Modern Sport

The significance of this research lies in the use of pressure training exercises with varying distances to enhance certain types of speed and offensive skills in handball. Regarding the research problem: Based on the researcher’s modest experience, his follow-up of the club’s handball team, and his attendance at the team’s matches, he observed that the players’ speed does not meet the required level. This allows opposing players to quickly return and thwart attacks, which leads to a decline in progress and success, and subsequently, a lower goal-scoring rate. This observation prompted the researcher to investigate this issue in depth in order to address it. The solution involved employing pressure training through the manipulation of exercise intensity, controlling and varying distances, and changing directions during exercises to mimic real gameplay. The aim was to elevate the level of speed and offensive skills in handball as a significant step toward advancing the game by providing practical and effective solutions. If any part of the translation appears unclear or inaccurate compared to the original text, feel free to share which part needs refinement for further improvement. The objectives of the research were to prepare compression training exercises by changing the distance to develop certain types of speed and offensive skills in handball, as well as to assess the effect of these exercises and identify the differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control groups. The final goal was to identify the differences between the post-tests of the experimental group. The experimental method with both experimental and control groups was used due to its suitability for the nature of the problem and to find appropriate solutions. The research sample consisted of youth players from Diyala Sports Club in handball. The main conclusions were that the exercises used in compression training had a positive effect on developing certain types of speed and offensive skills in handball. Additionally, the compression training method, which involved changing the distance, helped to increase motivation among the players. The most important recommendations were to adopt compression training exercises by changing the distance within training units for coaches, as these exercises successfully achieved their training goals by developing certain types of speed and offensive skills among young handball players. Additionally, the study recommended applying these exercises to other variables and samples and further developing them. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The study aims to identify the effect of adaptive learning stations on cognitive achievement in the course of “Methods and Techniques of Teaching Physical Education.” The researchers employed the experimental approach due to its suitability for the nature of the study and the sample. A quasi-experimental design was used with two groups: one control and one experimental, using post-measurements for the research variables. The study sample was randomly selected from second-year female students in the Faculty of Physical Education at Sadat City University during the 2023/2024 academic year. The sample included 180 students, representing 32.37% of the total population. The students were divided into two equal groups: 90 in the control group and 90 in the experimental group. Additionally, 60 students (10.79% of the population) were selected from outside the primary sample for a pilot study, bringing the total sample size to 240 students, representing 43.16% of the total population. The following tools were used to collect data: Data analysis, Intelligence test, Cognitive achievement test Opinion and impression form regarding the use of adaptive learning stations. The study revealed statistically significant differences between the post-measurements of the control and experimental groups in the level of cognitive achievement in the course of “Methods and Techniques of Teaching Physical Education.” The experimental group, which used adaptive learning stations, showed higher improvement rates in the oral test (51.74%) and cognitive achievement level (57.81%). Additionally, the relative importance of the emotional impressions and opinions of the experimental group regarding the use of adaptive learning stations ranged from 91.11% to 100%. This indicates that adaptive learning stations effectively enhance the affective domain and positively influence students’ opinions and impressions about the course. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

Sports management is a fundamental pillar that supports sports institutions and plays a pivotal role in achieving advanced levels of success in talent development. The Talent Development Project is one of the key strategic initiatives of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. This study compares department heads with effective managerial competence to those with ineffective competence to highlight differences in performance quality. Through this comparison, the urgent need to assess the administrative performance skills of the heads of sports talent departments becomes evident, particularly their ability to lead and manage the Sports Talent Development Project. The objective is to identify strengths and weaknesses, establish a clear framework for performance enhancement, and contribute to strengthening sustainable management effectiveness to achieve the desired outcomes. The research problem lies in the challenges faced by the heads of sports talent departments in the Ministry of Youth and Sports in effectively applying administrative performance skills. These challenges lead to inconsistencies in performance levels, which in turn negatively impact decision-making and hinder the achievement of project objectives, ultimately delaying the institution’s progress. The objective of this research was to examine the differences in the results of the Administrative Performance Skills Scale among the heads of sports talent departments, as assessed by the employees working under their supervision. The researchers employed a descriptive approach utilizing comparative analysis. The research population comprised 453 employees with a minimum of five years of service, while the study sample included 329 participants. The study was conducted across 15 centres in various Iraqi provinces, excluding the Kurdistan region. The findings revealed significant variations among all centres. One of the key conclusions drawn from the study is that there are discernible differences in administrative performance skills among the heads of sports talent departments across the 15 centres, as perceived by their employees. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

