Journal of University of Babylon

Reading occupies an important position in the Arabic language teaching system. It is a linguistic skill that is the key to other skills, and the main gateway to communication with the written or printed word of the language. In order to pay attention to teaching and developing the reading subject, the researcher examines the metacognitive and critical thinking strategies as two modern teaching methods in developing creative thinking. To verify this, an experimental design is adopted for three groups, including two experimental groups and a control group. The research sample is 90 students. They are randomly and evenly distributed into three groups. Equivalence is achieved between the groups, and behavioral objectives and teaching plans are prepared and presented to a group of experts and specialists in the Arabic linguistics, literature, and teaching methods. The experiment has lasted (6) weeks and the researcher has statistically employed one-way analysis of variance, verbal method, chi-square (Ka2), and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The students of the two experimental groups have outperformed the control group, and the students of the first experimental group has outperformed the students of the second experimental group.

The idea of this paper revolves around the issue of human communication, which should be originally based on understanding and comprehension. However, communication may face a dilemma due to misunderstanding for various reasons, perhaps the most famous of which are related to the language user, his weak linguistic and grammatical abilities, and his linguistic, pragmatic, and logical competencies. Others are related to language and its inherent nature of multiplicity, possibility, ambiguity, and ambiguity. Language alone is not sufficient for understanding and communication, as it is not possible for the speakers’ intentions to be determined by the linguistic situation. Objectives are not meanings. The meaning may be understood but the intent may not be realized, and then the position of the statement and common social, belief, and cultural knowledge must be taken into account in order to communicate without misunderstanding.
The use of language is based primarily on understanding and comprehension in order to achieve a specific goal or aim between the parties of communication. The success of this communication appears in the positive interaction between the parties, meaning that the discourse escalates without problems. However, the issue of misunderstanding is not new, nor is it the result of research into communication theory in modern studies. Rather, it is as old as language, so where there is human communication, there are obstacles such as this. Accordingly, linguists, philosophers, and researchers have provided various mechanisms, treatments, and many suggestions to enhance the understanding process and reduce misunderstanding. All of this happens during communication, which only occurs through the use of language.
Then, the idea of this topic lies in the importance of communication, communication and understanding, which enables human relations to be improved in a clearer manner, and to avoid the miss understandings that sometimes arise, which may weaken the level of human relations, of which communication has become one of its characteristics at the present time. The approach in this research is to describe, analyze, and discuss the opinions or the views which are presented.

This study sociopragmatically deals with xenophobia in American political discourse. Understanding xenophobia in American political discourse through a sociopragmatic perspective highlights the importance of addressing the root causes and underlying issues. Xenophobia is mainly selected because it has not been given a close analysis by researchers from a sociopragmatic perspective, as much as the researcher could investigate. Consequently, this knowledge gap needs to be bridged by socipragmatically examining xenophobia in the context of American political discourse. This study, hence, is an attempt to achieve the following aims: pinpointing the sociopragmatic indicators that mark the existence of xenophobia; finding out the pragmatic strategies used to reflect xenophobia in the context of American political discourse; and showing the effect of the social variable of authoritative power of xenophobic speakers on their language. In accordance with its aims, this study hypothesises that: xenophobia socipragmatically manifests through certain sociopragmatic indicators such as the use of out-group markers, negative stereotyping, scapegoating, fear mongering, and policy proposals; xenophobia is pragmatically manifested in the activation of the pragmatic strategies of assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative speech acts in addition to the strategies of repetition, dehumanization, and hedging; and xenophobic speakers use their authoritative power to influence their audience by employing several strategies. To accomplish its aims, this study follows certain steps. It briefly reviews the related literature about the sociopragmatics of xenophobia and develops a model of xenophobia to analyse the data. It also analyses five extracts qualitatively using the model developed in this study for this purpose and discusses the findings to arrive at some conclusions. This study concludes that xenophobia is a negative attitude towards people from different countries or cultures that is sociopragmatically recognized by certain indicators and demonstrated by several pragmatic strategies.

The study aims to trace the semiotics of weeping of the eye and its related elements in all its expressive systems, in a traditional poetic code, which is the famous collection of poems by the Abbasid poet (Muslim bin Al-Walid Al-Ansari), in light of a semiotic approach based on scientific mechanisms derived from the semiotic approach of Peirce, which is the approach that studies the science of linguistic and non-linguistic signs, and their connotations, and its foundations were established by the American philosopher “Charles Sanders Peirce” in his book “Writings on the Sign”, and Peirce believes that the entire universe is made up of signs, so everything in the universe is a sign, and the reader has only to decipher the codes of these signs through the act of interpretation, through three levels controlled by three interpreters: (the direct interpreter, the dynamic interpreter, and the final interpreter), and this sign takes three forms according to Peirce: “the icon, the sign, and the symbol”. The study also aims to explore the literary connotations of the crying sign to reveal hidden meanings through cognitive functions performed by the universal sign and its crying related functions such as the ontological, ideological, argumentative, aesthetic, and psychological functions, to form from these functions the poetic structures and visions of Muslim bin Al-Walid, and with them the language of literary discourse of the poet becomes clear, through the icons of the Bourcyan semiotic method and its signs and symbols, through the three previous interpretations.
The research problem is represented in the following questions:
A- What is the crying sign? What are its related functions? How are its expressive systems formed in the poetry of the victim of the girls?
B- What is the effective role played by the crying sign and its related functions in the dynamic interpretive process?
C- How do the crying sign and its related functions represent a sign of expression and a subject of thought in the poet's poetry (icon, sign, symbol)?
Th- What are the semiotic functions that the crying sign and its accessories play at the level of the final interpreter?
The study concluded: the dominance of the crying sign and its accessories in the poet's poetry, and the difference in its dynamic formations between the icon, the sign, and the symbol, and the effectiveness of modern critical methods in revealing the hidden essence of the ancient Arab heritage, and it played a role in performing a set of semiotic functions such as the ontological, existential, ideological, argumentative, aesthetic, and psychological functions.

