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Iraqi Journal of Science

Volume: 63

Issue: 06

Publication Year: 2022

Publication Date: June 2022

Articles in This Issue

Pages 2320-2763

1

Removing of Methylene Blue Dye from its Aqueous Solutions Using Polyacrylonitrile/Iron Oxide/Graphene Oxide

Pages: 2320-2330 English

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Abstract

Organic contaminants are used to be found in industrial wastewater treatment procedures, and heavy metal ion removal is difficult. Photo Fenton reaction activity was exploited in this study to decompose organic contaminants using a functional composite hydrogel. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), Fe3O4 particles, and graphene oxide make up the hydrogel (GO). It is made from GO/ Fe3O4 and is made using the precipitation technique. GO is made from graphite using the Hummers process. And it has exceptional mechanical strength and Photo-Fenton activity as a result of various breakdown data that were influenced differently, such as H2O2 concentration, dye concentration, temperature, and irradiation duration. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the composite's shape and average diameter. Under UV irradiation, the degradation of Methylene Blue dye (M.B) by the PAN/Fe3O4/GO hydrogel composite reached 100% after 90 min. Meanwhile, after 90 min of visible irradiation, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dropped to 9 mg/L and dropped to low (sub range) after two anda half hours. This research proposes a new method for processing high-consistency industrial effluent that is difficult to decompose.

Keywords

COD. Methylene blue PAN/Fe3O4/GO composite Photo- Fenton reaction

2

Quantum Mechanical Calculations and Electrochemical Study of Vibrational Frequencies, Energies in Some Flavonoids molecules

Pages: 2331-2344 English

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Abstract

Quantum mechanical computations is conducted using DFT (Density Functional Theory) and PM3 (Parameterized Model 3), also, using DFT of (B3LYP) with a 6-311++G (d, p) with G09 application. These molecular three components include structure, electronic charge density and energetic characteristics of chosen phytomedicine compounds. The impact of functional groups on physical characteristics were studied using myricetin, linebacker, and flavone because of their chemical structures. For phytomedicine compounds, we utilized quantum mechanical simulations to estimate bond length, energy, vibration(vib.) modes, charge density and mechanical properties (cruelty, strength, stiffness, for the measurements of the lengths and energy of the bonds). Herzberg convention is used to look for the connections between the frequencies of similar modes which was used. IR absorption of the highest vibration frequencies modes of 3N-6 was measured and assigned for all species. Physical parameters were also calculated these include: heat of production, amount of energy, atomic electronic charge density, dipole moment and (E gap) (E = ELUMO-EHOMO). For three phytomedicine molecules, quantum chemical properties were combined. This software also computed and evaluated the electronic charge density distribution on atoms of 3 molecules. The equilibrium geometries of all three molecules were studied.

Keywords

B3LYP DFT flavonoids G09 IR absorption

3

Study of ABO System and Multiple Sclerosis disease in Iraq

Pages: 2345-2353 English

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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of an autoimmune condition with uncertain etiopathology. According to new data, ABO system had played a role in the development and understanding numerous diseases. Lower level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OHD3) is considered as a risk factor for MS. The aims of this study is to identify the role of blood group distribution on the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-OHD3, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and total magnesium on MS patients. Additionally, we assessed the relation between Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and study parameters in patients. The Study included 107 patients with MS were distributed in to four groups according to their blood group (A, B, AB, and O). Additionally, 124 apparently healthy individuals as control group. Tukey analysis was showed the level of 25-OHD3 in patients with B+ was significant decrease than O+ and A+ patients group (P≤0.05). Furthermore, EDSS was negatively correlated with 25-OHD3 (P≤0.05) in B+ and O+ patient groups. Through this study, ABO group may be consider as a risk factor for MS susceptibility as another interesting variable.

Keywords

25-OHD3 ABO system EDSS Multiple Sclerosis Risk factor

4

Clinical and Histopathological Features of Ovarian Cancer in Iraq, Baghdad Between 2014-2020

Pages: 2354-2361 English

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Abstract

Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with disparities in clinical performance and consequences. It is a cluster of numerous subtypes with diverse biological topographies that cause alterations in response to treatments, relapse rates and endurance. This study was designed to investigate the epidemiology of the diagnosed cases of ovarian cancer from 2014 to 2020 in Baghdad. A total of 51 cases of different ovarian cancer samples were collected from Al-Elwea Maternity Hospital and Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad. Clinical information, including patients' age, tumor size and location, pathological grade and stage. Results revealed a high incidence of OC in patients at age of ˂55 years with 59% rate. The most common type was epithelial serous ovarian cancer by 52.9% overall, with high frequency at right ovary by 63.3%. The dominant tumor size was 5cm in malignant cases. While the most frequent tumor stage was IC with rate of 29.6%, and Grade 3 was the foremost one by 40.7%. Conclusion: The most common type of cancer is epithelial serous ovarian cancer that occurs in patients younger than 55 years and is present at early stage of disease (IC) with high tumor grade (poor differentiation) at the time of diagnosis.