Due to the numerous motor and performance skills required of female students in futsal refereeing during college lessons, along with the constant need to reposition themselves and move within the playing field, continuous monitoring and repetition are essential to minimize potential errors during performance. These errors may arise from failing to assume the correct position or delays in signalling officiating gestures. Addressing this issue necessitated the implementation of an electronic program and supplementary tools—such as electronic games, scientific posters illustrating officiating signals, and other instructional aids—since these serve as guiding tools that direct individuals toward correct performance by distinguishing between accurate and erroneous execution. Accordingly, instructional displays play a fundamental role in the learning process, particularly through explanatory video clips for third-year students in futsal lessons, aiming to reduce refereeing errors in accordance with the rules and regulations governing the sport. The research objectives were: [1, pp. 56–65] to develop an electronic program that clarifies infractions and officiating signals for female students in futsal, and [2, p. 0022] to design supplementary instructional tools, including scientific posters and electronic games, to illustrate infractions and officiating signals for female students in futsal.

The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method, targeting third-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women, University of Baghdad, with a total population of 52 students. The research sample was then determined through random sampling using the lottery method, selecting students from two sections (A and B). Section A consisted of 13 students, while Section B included 12 students. From each section, 10 students were randomly chosen through the lottery method to represent the experimental and control groups, with Section A assigned as the experimental group and Section B as the control group. Through data presentation and result analysis, the researchers concluded that refereeing performance improved, and errors decreased among the students while officiating during the lessons. The findings demonstrated that the electronic program contributed to enhancing students’ refereeing performance, yielding significantly better results compared to those who learned refereeing without the use of the designed program. Based on these results, the study recommends the integration of the electronic program into futsal lessons, as it facilitates achieving lesson objectives in a shorter time, with less effort, and in a more engaging manner. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The importance of this research lies in developing a hydrotherapy program to treat cervical pain, strengthen neck muscles, and improve the range of motion in the cervical region for female tennis players. Water-based training contributes to the improvement of key physical variables such as balance, flexibility, and muscular strength. The problem of the research is that athletes generally engage in high-intensity training and competitive matches. Whether they suffer from injuries or not, they require rehabilitation programs for recovery and returning to peak physical condition. The research aims to develop a hydrotherapy program incorporating ultrasound therapy and massage to enhance the muscular strength of the cervical region and improve its range of motion. The experimental method was applied to a sample of female tennis players from Al-Shabab Basra Club. Key Findings: The proposed hydrotherapy program, as part of an integrated rehabilitation approach, had a positive impact on pain reduction, increased cervical muscle strength, and improved range of motion. The researchers emphasize the importance of adopting hydrotherapy programs for the rehabilitation of the upper body in athletes. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The investigation in this study revealed that external attention is the most significant factor in explaining the phenomenon of embodiment, which connects the mind, body, and environment. To test this hypothesis, the research sample included 21 students who participated in two tests. The first test involved drawing a straight line on a board with eyes closed. The second test required participants to kick a ball with their eyes closed during execution. In the context of external attention, participants were instructed to focus on the target, while internal attention required them to concentrate on technique and the path of body movement. The results favored external attention, indicating a clear preference for this approach. Consequently, the research question was answered, confirming that external attention is a phenomenon of embodiment in performance, with an emphasis on not retaining the skill. This finding can be applied in various fields, such as robotics and sports.

