Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an information exchange technology that leverages radio wave communication. The RFID system facilitates automatic identification and tracking of individuals and products by comprising two components- reader and tag. It also presents a viable solution for indoor localisation. In this study, we propose a novel, low-cost, range-free localization scheme tailored for three-dimensional (3D) positioning within high-complexity indoor RFID environments. The scheme employs a network of RFID tags with known locations as reference points to estimate the 3D coordinates of a target object enclosed within a hexahedral space and tagged with an RFID. Additionally, we assess the localization error to ensure robust performance. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm achieves notable accuracy, showcasing its effectiveness in addressing the challenges of 3D localization. This study contributes a scalable and cost-efficient approach to RFID-based localization, paving the way for advancements in smart indoor environments.

Several municipalities adopt sustainable public transit mobility as a strategic approach to increasing passenger flow, reducing overload, and mitigating the negative environmental effects of congestion. These municipalities are facing growing traffic volume and negative environmental impacts. Tram systems, which have the advantages of reliable operation, comfort, low emissions, and moderate capacity, have been quite popular in recent years. Public network site selection primarily aims to find the best public network that meets the predetermined criteria, thereby allowing this network to serve the largest volume of passengers, realize the attraction–generation trip zone, and achieve sustainability objectives. This research presents a critical review of the related literature to select the evaluation criteria of the best site selection process for tramways and other public transportation. This study’s primary goal is to identify the most crucial factors that should be considered when determining the ideal location for public transportation routes and stations, particularly tram routes and stations, to ensure that the network of public transportation meets the needs of people and reduces urban congestion while adhering to sustainability principles. The previous studies show that the most crucial factors in selecting the best locations for public transportation networks are engineering, economics, environment, social issues, accessibility, and traffic demand.