Keywords

Adenocarcinoma Epidemiology Ovarian tumors prevalence. Risk factors

5

Trichomes Morphological Diversity in Some Species from Related Tribes of Asteraceae Family in Iraq

Pages: 2362-2372 English

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Abstract

This study includedepidermal appendages characters of ten species belongingto the familyAsteraceae.Most of the studied species are characterized by eglandular, glandular, trichomesand papillae which are variable according to itskind, number of cells, shape, dimensions, characteristicsof surrounding cells, wall thickness and the position. Results showed that all species included glandular and eglandulartrichomes exceptCosmos bipinnatus, Ecliptaprostrate, andEupatoriumcannabinum that lacked in glandular trichomes and were based on their specific details.Trichomes were divided into different groups. The glandular ones involved sessile glandular or group multicellular and the head wasmace-shaped or rounded.Whereaseglandulartrichomes are classified into various groups,unicellular trichomes group with obtuse or acute apex or with tuft shape or dendroid, dicellular.Trichome group uniserriate or biserriate, and multicellular trichome group which is widely different in their shapes, dimensions, number of cell and the position. Papillae distributed on stem, corolla, and stigma have triangular-shape with acute apex or finger-like shape with obtuse apex.Hence,trichomes reveal a taxonomic importance in species identification and determine the relationships among them in their tribes.

Keywords

Asteraceae Eglandulartrichomes Glandular trichomes papillae

6

Expressions of CD274 (PD-L1) and CD47 rReceptors on the sSurface of bBlast cCells in AML pPatients

Pages: 2373-2387 English

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Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous clonal disease defined by the proliferation and accumulation of immature hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and blood. This study aimed to evaluate the CD47 and CD274 (PD-L1) expression in Iraqi AML patients and its role in the disease and evasion of malignant cells from immune system. The study was conducted on 85 patients diagnosed with leukemia, 25 of them were excluded as they had taken chemotherapy for less than a week and because the proportion of tumor cells was less than 20%. Virtually, it was conducted on 60 patients with AML and 20 healthy individuals as a control group. The expression of CD47 and CD274 (PD-L1) was evaluated using flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of AML samples only. Also MMP-2 level in serum was evaluated via ELISA in both AML and control samples. The expression of CD47 and CD274 in AML patients was found to be high. Analysis of CD274 (PDL1) expression in blast populations showed a significant increase in the proportion of CD274 (PD-L1) positive blast cells in isolated peripheral blood samples (66.3050 ± 1.94522). Also, the CD47 expression on blast cells in AML was recorded as significantly high (64.9333±2.05873). For MMP-2 (ng/ml) level in serum, the mean level non-significantly increased in AML as compared to the control group (102.677±8.719; 92.191±5.161) respectively.

Keywords

AML CD274 CD47 Flow Cytomete PDL-1

7

Detection of Efflux Pumps Gene and Relation with Antibiotics Resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli (UPEC) Isolated from Patients with Cystitis

Pages: 2388-2397 English

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Abstract

In recent years, the multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli has increased in urinary tract infections (UTIs). One of the highly distributed chromosomally encoded traits of resistance is efflux pump. The study intended to investigate the most common members of 5 classes of efflux pumps among uropathogenic E. coil isolates. E. coli is confirmed by green metallic sheen on eosin methylene blue and by PCR using primer for uidA gene. Using disc diffusion method, an antibiotic susceptibility test was peformed against 25 antibiotics. Efflux pump genes were examined via polymerase chain reaction. Biofilm formation was investigated by a 96 well polystyrene microtiter plate. All 50 isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ceftazidime and cefotaxime, while all isolates were sensitive to imipenem. 19 (38%) E. coli isolates were non-MDR while 31 (62%) were MDR. The frequency rates of different efflux pump genes ranged from 66% to 100%. The biofilm formation results indicated that 98% of isolates were biofilm former while 2% were non-biofilm. The current study concludes that all efflux pumps may be highly associated with resistance to amoxicillin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. Additionally, biofilm formation was found to be highly related to the presence of efflux pumps genes.

Keywords

Antibiotic resistance Efflux pump Escherichia coli UPEC UTI

8

Evaluation of Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticle as A Stable Antibacterial Formula in Biological Fluids

Pages: 2398-2418 English

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Abstract

This research mainly focuses on the preparation of chitosan-alginate Nanoparticle by ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride and sodium alginate to form nanocomposites of CH-ALg, examine their antibacterial activity against multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria, and evaluate the stability of chitosan-alginate formula in different biological fluids, including simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and intestinal fluid (SIF). The average diameter of particles size prepared was measured by an Atomic force microscope (AFM) and it was 61.91 nm. Otherwise, the nature of functional groups present in CH-ALg nanoparticle was investigated by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) analysis. The stability of synthesized CH-ALg nanoparticle was measured by Zeta potential measurement and show high stability with a 79 mV ratio. The SEM picture shows that particles are shown to be in the form of bundles and the size of nanoparticles was in the range of (14-84nm). The antibacterial activity of CH-ALg was tested against (MDR) Gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae). The results exhibited a significant impact of antibacterial action against isolates of MDR. CH-ALg nanoparticles were loaded with antibiotic doxycycline in order to strengthen the antibacterial action and drug delivery effectiveness. The synergistic effects of prepared CH-ALg loaded with DOX antibiotic at several concentrations toward MDR bacteria were also examined. The results indicate that DOX-loaded nanoparticles have a significant improvement for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive compared to doxycycline alone. The formula of chitosan- alginate was stabile in various biological fluids including simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SiF)

Keywords

Antibacterial chitosan-alginate simulated gastric fluid (SGF) simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) synergistic effect and doxycycline nanoparticle

9

Novel Tamoxifen Citrate-Loaded Polymeric Nanoformulations for Improving Treatment and uses in Medical Applications: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study

