Kufa Journal of Arts

This research presents an attempt to exploit the statistical and computational method in studying the characteristics of Arabic, and to know what this approach can have an important impact on the knowledge of these characteristics.
The research continued to complete its material on modern Arabic linguistic studies which invested statistical and computer studies in studying the characteristics of Arabic.
The statistical and computer studies showed that Arabic has a number of important linguistic characteristics such as regularity and clarity of the vocal, morphological efficiency, linguistic mediation, grammatical and syntactic flexibility, and the adoption of the Arabic glossary on linguistic roots and linguistic economy.

The study summarizes the news and media role on the problem of exploitation of rivers and waterways between countries that share river courses, such as the Dijla and Al-Furat rivers, which are shared by Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. These are among the historical and recurring problems that have generated many crises and problems among countries, which They were called (water wars) because of the lack of water flow as a result of human interventions or weather conditions such as high temperatures and lack of rain and snow that sparked these water conflicts. Here, the media side has a major role through various news outlets to shed light and contribute to bringing viewpoints closer together. States sharing water and estuaries, and mechanisms for dealing with news in bringing viewpoints closer together and highlighting local and international events and positions in news and cultural media channels, which contributes to achieving the goals, which is reaching a state of understanding and cooperation between those countries and societies to clarify the nature of the laws that relate to the riparian and shared countries. With each other in the mouths of the rivers and their sources, it is therefore necessary for the media to focus on international and local laws and legislation regarding the management and regulation of the course of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the branches that feed these two rivers and the historical rights of those people

Reza Pahlavi, an officer in the Cossack Division, he led the military wing of the February 21, 1921 coup (hoot Coup) and was able to attract various groups from the Iranian street, including the clergy. He had great ambition to reach the throne of power and realized that this could not be achieved except with the blessing of the clergy who had great influence on the Iranian street. So he began to court and get close to this group that supported his assumption of the Iranian throne, but the policy of courtship turned into a policy of strong strength after he was able to achieve his goal, and instead of the clerics being a source of stability for his rule, he began to see them as an obstacle to what he believed was the modernization of Iran, so he launched a major campaign against them distinguished with strength and acuity in which he used excessive cruelty to the point that he confronted every action of theirs with force of arms. In the end, the clerics realized that Reza Shah was determined to annihilate them and weaken their role in the Iranian street, and to preserve their dignity and the continuity of their work, they resorted to working in secret through what is called taqiyya until the situation changed.

Points of view differ on what is raised in political thought on the issue of political opposition, And about a dialectic stemming from understanding the basis of acceptance or rejection of the existence of political opposition in society or in the body of the political system and within its structure, And what is the nature of the relationship between it and the types of authority and the problems of dealing with each type of authority, As it weakens in individual and non-competitive system and does not have an effective role, and the basis for rejection stems from the non- acceptance of these system to partisan pluralism, while the political opposition has an effective and essential role in pluralistic and democratic system.

The study of educational services is one of the necessary and very important topics, which are no less important than other community services, such as health and recreational services, and others, because they are the real beginning of developing the technical capabilities of the individual because of what they do in terms of upbringing and preparing a conscious and educated generation that has the actual ability to develop society and build its civilized renaissance. The study showed that the reality of educational services in the district is not consistent with the size of its population, as there is a shortage in the number of educational institutions (kindergartens and schools). The spatial distribution of educational institutions at the level of urban and rural areas showed an unfair and unplanned distribution compared to the population size of each neighborhood of the urban population or each village of the rural population. Their number may increase in some areas while some of them suffer from a deficit. Neighborhood relationship Most of the educational services are of a convergent, irregular pattern and are not subject to a specific system, and the services they provide to the population vary .

Lebanon's foreign policy toward the Arab region during the period of research (1952-1958) passed through phases and stages of crisis and détente according to the internal, regional, and international changes. The issues of the sectarian conflict in Lebanon formed actors that control the behavior of Lebanon's foreign policy toward the Arab world. Lebanon, which has been governing the country and its foreign policy,hasbelief and a sense that the relationship of this kind will be or may develop results not in favorof Lebanon.
At a time when Lebanon's foreign policy towards the Arab region was proceeding well and progressively in the early stages of the independent Lebanese state, unless the details o that stage aected Lebanon's independence away from the proposals o the Arab ederations and ederations that were rejected and denounced by the Lebanese leaders, with the exception o the Arab League projects attributed the role o Lebanon and the Arab and paved the way because Lebanon takes its place among the privileged Arab states, was Lebanon's role in the settlement o projects over the Arab-Israeli conlict - a pivotal role clear and was at the oreront o Arab countries that have contributed to The solutions to the tireless problem.
Hence, it was natural that the Lebanese government to declare their support and recognition o any political change gets in the orm o organization and uniy the work o the Arab countries, and stand deduced rom all projects and agreements that bring outside the scope o that organization.
But this positive role did not stand in the way without giving Lebanon's strong opposition to any Arab drat unitary intervention this government, or any military movement or a coup would destabilize the Arab region.