There is no doubt that the early stages of Arabic poetry until it reached its current state in the pre-Islamic era were obscure, but it is certain that poetry passed through multiple stages until it reached poetic themes, complete formulations, and precise purposes. Elegy is one of the eternal purposes related to the human soul and the eternal truth manifested in death. Arabs have known it since their existence and since they knew their inevitable fate, which is death and annihilation. Before poetry, it was manifested in crying, wailing, and screaming over the dead until it became an important poetic purpose, described as the most sincere of poetic purposes, because its subject is related to the issue of death, and its effect penetrates directly to the heart, as it has taken up a large space in the poets’ production, and no poet’s production is devoid of it.
Since female poets are more emotionally charged and grieve more than male poets, and since the motives that motivate female poets to write elegies are many and varied and you do not find them equal among them, we chose two female poets from two different eras, one of them is Al-Khansa’ who represented elegies in pre-Islamic poetry, and the other is Layla Al-Akhiliya who embodied elegies in the Umayyad era.

The research aims to identify the extent to which teachers of the first cycle of basic education practice planning sufficiency. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, and a questionnaire consisting of 14 paragraphs representing planning sufficiency was designed. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 150 male and female teachers of the first cycle of basic education in the schools of Aleppo city. The results showed that the extent to which teachers of the first cycle of basic education practice planning sufficiency is very high with an arithmetic mean of 3.33. The results also showed that there are no differences in the extent to which teachers of the first cycle of basic education practice planning sufficiency according to the variable of years of experience.

Chika Unigwe is a standout voice among contemporary African authors in America. She is the author of four novels and numerous short stories and essays. She writes about love, loss as well as cultural and racial confusions which continue to trouble her.
On Black Sisters' Street is one of her novels that illustrates the suffering of four African women of being double colonized; the first, is mind colonization while the second is the soul and body colonization in the new world. The writer tries in this novel to shed the light on the fact that colonization’s aftermath is still existed.
The four Nigerian women dreamt of getting a better life in Europe and hence they decided to migrate to fulfill their dreams. To their surprise, they encounter another kind of colonization and racism in Europe. Their dreams fed out and turns to a horrible nightmare when they were forced to be slaves working in jobs they did not choose.
The turning point in the characters' lives occurred when one of them was murdered when she decides to rebel and leave the work.
This research delves into the lingering specters of oppression that persists long after the formal abolition of imperial rule. It explores how systems of economic subjugation, racial hierarchies, and social marginalization continue to shackle individuals, not only physically but also psychologically.
The novel proves beyond the shadow of doubt that the dream of the west is but an illusion as seen through African eyes by telling the stories of the four women using a raw and vivid flashback storytelling. It makes so clear for the reader that in our new world which is supposed to be free of colonization, colonization is still as powerful as before and the look of superiority and inferiority is still ruling the world.

This study aims to identify individual differences in the role of teachers in developing self-learning skills among first-cycle primary school students. The study followed a descriptive-analytical approach. The research tool consisted of a questionnaire consisting of 30 items. The psychometric properties (validity and reliability) were re-examined. The tool was administered to a sample of 50 first-cycle primary school teachers in the city of Aleppo. The researcher reached the following results:
1- The research reached the following results: The role of teachers in developing self-learning skills among primary school students was positive and very high.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between teachers' roles in developing self-learning skills based on the variable of teachers' academic degree.
3- There are no statistically significant differences between teachers' roles in developing self-learning skills based on the variable of grade and number of years of experience.
4- There are no statistically significant differences between teachers' roles in developing self-learning skills based on the variable of number of students in the class.