Pages: 2419-2433 English

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Abstract

Tamoxifen citrate (TAM) is one of the most regularly used therapy in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Although it is a successful treatment, there is a problem with its bioavailability, accordingly, this study was designed to improve TAM solubility and reduce its associated toxicity. TAM-Loaded poly (D, L-lactide –co- glycolide) nanostructure (TAM-loaded PLGA) has been synthesized and employed both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The blood hemolysis induced by TAM- loaded PLGA was 4.6 % at 200 μg mL-1, indicating that this nano-construct led to increased red blood cell protection. DNA molecule integrity was assessed and results indicated that DNA strands were protected from destruction at 200 μg mL-1. The antioxidant activity of TAM-loaded PLGA exceeded the pure TAM, it showed concentration-dependent scavenging action in the 100-200 μg mL-1 range, with a maximum activity of 79.2% at 200 μg mL-1. Whereas pure TAM had a decrement of 60.57%. While the activity of positive control (Vit. C) was 92.12%. Finally, the safety of TAM-loaded PLGA was examined in vivo. The functions of the heart, liver, and kidney in male mice injected with TAM-loaded PLGA were detected. A histopathological investigation was also included. TAM-loaded PLGA offered better properties as a drug delivery system, nutritional supplements, and pharmaceutical products.

Keywords

Animal model antioxidant biocompatibility P407. PLGA Tamoxifen citrate (TAM) Toxicity

10

Allele frequencies of 15 Autosomal STR loci in Some of Iraqi population

Pages: 2434-2443 English

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Abstract

This study was aimed to establish a database of autosomal Short Tandem Repeat (aSTR) DNA allele frequencies for an Iraqi population living in Baghdad city as a reference, therefore, a total of 456 unrelated individuals were analyzed at 15 STR DNA markers (D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D19S433, D2S1338, D16S539)
included in the Kit from Applied Biosystems. The obtained results revealed that the Combined Matching Probability (CMP) was estimated at 1 in 3.3287 × 10-18, and the Combined Discrimination Power (CDP) was greater than 0.98600987, which is comparable to values obtained with the many other allele frequency databases used in forensic investigations. It can be concluded that for identification purposes, it can be considered the multi-locus STR panels as a useful forensic tool.

Keywords

Allele frequency database DNA typing Iraq STR

11

Prediction of Deleterious Non-Synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (Nssnps) of Human TLR7 Gene

Pages: 2444-2452 English

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Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune response activation against viruses. TLR7, one of the TLRs family, is potentially important in controlling viral infection and the production of vaccines against the virus. The wide spectrum of discrepancy in response to antiviral drugs among different populations which is emerged by some pandemics like COVID-19 might be due to their different TLR7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present study aimed to investigate the consequences of 401 non-synonymous missense SNPs (nsSNPs) within TLR7 on its protein structure, stability, and function by using specific bioinformatics tools. Seven bioinformatics tools were used to investigate 401 TLR7 nsSNPs from the dbSNP database. The results showed that the six variations, rs1171508003 (R262H), rs35160120 (F580S), rs968155471 (H587Q), rs202028806 (Y871D), rs1331496205 (W933S), and rs181600414 (R1004W), were found to be extremely deleterious by all of the employed bioinformatics tools. All six variations showed an impact on the protein’s structure, function, and stability. Among them, Y871D (rs202028806) and R1004W (rs181600414) were revealed as the most damaging nsSNPs. This study suggested that the predicted six damaging variants of TLR7 could indirectly or directly destabilize the structure of protein and deviate its function to some extent.

Keywords

human nsSNPs Prediction TLR7

12

Negative Streamer Propagation in Nitrogen

Pages: 2453-2460 English

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Abstract

For the development of negative streamer, a one dimension simulation is presented when a negative electric field is applied at atmospheric pressure to a 4 mm gap in nitrogen. At applied electric fields of 55, 60, 65 and 70 kV/cm, streamer parameters were studied at various time intervals. The aim of this paper is to determine the minimum electric field that must be applied for stable propagation of negative streamer discharge in nitrogen gas. As functions of position and time, the calculations provide detailed electron and ion density predictions, electric fields and density of space charges. The time interval was with a nanosecond resolution. Using 8000 element mesh to resolve the characteristics of the streamer, spatial resolution over the separation of electrodes 4 mm was obtained. The results were obtained by solving the equation of continuity for electrons and ions and the Poisson equation solution.

Keywords

Gas Discharge negative streamer nitrogen stable streamer.

13

Investigate and Prepare silver Nano Particles Using Jet Plasma

Pages: 2461-2469 English

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Abstract

Nano- particles (Ag NPs) are synthesized by using plasma Jet argon gas. The prepared Ag NPs are characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) The measure was performed for different time exposuring 15,30,45 and 60 sec. The results shows the low concentration of nano-silver time expose (15 sec) and very) and high concentration at 60 sec. The UV-VIS spectrometer for nano-silver different time exsposuring to plasma, shows the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) appeared around 419 nm, and the energy gab is 4.1 eV for the 15 second exposure and 1.6eV for 60 second exposure. The Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) is used to identify the characterization of silver nanoparticles, the average diameter of nano-silver for 15 second exposure is equal to 69.00 nm, for 60 second exposure the average is equal to 54.87 nm

Keywords

Energy gab Plasma jet Scanning Probe Microscope silver nanoparticles UV-VIS spectrometer

14

Influence of Dielectric Media on the Plasma Characteristics in DBD Discharge

Pages: 2470-2481 English

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Abstract

The study of the surface plasma characteristics under atmospheric pressure is a new branch and tool in physics. Building generation dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system at atmospheric pressure and studying its thermal characterizations. The discharge was produced by applying a high voltage of 20 kV with a frequency of 8 kHz. The thermal characterization was done by measuring discharge temperature for different horizontal surface areas and different types of insulating material. The results indicated that the effect of the area and the type of insulator affect the discharge (increasing or decreasing) according to the operation conditions because they affect, as expected, the DBD . The plasma temperature increased with the decrease of the surface area, which resulted in the increase of the discharge voltage across the gap; accordingly, the discharge across the gap grew.

