Rafidain journal of science

This investigation was done to determine how untreated sewage spilling Khabat region main sewers affected the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil. In order to measure the concentration of calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), and chloride (CI-), as well as the soil's electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), and total hardness (TH), samples of soil were taken at a depth of between 10-15 cm. In comparison to control samples, which were taken 200 meters away from the main stream and were not affected by untreated sewage, soil samples near to the main stream had significantly higher concentrations of the element’s calcium, magnesium, and chloride.
The concentration of these elements in the soil increased along with the percentage of dissolved salts, which in turn caused the total hardness and conductivity of the soil to increase. This indicates that the soil near the main stream is contaminated, which primarily affects the plant and animal life in the area. The study recommended finding solution for the sewage water plant in the Khabat region, that untreated water not be dumped directly into the ground to prevent contamination and groundwater access, and that efforts be made to use this water after it has been treated for various purposes.

The proximity of military encampments and barracks to groundwater reservoirs and agricultural regions in Gharyan has raised environmental and health apprehensions among local inhabitants. Given the potential hazards, an analytical study was initiated to gauge the extent of soil contamination in areas influenced by military activities. This research aimed to determine the concentrations of select heavy metals (zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) in soil samples sourced from specific sites associated with military engagements. Additionally, the study evaluated the soil's pH levels. Soil specimens were amassed from three primary locations: the former Sahban camp, the Abu Ghaylan zone, and an area affiliated with the Eighth Battalion. A fourth specimen, taken from a non-affected region, was a control. Sampling was conducted at three depth intervals: 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm. The quantification of heavy metals was accomplished using atomic absorption spectroscopy (220GQER006). When juxtaposed with the control specimen and standards set by the World Health Organization, samples from the military-influenced sites exhibited elevated concentrations of lead, copper, and cadmium. Distinctly, the Eighth Battalion-associated site (sample 3) demonstrated the highest lead content at 2093 mg/Kg. Meanwhile, the Sahban campsite (sample 1) recorded a peak copper concentration of 460 mg/Kg, and cadmium was most pronounced in sample 3 at 45.8 mg/kg. In contrast, zinc concentrations were found to be within permissible thresholds. The pH analysis showed the soil to be mildly alkaline, with values ranging from 6.9 to 8.77.

The COVID-19 pandemic, precipitated by SARS-CoV-2, has become a defining global health crisis of the 21st century, demonstrating the capacity of infectious diseases to cause widespread morbidity, mortality, and societal upheaval. This investigation seeks to dissect and contrast the symptomatic expression of acute and post-acute COVID-19 phases and explore traditional medicine's impact on disease progression and the emergence of complications. A quantitative cross-sectional approach involving 450 adult participants with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was employed. Selection adhered to specified inclusion criteria with data from internet-based questionnaires between July 5 and August 7, 2021. The study rigorously scrutinized clinical symptoms during the infection and recovery phases and assessed the contribution of traditional medicinal practices to complication management. The research design, population, data collection methods, analysis, and ethical compliance are meticulously outlined to elucidate the research process. Traditional medicinal remedies were notably prevalent among participants, with a marked utilization reported during the infection phase. The analysis indicated that those engaging in traditional medicine experienced milder symptoms acutely and a decreased frequency of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms, suggesting a beneficial modulation of immune function.

An α, β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds as presented (chalcone derivatives) (1a-d) were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction by coupling Pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde with acetophenone, 4-methylacetophenone and 4-aminoacetophenone in alcoholic medium in the presence 5-10% an aqueous sodium hydroxide and with stirring at room temperature gives (1a-c) compounds. While compound (1d) was prepared by coupling 2-acetyl pyridine with benzaldehyde in an aqueous medium in the presence 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide and stirring at room temperature. The other step in this research to get the target compounds is the chalcones (1a-d) have been utilized for the preparation of several pyrazoline derivatives (2a-d and 3a-d) using two different reagents either, refluxing hydrazine hydrate (99%) and glacial acetic acid to give (2a-d), or thiosemicarbazide in presence sodium acetate as base and ethanol as solvent to give (3a-d).
The chemical structures of all synthesized (1a-d, 2a-d and 3a-d) were established on the basis of some physical properties and some spectroscopy methods like, Fourier Transform-Infrared spectrum (FT-IR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR) and Carbon 13- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C-NMR) spectra. Also, some of these reactions are followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique and calculate the retardation factor (Rf) values

Hydrazones possess unit an azomethine (–NHN=CH) group and are considered derivatives of aldehydes and ketones compounds in which the oxygen atom has been replaced by the NNH2 In this paper, we study synthesis of the novel of some new 1, 2,5-oxadiazine derivatives were prepared starting with carbazole (1) as a synthon, which on reaction with chloroacetyl chloride in absolute ethanol yielded ethyl 1-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)2-chloroethanone (2). This compound (2) on reaction with hydrazine hydrate giving 1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-hydrazinylethanone (3) followed treatment the later compound with either substituted benzaldehyde or substituted acetophenone will give substituted hydrazones (4a-e) and (5a-d) respectively. These hydrazone compounds on were allowed to react with an acetic acid anhydride to give the corresponding 1, 2, 5-oxadiazine compounds (6a-e) and (7a-d). The purity of substituted hydrazones and the corresponding 1,2,5-oxadiazine compounds were tested by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). All newly synthesized compounds in this study were confirmed by physical and spectral (FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) analysis.