The research aims to:
1. Develop an educational design based on creative mind flow strategies for middle school students (first intermediate grade).
2. Verify the effectiveness of the educational design on:
The cognitive motivation of middle school female students (first intermediate grade) in biology.
Regarding the research hypothesis: To verify the second objective of the research, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
(There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of middle school female students (first intermediate grade) in the experimental group who were taught biology according to the educational design of creative mind flow strategies on the cognitive motivation scale in biology, and the average scores of middle school female students (first intermediate grade) in the control group who were taught the same subject according to the traditional method on the cognitive motivation scale in biology).
To achieve the research objectives, a sample of first-year intermediate female students in intermediate and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in the center of Babylon Governorate was selected for the academic year 2024/2025 AD. The sample numbered (70) students, distributed between two groups: an experimental group with (34) students who studied using the educational design method, and a control group with (36) students who studied using the traditional method. To ensure the internal integrity of the experiment, the two groups were rewarded with the following variables: (age, intelligence, cognitive motivation). To achieve the second objective of the research, the researcher prepared a cognitive motivation scale that included three dimensions (the pursuit of knowledge, the enjoyment of obtaining knowledge, and the processing of information). Thus, the number of its items reached (21) items, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The researcher applied the scale at the end of the experiment. The data were statistically processed using the t-test equation for two unequal independent samples. The results revealed the following:
The effectiveness of the educational design based on creative cognitive flow strategies on cognitive motivation among middle school (first intermediate grade) female students in biology. The experimental group, which studied according to the educational design, outperformed the control group, which studied using the traditional method, by a statistically significant difference. In light of the research results, the researcher prepared a set of recommendations and proposals

This research aims to evaluate the attitudes of Arab journalists towards employing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in newsrooms, based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The research problem focuses on assessing the readiness of Arab journalistic institutions to adopt AI technologies, their impact on journalistic work, and the challenges journalists face in this context. The study employed a survey methodology using questionnaires and in-depth interviews, targeting a sample of 294 journalists and technicians from Arab and international journalistic institutions, The findings revealed that 50.3% of journalists moderately rely on AI technologies, while 33.7% of journalistic institutions are highly prepared to adopt these technologies. The expected performance of AI technologies was positively associated with improving the quality of journalistic work, and a strong correlation was found between the readiness of journalistic institutions and the positive impacts of AI usage. However, journalism faces challenges related to the lack of specialized training, ethical concerns, and weak infrastructure in some institutions.
The research concluded that AI contributes to enhancing journalistic efficiency by accelerating editorial processes and improving content quality, but it requires clear strategies to overcome challenges. The study recommended providing comprehensive training programs for journalists, strengthening technical infrastructure, and establishing regulatory policies to address ethical concerns associated with AI usage.

The research included several chapters and topics. The first chapter began with the research methodology by presenting the research problem first with the importance of studying and satisfying the manifestations of movement and the structure of form in the works of the artist Hadi Abbas on the artistic, technical and philosophical levels within the spatial boundaries of Iraq for the period from 1975 to 2011 AD, with mentioning the most important keywords and a brief introductory note on scientific terms. The second chapter was dedicated to the theoretical framework and studying several topics that fall within the core of the research title, including the structure of form in art and movement and its representations in contemporary art, in addition to contemporary Iraqi sculpture، to come up with the most important indicators of the theoretical framework. The third chapter came with a study of the research procedures and determining the research community and its samples, and then choosing models for the research sample according to scientific and academic standards, with studying and analyzing them in detail. The research ends with the fourth chapter by presenting the most important results and conclusions, with mentioning some recommendations and suggestions, and finally an appendix with pictures of the artworks with a list of footnotes, references, scientific sources, magazines and academic periodicals.

This is a study about the climatic characteristics and their impact on palm trees diseases in Babylon Governorate. It begins with studying the natural geographical elements that have a direct impact on palm cultivation, including the surface, climate, soil, water resources and natural plants, because they are linked to the prevailing climatic characteristics in the study area, showing their relationship to diseases that affect palm trees production.
Climate factors are among the most influential factors in creating the characteristics of the dry environment and the main factor of climate changes, as it is the influential and controlling factor in the nature, quality and type of the surface, plants, soil and lifestyles. Scientific research seeks to predict future trends of climate elements and their periodic changes and place them according to a specific temporal order in the time series, which is known as a group of reliable and successively generated observations of a phenomenon according to a specific temporal sequence.
Climatic characteristics have affected the quantities of incoming water, which has been reflected in the water consumption of palm trees, as there is a deficit in the water needs of palm trees, in addition to The effect of climatic conditions on the type of soil and its ability to retain water. The amount of water that must be added to the plant must be in accordance with the water needs determined by the climatic characteristics. This also requires that it be added in a way that ensures that the soil remains within its field capacity limits, because relying on climatic characteristics to provide the moisture content of the soil helps to increase vegetative growth and stabilize production. This research also deals with palm cultivation in terms of number according to administrative units, their total area, palm yield and production. It is noted that there is a variation between regions in production. This is due to the influence of natural factors and the prevailing (traditional) surface irrigation methods in the study area and the resulting effects of a large waste of water, which causes a portion of the water to remain above the soil surface. Due to high temperatures and the process of intense evaporation, the water leaves its salinity on the soil, in addition to the penetration of the other portion of the water to the groundwater. Due to the capillary property, this leads to soil salinization and consequently a decrease in palm production, especially varieties that do not resist these conditions, in addition to the diseases that affect this crop. Finally, a set of conclusions and recommendations.