Keywords

Boltzmann plot method DBD Electron Temperature. Stark broadening

15

The Influence of CeO2 Concentration on Some Physical Properties of Y2O3 Thin

Pages: 2482-2491 English

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Abstract

Thin films of pure yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and doped with cerium oxide (CeO2) were prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis(CSP)method. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the prepared films were investigated. The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) thin films revealed that the undoped and doped Y2O3 were amorphous with a broad hump around 27o and narrow humps around 48o and 62o for all samples. Except for the Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 thin film, all had signal preferential orientation along the (100) plane at 2θ=12.71o which belongs to CeO2, Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) images confirmed the formation of the nanosized particles which resembles circles and others revealed rods and balls shape. UV-Vis spectra study showed peak absorption at a wavelength of 305 nm, with blue shift due to quantum confinement, and this also happened for the doped films, with direct energy band gaps. The photoluminescence spectra (PL) of undoped Y2O3 and doped thin films showed an emission peak at 365 nm at the same wavelength of all the prepared samples with a slight difference. All prepared films show three activation energies except Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 film has two activation energies. From I-V characteristic curves, the prepared films have Schottky behavior except Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 film, which displayed ohmic behavior. Y2O3:6wt.%CeO2 fabricated device revealed good photosensitivity for VIS and IR wavelength.

Keywords

cerium oxide. Optical Properties photodetector Surface morphology Yttrium Oxide

16

Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Arc Carbon and Magnesium Plasma

Pages: 2492-2501 English

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Abstract

This research aims to investigate parameters for magnesium (Mg) carbon (C), and carbon/magnesium plasma produced by the exploding electrical wire (EEW) technique. In this work, C and Mg nanoparticles were synthesized. The plasma spectra with three different current values (50, 75 and 100A) were recorded using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The plasma electron temperature (Te), electron density (ne), plasma frequency (fp), Debye length (ℷD), and Debye number (ND) provided by arc discharge plasma were calculated. Boltzmann plots were used to calculate the electron temperature (Te); electron density (ne) was calculated by Stark broadening . The results showed that the electron temperature and electron density increased with the increase of current. For carbon plasma, Te increased from (1.243 to 1.533) eV, and ne increased from (8.762 to 9.857) cm-3. Te for magnesium plasma increased from (0.508 to 0.724)eV and ne increased from(6.700 to 10.420) cm-3. When the magnesium strip was exploded in carbon suspension, Te increased from (0.744 to 0.851) eV, and electron density was raised from (5.738 to 9.304)cm-3.

Keywords

Boltzmann Plot carbon plasma magnesium plasma Plasma diagnostic plasma parameters.

17

The Effect of Au Nanoparticles on the Structural and Optical Properties of (NiO:WO3) Thin Films Prepared by PLD Technique

Pages: 2502-2513 English

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Abstract

In the present investigation, (NiO:WO3 ) thin films were deposited at RT onto glass substrates using PLD technique employing focused Nd:YAG laser beam at 600 mJ with a frequency second radiation at 1064 nm (pulse width 9 ns) repetition frequency (6 Hz), for 400 laser pulses incident on the target surface .The structural, morphological and optical properties of the films doped with different concentration of Au content (0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) were examined with X-ray diffractometer(XRD), Atomic Force Microscope(AFM) , UV–Vis spectrophotometer . The results show that the films were amorphous with small peaks appearing when doped with AuNPs . The XRD peaks of the deposited NiO:WO3 were enhanced with increasing the Au content . The crystalline size of the deposited thin films was calculated using Debye Scherer formula and found to decrease from 6.6 nm for undoped NiO:WO3 to 3.4 nm for doped (NiO:WO3) with the increase of Au content from x=0 to x=0.07 at preferred orientation of (200). All the samples have a cubic structure. Also, the results showed that Au content of the films affects the surface morphology. From the results of AFM analysis, it was found that the roughness and average diameter change when adding Au to the structure, with the highest value occurring at Au ratio 0.03 equal to 7.58 and 81.02 nm, respectively. UV–Vis spectrophotometer was used to investigate the optical transmission. It was found that when Au content of films increased, the transmittance of films decreased.

Keywords

Au nanoparticles NiO :WO3 thin films Optical Properties Structural properties

18

Determination of Differential Cross-Section of (n+89Y) Elastic and Inelastic Scattering using Eikonal Approximation

Pages: 2514-2522 English

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Abstract

Neutron differential-elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections of Yttrium-89 isotope were calculated at energies 8,10,12,14, and 17 MeV, at angles distributed between 20o and 180o in the center of mass frame. The obtained results data were interpreted using a spherical optical potential model and Eikonal approximation, to examine the effect of the first-order Eikonal correction on the effective potential. The real and imaginary parts of optical potential were calculated. It was found that the nominal imaginary potential increase monotonically while the effective imaginary one has a pronounced minimum around r = 6fm and then increases. The analysis of the relative energy of the projectile and reaction product was taken into account. The main results were compared with available experimental data at EXFOR.