The importance of this research lies in utilizing assistive tools to develop an integrated approach that enhances learning efficiency and adaptation, in alignment with the lesson, to achieve its objectives in teaching the technical execution of the triple jump event for female students. The researchers believe that the educational assistive tools used in developing the technical execution of the triple jump event are insufficient to achieve comprehensive improvement in performance levels. Therefore, the researchers aimed to explore the possibility of improving performance levels by using certain educational tools, including elastic bands, jumping on boxes of varying heights, foam indicators, and jumping exercises. The application of elastic bands and various exercises for hopping and jumping on boxes was intended to facilitate the learning process of the technical execution of the triple jump event for female students and to optimize performance levels. The experimental method, using a two-group equivalent design, was adopted in the research procedures. The research sample consisted of second-year students from Section (B), with a total of 24 students. Participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 12 students in each. Training sessions were conducted once a week for six weeks. The main conclusion was that instructional exercises using assistive tools significantly improved the learning process of the technical execution of the triple jump event for female students. The researchers recommended the widespread implementation of these methods, as they align with one of the goals of sustainable development in quality education. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The importance of this research lies in designing an educational program based on the cognitive load strategy using artificial intelligence (AI) to teach the skill of spiking in volleyball to female students. The aim is to make the learning process more beneficial and objective, enhancing skill performance in volleyball. The emergence of modern theories, strategies, and the AI revolution has brought about a fundamental transformation across various fields, becoming a turning point in teaching both practical and theoretical subjects. This is particularly relevant to deep learning in fundamental volleyball skills.Through discussions with subject professors about teaching methods, the researchers observed a weakness in learning the spiking skill in volleyball. Therefore, they proposed developing an educational program based on the cognitive load strategy with AI to help female students accurately learn this skill. The research aims to examine the impact of an educational program using the cognitive load strategy with AI on spiking performance. By exposing students to new experiences, they can better grasp new skills while reducing mental fatigue during learning and execution. This approach involves analyzing tasks, simplifying them, and breaking down complex aspects into smaller steps using AI programs, enabling students to manage them more easily. Consequently, this facilitates a precise understanding of performance details according to the cognitive load strategy, ensuring an optimal learning process.The researchers adopted an experimental method using pre- and post-tests for both the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of third-year students from Al-Yarmouk Secondary School for Girls in the 2024 academic year, with a total of 60 students. A comprehensive sampling technique was used, selecting 20 students for the study and six students for the pilot sample. The students were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 10 students in each. The educational program, designed based on the cognitive load strategy with AI, was implemented over four weeks, with two instructional sessions per week. The researchers used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data.The study concluded that the educational program based on the cognitive load strategy with AI had a positive impact on learning the spiking skill in volleyball among female students. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

One of the contemporary trends in education and training is the use of educational, competitive and digital games, because one of the most important goals of games is (motivation and challenge). Thus, it ensures the expected reaction from the recipient’s interaction with the game, so we seek his interaction with the content he receives. It is no secret that games distance him from boring content and introduce him to the world of motivation by integrating them with magical elements that make an attractive and desirable game. Naturally, in the case of stimuli and motives that activate the recipient within the context of the educational process procedures, the return is high and especially enjoyable. The aim of the research is to prepare competitive challenge games of an individual and group nature to improve the performance of some complex offensive skills in football for ages (10–12) years, and to identify the effect of competitive individual and group challenge games on improving some complex offensive skills in football for ages (10–12) years. The research sample community was chosen in the (intentional) way, a number of young players, totaling (26 players) from the Ethnic Academy (Olympic Champion Project) aged (10–12) years/in Baghdad Governorate, and the research sample was chosen randomly through a draw, and consisted of (10) players. Through presenting and analyzing the results, the researcher reached: Individual and group competitive challenge games have a positive and clear effect on improving some complex offensive skills in football. The selected age group (10–12) years is positively affected by individual and group competitive challenge games, as they are a great suspense factor that inspires the spirit of challenge and competition. She recommended: Using individual and group competitive challenge games prepared for football players in order to achieve the goals of the training unit in a shorter period of time, less effort and greater suspense. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