In this study, A series of polyamides containing heterocyclic rings (A7-14) were synthesized from the reaction of two types of diamine monomers (benzo [1,2-d:4,5-d'] bis(thiazole)-2,6-diamine and [ 6,6'-bibenzo[d]thiazole]-2,2'-diamine) with four types of dicarboxylic acid chlorides. including the diamine monomers A5 and A6, which were prepared from the reaction of p-phenylenediamine or benzidine with Ammonium thiocyanate using bromine in glacial acetic acid, while the chlorides of dicarboxylic acids were prepared from the reaction of dicarboxylic acids with thionyl chloride. The resulted compounds were characterized by ATR-FTIR and HNMR spectrophotometry, and the thermal stability of the prepared polyamides was studied by TGA technique.

A multivariate calibration QSAR model to predict the water solubility (log W-1) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been suggested. In the study, optimization of a tri-parametric model consisting topological parameters VDA (Vertex distance degree), MATS4m (Moran autocorrelation of lag4 weighted by mass) and ATS4m (Broto-Moreau autocorrelation of a topological structure – log 4/ weight by atomic masses) suggests that the PCB compounds having higher value of VDA, and MATS4m have higher molar solubility. While, the PCBs having lower value of ATS4m have higher molar solubility. Model expresses above than 95 ± 0.5 % predictive power for log W-1 value of the compounds. Moreover, the model is an appropriate model for modelling the water solubility of the PCBs. The degree of importance of each descriptor was evaluated by sensitivity analysis approach for the nonlinear model. A good result (Q2 = 0.95 PRESS = 8.54 and PRESS/SSY=0.051) is obtained by applying cross-validation test that indicating the validation of descriptors in the obtained model in prediction of water solubility for these compounds.

The solar wind affects the Earth's atmosphere, whether directly or indirectly, through its parameters that can cause climatic disturbances. The importance of this topic and the lack of studies on Iraq are the reasons behind conducting this study to investigate the relationship between the parameters of the solar wind (the radio frequency of solar activity (F10.7cm), the disturbance of the magnetic storm (Disturbance Storm Time DST), Electric Field- Ey, SW Plasma Speed and Geomagnetic Indicator (Ap)) and its effect on rainfall amounts in Iraq for the period (1/10/1988-31/5/(2019. The data of the solar wind parameters were adopted from the official website of NASA (NOAA); rain data were adopted from the Iraqi General Meteorological Authority and seismic monitoring for four different stations (Mosul and Kirkuk as the northern region/ Baghdad as the central region and Basra as the southern region). The data was statistically analyzed by the statistical program (Minitab 19.0). The results show that the effect of each of F10.7 and (Ap) on the amounts of rainfall was negative for all phases, but there is no significant effect for each of (DST), (Ey) and (SW). As for the effect of the parameters as a whole on the amounts of Rainfall for the total duration, it was found out that there was a direct effect, except for (F10.7), where no effect was seen

In Nasarawa State, groundwater is the most often used source of fresh water for daily consumption, but its quality still remains a serious concern due to rising concentrations of radon resulting from activities of mining. This study determined the radon concentration in the sources of water from Awe Local Governments of Nasarawa state in Nigeria using the liquid scintillation detector. Fifteen samples of groundwater were collected, ten samples from the borehole, and five samples from the well. The mean content of radon from water samples of Awe was 18.24 Bq/l. the average ingested and inhaled dose effectiveness annually was 0.093±0.020 mSv/y and 4.6 x10-5mSv/y, respectively. In Awe, the average ingested extra lifetime cancer risk was 3.0 x 10-4 and for inhalation was 1.608 x10-7. The Research area's average radon concentration, 18.24 Bq/l, was generally higher than the standard of 11.1 Bq/l set by the SON and USEPA in 2021. Based on the findings of the present work, the concentration of radon is unacceptable, hence, inhabitants should be restricted from using the water until measures are put into place. However further analysis could be carried out in the area to prevent people from cancer risk. To cover the entire zone, additional research should be conducted covering additional sources in the study area. As concentrations of radon in water sources Var with time as a result of dilution by rainfall, more examination may be conducted in dry and rainy periods.