Keywords

differential scattering cross-sections Eikonal approximation Gamma distribution Optical potential yttrium-89.

19

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Determination of Toxic Metals in Fertilizers: emphasis on Lead

Pages: 2523-2531 English

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Abstract

The present work aims to evaluate the content of some toxic metals in chemical and organic fertilizers purchased from local markets in Baghdad, Iraq. The analysis was performed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system. The emission spectral lines of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co) have been recorded to determine the best peak representing each element according to the NIST database. The validity of the LIBS procedure was checked by cross-validating the obtained results using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with a maximum relative error of 5.3%. Moreover, for qualitative analysis, Pb I 296.64 nm emission line was determined to be superior for the evaluation of lead content in terms of three calibration methods: the external standard (ES), the internal standard (IS), and the multiple linear regression (MLR). The linear correlation coefficient values were : 0.94, 0.97 and 0.992, respectively. LIBS results based on the multiple linear regression (MLR) model have demonstrated better performance and were adopted in the assessment of the Pb content in solid fertilizer samples.

Keywords

Fertilizers lead LIBS Multiple Linear Regression Quantitative analysis

20

Plasma Properties of a Low-Pressure Hollow Cathode DC Discharge

Pages: 2532-2539 English

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Abstract

The current study involves an experimental investigation of plasma main parameters of a DC discharge with a hollow cathode (HCD) geometry in air using apertures of different diameters from the hollow cathode (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 cm). A tiny Langmuir probe is used to investigate the plasma properties. The HCD was operated at constant power of 12.4 W and gas pressures ranging between 0.1 to 0.8 torr. It was observed that the operational conditions strongly affect the electron temperature and density, while the hollow cathode diameter has not much influence. The main important observation was that at relatively high air pressure (>0.4 torr) two electron temperatures were obtained, while at relatively low pressure (<0.4 torr), a single electron temperature was found. The results showed that the measured electron temperature decreased nearly linearly with increasing gas pressure.

Keywords

Electron temperature Hollow cathode discharge Langmuir probe

21

Radioactivity Levels in Water Samples of Tigris River in Baghdad City, Iraq

Pages: 2540-2550 English

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Abstract

The natural radioactivity levels in water samples along the Tigris river (one of the major rivers of the world) within Baghdad city were investigated to determine and evaluate the radioactivity risks in the water of the river. The specific activity of the radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs) for thirty different water samples from Tigris river within Baghdad city were measured using gamma-ray spectrometer, employing a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The results showed that the average value of the specific activity for 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were (24.20, 16.70, 329.22, and 19.40) Bq/l, respectively. The calculated average annual effective doses for different age groups were found to be (3.80, 6.57, and 5.59) mSv/y for infants, children, and adults, respectively, which are much higher than the globally allowed annual limits of the dose (0.26, 0.2 and 0.1) mSv/y for infants, children and adults, respectively, and it has harmful effects on health.

Keywords

gamma-ray spectrometer Radionuclides River water Annual effective dose. specific activity

22

Hydrochemical Assessment of water resources at Baquba City, Diyala Governorate, Eastern Iraq

Pages: 2551-2565 English

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Abstract

For hydrochemical assessment of water resources at Baquba City, Diyala Governorate, four surface water samples were collected from the Diyala River and eight groundwater samples inside the city of Baquba. The samples were collected in the two periods, the dry period in October 2018 and the wet period in February 2019. The pH, EC, TH, turbidity, the major ions and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni) were investigated. The results showed that the surface and groundwater are turbid, very hard and slightly brackish to moderately saltine in the groundwater, while it is hard to very hard and fresh in surface water. Heavy element analyzes revealed contamination of surface water samples and groundwater with the elements Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, Cobalt and Iron. The water type The water surface and groundwater samples are Na-Ca-Mg-So4- Chloride. The results showed that the water of Baquba is not suitable for human drinking, suitable for irrigation and livestock drinking purposes. According to the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and magnesium hazard (MH), all surface and groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purposes.

Keywords

Baquba city Groundwater surface water water suitability.

23

A Reconnaissance Study of Rare Earth Elements Systematic in Phosphate Coprolites: Comparison between Continental Shelf and Intracontinental Basin Deposits

Pages: 2566-2581 English

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Abstract

The behavior of rare earth elements (REE) in phosphate coprolites; deposited in
marine upwelling shelf system (Iraq) and a condensed section of eht intracontinental
basin (Czech Republic) is compared and discussed in the present study. The eight
coprolite samples show that the REE incorporated in the apatite of these
phosphatized faecal trace fossils have significantly different behavior in the two
sedimentary regimes and hold the REE source’s signature in the local sedimentary
conditions. The behavior of heavy REE, light REE, Ce-anomaly and shalenormalized
ratios of Ce/La, Sm/Yb and Pr/Ce can be mainly attributed to REE
fractionation at the source. In contrast, middle REE enrichment may be attributed to
local fractionation below the sediment-water interface. Nd/La and REE/P2O5 ratios
indicate local sedimentation rate and residence time in contact with seawater.
Elevated La/Yb ratios indicate shallowing and submarine reworking events. Most of
the REE patterns in the studied coprolites were acquired in the early stages of
diagenetic phosphatization and crystallization of the apatite, and minor
modifications took place later. The REE behavior in phosphate coprolites proved
useful indicators of marine sedimentary environments in the present reconnaissance
study and encourage further work on phosphate coprolite samples from other world
deposits.