Jumping ability is a fundamental variable in many sports, as its execution requires an integration of muscular strength Q1 and certain biomechanical variables. This is particularly evident in gymnastics jumping events and jump shots in ball games, both of which rely on a high level of vertical resistance. Vertical resistance serves as an indicator of an athlete’s ability to overcome their body weight while counteracting gravitational force to achieve optimal performance. As such, it is considered one of the key factors in movements that demand explosive power and speed. The researchers believe that despite the significant relationship between vertical resistance, speed-strength of the arms and legs, and certain biomechanical variables in determining athletic performance across various sports activities, the limited number of studies addressing this relationship makes it difficult to provide precise scientific data on its importance. This is particularly relevant to female students in the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, who often struggle with performing activities that require jumping or shooting while airborne with proper technical execution. This underscores the need for a more comprehensive and in-depth study of the factors in uencing such performance. This research aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap by analyzing these relationships among a sample of female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women. The study seeks to highlight the key factors affecting student performance. Accordingly, the research problem is framed in the following question: What is the relationship between vertical resistance, physical abilities, biomechanical variables, and the execution of sports activities (high jump, jump shooting, and vaulting) among third-year female students? The study aimed to examine the relationship between vertical resistance, speed-strength of the arms and legs, and certain biomechanical variables during the take-off phase, as well as their impact on the execution of vaulting, jump shooting accuracy in handball, and jump shooting accuracy in basketball. The researchers hypothesized that there is no statistically significant relationship between vertical resistance and speed-strength, nor between vertical resistance and certain biomechanical variables during the take-off phase. Additionally, they posited that no statistically significant relationship exists between vertical resistance and the performance or accuracy of the examined activities. Adescriptive research methodology was employed, with the study sample consisting of eight third-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women, selected through purposive sampling

This study investigated athletic Affiliation among male and female racket sports players (tennis, table tennis, and badminton). Athletic Affiliation Scale designed by (El-Shahat, 2021). The problem of the study comes from the extent to which players are affiliated with these sports. The researchers identified the scientific foundations of the scale. After verifying its validity, a random sample was selected from the Baghdad Governorate, including (49) players for the main experiment and (10) players for the pilot sample, distributed among the three sports from the original community 140 players (male and female) registered in the official federations of the games. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach using the survey method. Statistical results showed that players had Affiliation with the sport, and badminton players’ degree of Affiliation was higher than tennis and table tennis players.

This study aimed to design distributed resistance training exercises utilizing sandbag resistance for the upper limbs in advanced level kayaking athletes and to investigate the impact of this training approach on speed strength endurance and 1000 meter kayaking performance. The researchers employed a single group experimental design with a sample of 10 advanced male kayakers (mean age: (22) years; body mass: 81 kg). An (8) week training program (3sessions/week) was implemented, incorporating pyramid shaped intensity progression using sandbag weights ranging from 500g to 2kg. Performance metrics were evaluated through pre and post intervention tests, including a 45 seconds kayak sprint, a pull down test, a repeat sprint test with rest intervals, and a 1000 meter race. The results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the distance covered during the 45 second sprint (260m to 285m) and the number of repetitions completed (44 to 47). The pull down test showed an increase of +4 repetitions, while the 1000 meter race time decreased from 3:40 to 3:36 minutes. Improvements were also observed in the first and third intervals of the repeat sprint test, though no enhancement was noted in the second interval, likely attributable to accumulated fatigue. The study concluded that sandbag resistance training promotes neuromuscular adaptation and enhances the efficient transfer of force through the kinetic chain, thereby improving athletes’ capacity to sustain speed under fatiguing conditions. These findings support the integration of sandbag resistance as a comprehensive training modality to simulate race specific demands in advanced kayakers.