Terpenoids, are derived from the alteration of basic metabolites through various major processes. They are chemicals not important for plant growth and expansion, but essential for plant of secondary metabolic processes.
Mono- and sesquiterpenoids are among the most common volatile organic compounds. These substances may exist in non- volatile form in some plants, Monoterpene glycosides are volatile in some plant species, an example is that water decomposes into volatile forms when tissues are damaged, since plants do not have the ability to move and extend from their opponents. In turn, it has the ability to form a variety of secondary compounds, such as terpenes that improve its protection from microbes, diseases, insect pests and weeds. The aim of the study presents a definition of terpenes, and its relationship to allelopathic phenomenon,and how manufacturing works to keep plants safe from microbiological and insect pests. allelopathic plants release secondary metabolites, they cause negative or positive effects on nearby plants

The current study dealt with two species of family Asteraceae, they are Centaurea benedicta L. and Carduus pycnocephalus L. included the anatomical characteristics of the epidermis of the leaves of the two species. The study included the epidermal characteristics such as the dimensions of ordinary cells, stomata and trichomes, most of which had great taxonomic importance in identification the two species. The results refer difference in the mean number of stomata and the numbers of ordinary cells of the upper and lower epidermis and mid rib cells was observed between the studied species, as well as the differences in the qualitative characteristics of epidermal cells and mid rib cells such as cell shapes and thickness of their walls, the ordinary cells were thicker in Carduus pycnocephalus L. than the other species. The presence of long trichomes on the upper and lower epidermis of the two species was also recorded, and they were longer in Carduus pycnocephalus L., reaching more than 1000 micrometers (1 mm). This study finds out that the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the epidermis are one of the important anatomical characteristics, which are as important as chemical and molecular characteristics in the process of separating plant species, especially wild ones

The current study included investigation of water quality in ten factories with three replicates for each factory and included some physical, chemical and microbial indicators. The results of the physical characteristics of the water used showed that the turbidity was different between Factory No. 6 and Factory No. 8, as Factory No. 6 conformed to the Libyan specifications for drinking water, while Factory No. 8 Much less than the permissible limits according to the Libyan standard specifications for bottled water. As for electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, although there is a discrepancy between Factory No. 5 and Factory No. 6, all of them fall within the permissible limits according to the World Health Organization for drinking water. As well as the pH, the results of factory 6 and factory 7 were according to the Libyan standard specifications for bottled water. It was also shown from the results that all factories were free from odors and strange tastes. As for the chemical properties, the results showed that sodium and potassium in factories No. 6 and factory No. 8 were within the limits of the Libyan standard for bottled water, and the total hardness values in factories 4 and 9 were Within the limits of the Libyan standard for bottled water. As for calcium the values in Factory 3 and Factory 3 were about (19.3 - 5.36 mg/L), respectively, and the values of magnesium in Factory 5 and Factory 6 were about (4.70 - 16.02 mg/L), respectively. As for the results of chlorides, the highest value was in plant 10 and the lowest value in plant 6 (90.30 - 7.90 mg/L), respectively. While the bicarbonate value was highest in plant 7 and lowest in plant 2 (76.13 - 16.3 mg/L), respectively. The highest value for nitrates was in Factory 2 (9.33 mg/L) and the lowest in Factory 3 (1.57 mg/L). As for the sulphate values, the highest value was recorded in Factory 7 and the lowest value was recorded in Factory 5, where the values were (0.80-0.80). 27.55 mg/L), respectively. It was also shown from the results of the microelements (lead - cadmium - copper zinc - manganese - iron) in the water of the study factories that it conforms to the Libyan standard specifications for bottled water. Also, it was found that the microbial characteristics of the water from the factories of the study area were in conformity with the Libyan standard specifications.

The present study was conducted at the experimental unit of the department of animal production, faculty of agriculture, Omar Al - Mukhtar university, El - Bieda, Libya. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels (0, 5 and 10 %) of equal parts of discarded dates and olive mill pomace mixture on the performance in commercial broiler. Ninety birds of Cobb 500 strain aged of 2 weeks were randomly allocated to 3 treatments each containing 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The first group control received only the commercial diet, whereas the treated groups received the commercial diet including 5 % of discarded dates and olive mill wastes or 10 % of discarded dates and olive mill wastes. Protein percent was adjusted in treated groups with SBM (44%)3.5 and 7.0% in treated group respectively. The study continued until the birds reached forty days of age. The additions led to an improvement in the feed conversion rate, as the 5% treatment recorded a significant improvement (p<0.05) compared to the 10% treatment (1.479 vs. 1.583), as well as in the performance index (177.29 vs 157.89) Also, the protein efficiency was significantly increased in the 10% treatment compared to either the control or and 5% treatment (33.5 versus 30.9 and 31.4).

In this paper, study the effect irradiation UV and alpha particles on CR-39 detector. The thickness of CR-39 detector 200 µm, the detector broken in two samples with area (1x1) cm2. The first sample irradiation with alpha particles from241Am source with alpha particle energy 2.6MeV perpendicular incident angle on surface of detector. The second sample, CR-39 irradiated 3 hour of UV ray with wavelength (250±10) nm then irradiated the same energy of alpha particles. The detector etched by Hydroxide AL sodium NaOH solution with concentration 6.25N and 70±1 oC by periodic 0.25h. The track etched appear by camera (MADC-5A) attached with optical microscope (XSZ-H Series Biological Microscope), the system attached PC. Measure the bulk etch rate, VB by difference method of nuclear track detector CR-39, the methods were used to calculated the bulk etch rate: removed thicknesses method, saturation track method and length-diameter track method, the removed thicknesses layer don’t need to irradiation the detector while the other methods veed irradiation of detector and measure the lengths, diameters and saturation time of tracks. In this paper found the mean of bulk etch rate are 1.227 µm/h and 2.841 µm/h for pure alpha and UV+alpha respectively