Keywords

REE; Upwelling currents; Condensed sections; Redox conditions; Residence time

24

3D Geological Modelling for Asmari Reservoir In Abu Ghirab Oil Field

Pages: 2582-2597 English

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Abstract

Building a geological model is an essential and primary step for studying the
reservoir’s hydrocarbon content and future performance. A three-dimensional
geological model of the Asmari reservoir in Abu- Ghirab oil field including
structure, stratigraphy, and reservoir petrophysical properties, has been constructed
in the present work.
As to underlying Formations, striking slip faults developed at the flank and
interlayer normal. Abu Ghirab oilfields are located on the eastern anticlinal band,
which has steadily plunged southward. 3D seismic interpretation results are utilized
to build the fault model for 43 faults of the Asmari Formation in Abu Ghirab
Oilfield. A geographic facies model with six different rock facies types are
developed. This new modelling system should be capable of more clearly reflecting
the connectivity of the oil body and the heterogeneity of the reservoir. To represent
the vertical and horizontal heterogeneity and create a framework for the Asmari
reservoir in the Abu Ghirab oil field, the Petrel software has been used to create a
reservoir in a 3D model. This model was constructed using data from 55 wells
located across the Asmari formation. The model demonstrates accurate estimations
(porosity, saturation, and net to gross). These reservoir models directly impact the
facies model’s computation of each layer of the net pay thickness of the reservoir.
The final goal of the present work is to determine the initial oil in place (IOIP),
which is found to be 269*106 sm3.

Keywords

Geological Model; Reservoir Properties; Original Hydrocarbon in Place (OHIP).

25

Biostratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous Mauddud Formation in Ratawi Oilfield, Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq

Pages: 2598-2607 English

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Abstract

The biostratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous Mauddud Formation was studied in the Ratawi Oilfield, Basra Governorate, southern Iraq, using integrated borehole data set (core and cutting samples and well logs) in two drilled wells to analyze the biostratigraphy of the formation. One hundred eighty-three slides for both selected wells were investigated. The formation is composed of light grey dolomitized limestone and pseudo-oolitic creamy limestone with green to bluish shale. Three biozones were discriminated, these are: Orbitolina qatarica range zone; Orbitolina sefini range zone and Orbitolina concava range zone. The age of these biozones extends to include the Late Albian (Orbitolina qatarica); Late Albian-Early Cenomanian (Orbitolina sefini) and Early Cenomanian for (Orbitolina concava) zone. The fossils occurred are Conicorbitolina conica, Coral, gastropoda, Miliolids, Nezzazata , Neoiraqia convexa, orbitolina discoidia, Orbitolina kurdica, Spiroluculina sp., trocholina sp .

Keywords

Early Cretaceous; Mauddud Formation; Foraminifera; Biostratigraphy; Ratawi Oil Field.

26

Petrophysical Evaluation of Mishrif Formation Using Well Logging in North Nasiriya Oil Field

Pages: 2608-2618 English

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Abstract

The Mishrif Formation (Cenomanian – Early Turonian) is an important geologic formation in southern Iraq due to its petrophysical properties and geographic extensions, making it a good reservoir of hydrocarbons. Petrophysical properties of the Mishrif Formation in the current study at the Nasiriya oil field were determined from the interpretation of three open-hole logs data of (NS-1, NS-2, and NS-3) wells.
The results of the Mishrif petrophysical evaluation showed that the formation consists of five variable units (CRI, MA, CRII, MB1 and MB2), each one characterized by distinct petrophysical characteristics.
The upper (MA) and lower (MB) units were determined using electrical, porosity and gamma-ray logs. A shale seal separates the two units (CRI and CRII). The main reservoir units in the formation are MB1 and MB2 characterized by high moveable hydrocarbon compared with the residual hydrocarbon. These units are separated by barrier rocks (BR) consisting of marly limestone.

Keywords

Gamma-ray log Mishrif formation Nasiriya oil Field. petrophysical properties

27

Biostratigraphy of Yamama Formation at Luhais and Rifaee oilfields, Southern Iraq

Pages: 2619-2629 English

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Abstract

Yamama Formation is the most important and widespread Lower Cretaceous Formation in Iraq. Yamama Formation in the Luhais well-12 and Rifaee well-1 are composed of dolomitized in some places and foraminifera and algae bearing limestone, 19 genera and species of foraminifera, 10 genera and species of algae. Two biozones were distinguished Pseudochrysalidina arabica Range zone and Pseudocyclammina lituus Range zone. The age of the formation was determined as Berriasian – Valanginian according to these biozones of Foraminifera. In this study, bryozoa, Gastropoda and Pelecypoda are recorded but less than Foraminifera.

Keywords

Berriassian Cretaceous Foraminifera. Valanginian Yamama

28

Topology on Rough Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Set

Pages: 2630-2640 English

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Abstract

The main focus of this article is to introduce the notion of rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic set and rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic topology by using rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic lower approximation, rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic upper approximation, and rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic boundary region. Then, we provide some basic properties, namely operations on rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic set and rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic topology. By defining rough pentapartitioned neutrosophic set and topology, we formulate some results in the form of theorems, propositions, etc. Further, we give some examples to justify the definitions introduced in this article.