Measurement and testing have emerged as an evaluation tool in the sports field, as it is one of the sciences in which sports training is based. It plays an important and fundamental role in identifying the level of development of the player and thus determines the extent to which the coach achieves his goals within his training circle. Therefore, there is a need has emerged today for more realistic and accurate tests to measure the level of training status in accordance with game requirements. This study aimed to identify the levels of some physical and skill variables and establish standard levels for some physical and skill variables for juniors under 17 years of age. To achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of (250) players representing the community of origin for junior players registered with the Iraqi Central Football Association in Baghdad within league clubs. The participants were intentionally selected. Six tests were selected: three physical and three skill tests. A descriptive approach was used to meet the research objectives. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to process data. This study established standard levels using standard scores for physical and skill variables among the research sample members. The researcher recommended adopting these standards to evaluate the physical abilities and basic skills of under-17 football juniors. In light of the study results, the researcher reached the most important conclusion: the low level of physical and skill variables among junior players in the Premier League in Baghdad clubs. Standard levels were then established using standard scores for physical and skill variables among players in Premier League football clubs.

The importance of this research lies in enhancing the level of learning and retention through a well-structured educational program based on Ausubel’s Theory, which has educational objectives that contribute to effective learning and improving the required learning outcomes, including the fundamental basketball skills for students. Research Problem: Teaching and instructing individual basic offensive skills in basketball requires first understanding these skills and then reinforcing them in memory to ensure proper learning and retention. These are essential requirements in the learning process. Therefore, it is necessary to have a theory or strategy that strengthens this concept and facilitates the correct teaching of fundamental basketball skills. Research Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify the impact of Ausubel’s Theory on teaching students some basic individual offensive skills in basketball. The researcher used the experimental method with an equivalent group design. The research sample consisted of first-stage students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basrah. Conclusions: The study concluded that Ausubel’s Theory achieved the educational objectives and enabled more effective lesson delivery through the teaching of some basic individual offensive basketball skills to students. Recommendations: The study recommends adopting Ausubel’s Theory, as it proved effective in achieving educational goals and enabling more effective lesson delivery in teaching fundamental individual offensive skills in basketball to students.

The significance of this research lies in the ongoing focus on athletic achievements and the continuous effort to enhance them, as well as in the importance of motion analysis in identifying the main points of weakness among under-20 sprinters in the 200-meter race. The cognitive problem of the study centers around the question of whether it is possible to identify the key numerical values related to the straight segment of the 200-meter sprint, and whether it is feasible to calculate one physical ability (performance endurance at maximum speed) and another mechanical ability (stride length and stride frequency). It also addresses the lack of application of motion analysis in accurately identifying weaknesses, in addition to the insufficient attention given by coaches to these numerical values when designing their training programs to achieve their goals as quickly and efficiently as possible. The research aimed to design specific training drills for the straight sprint segment and to examine their effect on performance endurance at maximum speed, stride length, and stride frequency in the 200-meter event for sprinters under the age of 20. The researchers employed the experimental method with two equivalent groups, as it was suitable for the nature of the study's problem. The research population was selected from 200-meter sprinters under the age of 20, totalling 12 athletes representing their clubs in the finals of the Third Round of the 2024 National Clubs Championship. The performance test was conducted at the Al-Najaf International Athletics Stadium. A total of five motion analysis cameras (CASIO FH13.5), operating at a speed of 120 frames per second, were used, and the data were analyzed using the Kenova software. Following the analysis and discussion of the results, the researchers concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of both groups, as well as statistically significant differences between the post-tests of the two groups, in favour of the experimental group. In light of these findings, the researchers recommend adopting the proposed straight-line sprint training drills for the 200-meter race and conducting more extensive studies on this athletic event.