that is tackled in this study lies in the knowledge of the nature of the relationship that governs Iraqi minorities in their vision of national identity in Iraqi society. The relationship between majority and minority groups from the deep inside reflects a paradox and reveals the reality of the situation in a number of societies. It is theoretically formulated in terms of assumptive facts. The perspective of majority groups and their perceptions of national identity are often shaped as mechanisms to gain social, political and economic privileges. While, the perspective of minority groups on national identity is often shaped as a mechanism to gain recognition above all else. This contradiction and the discovery of ambiguity includes the essence of the problem of the current study, which seeks to dive in and follow to examine and make sure of the occurrence or non-achievement with Iraqi groups.
Moreover, the investigation about this problem requires answering several questions: What is national identity? And who are the Iraqi minorities? What are the indicators of the national identity of Iraqi minorities? What is the impact of Iraqi minorities' sense of social and political discrimination in their coexistence with the rest of Iraqi society? What is the social distance between minorities and the Iraqi majority?
Within the social survey approach and the use of interview and questionnaire tools with Iraqi minorities. It revealed the evolution of visions towards the national identity of Iraqi minorities by preferring modernist identities (homeland, place, profession and educational achievement) to identify their identity.
The results of the study showed how close is the distance between the (minorities and the Iraqi majority) through the friendly relations and fellowship and neighborliness and marriage that binds them.
The vision of Iraqi minorities for national identity was linked to the issue of non-recognition of cultural diversity in the Constitution and the laws in force, as well as inequality with the majority. Therefore, attention to cultural diversity and the achievement of justice and equality in giving rights to social components without distinction, whether they (minorities or the majority) works to strengthen the presence of minorities in public opinion and in the integration into society.

The God impart of Al – sitr in his book because it is psyeological and education at treatment, produced for that, patience and help, because we can get of the best manner which is considered from the best sitatuation, because Al – sitr shows dignity which is right for every one especially bad habites for Muslims, it is legal duty.
Keywords: Al stir of beautiful morals cambre that dealing there at the human with brother human.

Slama Mosa was one of the important Arab thinkers , in the 20 the Century. He refused in his books all habits that influence on the youth mentality and showed up the Social stream among the educated people between the 1st and 2nd wars.
When we look the results of reading his works, we find him followes three great thinkers : the first: French writer Voltaire as a symbol of freedom of thought through the revolution of the Balinese beliefs (in Egypt and the Arab society).
Second: the sarcastic English writer Bernardo as a symbol of ridicule of political reality and of the introduction of philosophy through literature .
Third: The English world "Charles Darwin" as a symbol of the scientific approach to thinking.
Each one of them gave him the principles of life : freedom , political literature and scientific thought.