Keywords

Neutrosophic Set; Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Set; Rough Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Set; RPNT-space; RPNO-set.

29

The Effect of Mutual Interaction and Harvesting on Food Chain Model

Pages: 2641-2649 English

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Abstract

This paper treats the interactions among four population species. The system includes one mutuality prey, one harvested prey and two predators. The four species interaction can be described as a food chain, where the first prey helps the second harvested prey. The first and the second predator attack the first and the second prey, respectively, according to Lotka-Volterra type functional responses. The model is formulated using differential equations. One equilibrium point of the model is found and analysed to reveal a threshold that will allow the coexistence of all species. All other equilibrium points of the system are located, with their local and global stability being assessed. To back up the conclusions of the mathematical analysis, a numerical simulation examination of the model is carried out. The system's coexistence can be achieved as long as the harvesting rate of the prey population is lower than its intrinsic growth rate

Keywords

Food chain model Harvesting Mutual interaction Prey-predator model Stability.

30

On Indeterminacy (Neutrosophic ) of Hollow Modules

Pages: 2650-2655 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we formulate and study a new property, namely indeterminacy (neutrosophic) of the hollow module. We mean indeterminacy hollow module is neutrosophic hollow module B (shortly Ne(B)) such that it is not possible to specify the conditions for satisfying it. Some concepts have been studied and introduced, for instance, the indeterminacy local module, indeterminacy divisible module, indeterminacy indecomposable module and indeterminacy hollow-lifting module. Also, we investigate that if Ne(B) is an indeterminacy divisible module with no indeterminacy zero divisors, then any indeterminacy submodule Ne(K) of Ne(B) is an indeterminacy hollow module. Further, we study the relationship between the indeterminacy of hollow and indecomposable modules. Finally, conclusions and discussions for our obtained results are given.

Keywords

Cyclic module hollow module Indecomposable module Indeterminacy hollow-lifting. Local module

31

New Path of Popularized Homogeneous Balance Method and Travelling Wave Solutions of a Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equation

Pages: 2656-2666 English

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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to obtain a set of traveling wave solutions for klein –Gorden equation with kerr law non-linearity. More precisely, we apply a new path of popularized homogeneous balance (HB) method in terms of using linear auxiliary equations to find the results of non-linear klein-Gorden equation, which is a fundamental approach to determine competent solutions. The solutions are achieved as the integration of exponential, hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions. Besides, some of the solutions are demonstrated by the3D graphics.

Keywords

Homogeneous balance method Klein–Gorden equation NLEEs. Traveling wave

32

Telecom Churn Prediction based on Deep Learning Approach

Pages: 2667-2675 English

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Abstract

The transition of customers from one telecom operator to another has a direct impact on the company's growth and revenue. Traditional classification algorithms fail to predict churn effectively. This research introduces a deep learning model for predicting customers planning to leave to another operator. The model works on a high-dimensional large-scale data set. The performance of the model was measured against other classification algorithms, such as Gaussian NB, Random Forrest, and Decision Tree in predicting churn. The evaluation was performed based on accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure, Area Under Curve (AUC), and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve. The proposed deep learning model performs better than other prediction models and achieves a high accuracy rate of 91%. Furthermore, it was noticed that the deep learning model outperforms a small size Neural Network for the customer churn prediction.

Keywords

Churn prediction Classification Algorithms deep learning

33

Survey For Arabic Part of Speech Tagging based on Machine Learning

Pages: 2676-2685 English

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Abstract

The Arabic Language is the native tongue of more than 400 million people around the world, it is also a language that carries an important religious and international weight. The Arabic language has taken its share of the huge technological explosion that has swept the world, and therefore it needs to be addressed with natural language processing applications and tasks.
This paper aims to survey and gather the most recent research related to Arabic Part of Speech (APoS), pointing to tagger methods used for the Arabic language, which ought to aim to constructing corpus for Arabic tongue. Many AI investigators and researchers have worked and performed POS utilizing various machine-learning methods, such as Hidden-Markov-Model (HMM), Brill, Maximum-Match (MM), decision tree, bee colony, Neural-Network (NN), and other hybrid methods.
This survey groups a number of published papers based on the Arabic Language Applications (ALP) towards tagging related problems utilized and approaches with the difference between types of tags used. It addresses and tries to identify the gaps in the current studies putting a foundation for future studies in this field.

Keywords

Arabic Language machine learning NLP. POS tagging

34

Enhancement Digital Forensic Approach for Inter-Frame Video Forgery Detection Using a Deep Learning Technique

Pages: 2686-2701 English

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Abstract

The digital world has been witnessing a fast progress in technology, which led to an enormous increase in using digital devices, such as cell phones, laptops, and digital cameras. Thus, photographs and videos function as the primary sources of legal proof in courtrooms concerning any incident or crime. It has become important to prove the trustworthiness of digital multimedia. Inter-frame video forgery one of common types of video manipulation performed in temporal domain. It deals with inter-frame video forgery detection that involves frame deletion, insertion, duplication, and shuffling. Deep Learning (DL) techniques have been proven effective in analysis and processing of visual media. Dealing with video data needs to handle the third dimension (the time dimension), which means extracting temporal features as well as spatial features. The proposed model is built based on the Three Dimension Convolution Neural Network (3D-CNN). Through pre-processing operation that introduced difference frames that pick up the difference in successive adjacent frames, which provide a large quantity of temporal information and lead to enhance the effectiveness of the proposed model. The model achieves high accuracy of 99%.

Keywords

classification. deep learning digital video Inter-frame video forgery Video forensics

35

Short Answers Assessment Approach based on Semantic Network

Pages: 2702-2711 English

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Abstract

Finding similarities in texts is important in many areas such as information retrieval, automated article scoring, and short answer categorization. Evaluating short answers is not an easy task due to differences in natural language. Methods for calculating the similarity between texts depend on semantic or grammatical aspects. This paper discusses a method for evaluating short answers using semantic networks to represent the typical (correct) answer and students' answers. The semantic network of nodes and relationships represents the text (answers). Moreover, grammatical aspects are found by measuring the similarity of parts of speech between the answers. In addition, finding hierarchical relationships between nodes in networks. The similarity is then calculated, and students' answers are evaluated. The best results are for weights (α = 0.1, = 0.6, γ = 0.3) = 1.82 from 5, giving more weight in nodes similarity by 6, least similarity by relationships by 3, and least similarity by parts of speech by 1.

Keywords

assessment evaluation hierarchical relationships. Semantic networks short answers

36

A Comparative Study for Supervised Learning Algorithms to Analyze Sentiment Tweets

Pages: 2712-2724 English

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Abstract

Twitter popularity has increasingly grown in the last few years, influencing life‟s social, political, and business aspects. People would leave their tweets on social media about an event, and simultaneously inquire to see other people's experiences and whether they had a positive/negative opinion about that event. Sentiment Analysis can be used to obtain this categorization. Product reviews, events, and other topics from all users that comprise unstructured text comments are gathered and categorized as good, harmful, or neutral using sentiment analysis. Such issues are called polarity classifications. This study aims to use Twitter data about OK cuisine reviews obtained from the Amazon website and compare the effectiveness of three commonly used supervised learning classifiers, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine. This is achieved by using two method of feature selection involving count Vectorizer and Term-Frequency-Inverse Data Frequency. The findings showed that the support vector machine classifier had achieved the highest accuracy of 91%, by feature selection: Count Vectorizer. But it is time consuming. For both accuracy and execution time concentrates, logistic regression is recommended.

Keywords

Confusion Matrix. Data mining NLP Opinion Mining Sentiment analysis Social Networks

37

Brain MR Images Classification for Alzheimer’s Disease

Pages: 2725-2740 English

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most prevailing type of dementia. The prevalence of AD is estimated to be around 5% after 65 years old and is staggering 30% for more than 85 years old in developed countries. AD destroys brain cells causing people to lose their memory, mental functions and ability to continue daily activities. The findings of this study are likely to aid specialists in their decision-making process by using patients’ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to distinguish patients with AD from Normal Control (NC). Performance evolution was applied to 346 Magnetic Resonance images from the Alzheimer's Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) collection. The Deep Belief Network (DBN) classifier was used to fulfill classification function. Weights were used to test the proposed method's recognition capacity, and the network was trained with a sample training set. As a result, this study offeres a new method for identifying Alzheimer's disease utilizing automated categorization. In tests, it performed admirably With 98.46% accuracy achieved for AD and NC studied classes when combining Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features with a DBN.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s disease Deep belief network gray level co-occurrence matrix Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

38

Demonstration of Net Solar Radiation Geographical Behavior Revers Correlation with Relative Humidity in Iraq

Pages: 2741-2754 English

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Abstract

It is common that extraterrestrial solar radiation Ra value lessen due to the interaction with atmosphere components to result a net solar radiation Rn value about one third of Ra for most measurements on earth. Net solar radiation had major impact on air temperature (To) value statement. So, its estimation is crucial for analyzing the interaction of (atmosphere-vegetation-soil).
Many methodologies available for this aim directly (with radiometer) or indirectly (with air temperature-based formula or soil plus air temperatures-based formula). The peak influences of global warming phenomenon were in eighties decade of the last century, yielding Iraq Rn rates to get climax after that Rn rates behaved in geographical based style, so those rates raised in middle and south regions of Iraq, and descending in its northern parts. The reason (as demonstrated in this research) was the spatial correlation in a reverse manner with RH rates all over Iraq.

Keywords

and extraterrestrial solar radiation GIS global warming relative humidity

39

Determining the Best Rainwater Harvesting System in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq

Pages: 2755-2763 English

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Abstract

Rainwater harvesting is one of the available solutions to overcome water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions with highly variable rainfall and unexpected periods of drought or floods. This study aims to identify the best rainwater harvesting system in Al-Muthanna governorate using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Landsat 8 images were used to produce the land use map which shows five different classes: water (0.2%), bare soil (82.11%), built-up (15.71%), forest (0.27%), and farmland and grass (1.71%). The results revealed that the rainwater harvesting system can be applied only in the north and north-eastern parts of the study area which consists of residential and agricultural areas and has a maximum monthly mean rainfall range of (85.32-157.21) mm. Rooftops, semi-circular bunds, and ponds are the most suitable systems for rainwater harvesting in Al-Muthanna. The rooftops system can provide 7000-13,500 litres of water for domestic purposes. Furthermore, if the water quality was low, it could be also used in agriculture practices or to irrigate home gardens.

Keywords

al-Muthanna GIS land use Rainwater harvesting Rooftops