Since ancient times, individuals have stipulated compensation in their contracts as compensation for potential damages resulting from breach of contract or delay in its implementation, with the aim of binding the other party to the contract and increasing pressure on him. This compensation is known by various terms, such as agreed compensation, obligation amount, penalty clause, etc. Sometimes, due to bargaining power or economic considerations, or as a result of simplicity, naivety, and ignorance, one party includes an unreasonable amount as a condition of the obligation in the contract, which may be too little or too much. Therefore, while respecting the agreement between the parties, it is necessary to create the conditions for the judicial authority to adjust the agreed amount to something close to reasonable, in order to achieve justice and fairness. This research addresses this issue in Iraqi and Iranian law, raising questions such as: What is the basis for judicial adjustment of the amount of an obligation? What legal solutions are available in Iraqi and Iranian law? In response, it should be said that the basis for judicial adjustment of the amount of an obligation is to prevent unreasonable losses and damages to the contracting party based on the principles of justice and fairness; Whether the agreed-upon amount is small or large and unfair, in both cases it is considered unreasonable. According to Iraqi Legal System No. (40) of 1951, and based on Article 170 of the Civil Code, in cases where the agreed-upon amount is excessive and unreasonable, as well as in the case of intentional error and after proving the debtor's liability and gross error, there is the possibility of judicial adjustment of the amount of the obligation, which can be modified after judicial notification to the other party. In Iranian law, despite the efforts of judicial practice and in view of the text of Article 230 of the Civil Code (approved 1314,08,08 with subsequent amendments and additions) as well as Unified Resolution No. 805, it appears that there is no possibility of judicial settlement of the amount of an unreasonable obligation.

The study "Fatimid propaganda methods to consolidate their authority in Egypt (358 - 427 AH) - a historical study -" sheds light on important methods adopted by the Fatimid state to consolidate its authority in Egypt, which later formed effective means of publicizing it in many Islamic cities, and even in the capital of the Abbasid caliphate, Baghdad and other cities of Iraq. These propaganda methods varied from spreading propaganda through Fatimid preachers, propaganda through establishing facilities in Egypt to teach the Ismaili (Fatimid) doctrine, propaganda using currency (money), and propaganda using inscriptions on walls and patterns, whether official insignia, gifted textiles, or those covering the Kaaba.
These means constituted intellectual methods that contributed to the consolidation of the Fatimid presence in Egypt on the ideological and political level, and represented a dangerous weapon with which the Fatimid caliphs fought their enemies, the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad, after the Fatimid caliphs were publicized and prayed for in Baghdad, Anbar, Upper Euphrates, Mosul, Jama'at and Kufa, and even the Fatimid state competed with the Abbasid caliphate in its religious authority over the Two Holy Mosques in Mecca and Medina due to its propaganda means

The Italian thinker, philosopher, novelist, cultural critic, and academic Umberto Eco is considered one of the most prominent figures in the field of semiotics, or what is known as the science of signs. He transformed it into a semiotic system for studying culture as a network of complex symbols that interact with each other to form and produce multiple meanings. These meanings encompass language, rituals, arts, and other symbolic signs that remain fluid and open to broad interpretation based on the social context, personal experience, and encyclopedic knowledge of the reader engaged in the act of interpretation. This highlights the dynamic social and symbolic processes in the world through the means of human communication and interaction

The Sand War that broke out between Morocco and Algeria in mid-October 1963 is one of the border wars that spread in the sixties of the twentieth century, as a result of the remnants of colonialism, as Morocco wanted to acquire the Great Sahara regions.
Naturally, the Arab press had a role in reporting the events of this war and its course, and following the stages of the conflict in detail, and the Egyptian Al-Ahram, like the rest of the newspapers, paid attention to this important event, as a result of Algeria’s spatial proximity to Egypt, and the Egyptian soldiers on Algerian territory who work in its various military, political and educational departments, as well as About Egypt’s political tendencies in confronting France inside Algeria, in addition to the newspaper’s approach to nationalism and its taking of nationalist issues as a basic subject in its pages, and its attempt to export nationalist ideas and the Egyptian revolution through its nationalist-promoted articles. Therefore, it found in the Sand War a favorable opportunity to spread these ideas, especially since The Egyptian regime, with its President Gamal Abdel Nasser, intervened forcefully in this war, in an attempt to calm the situation and impose itself forcefully to resolve the conflict.
The nature of the research necessitated that it be divided into several topics, the first of which is a brief overview of the emergence of Al-Ahram newspaper, the second topic is the causes of the war in Al-Ahram newspaper, the third is developments in the war in Al-Ahram newspaper, and the fourth is the Arab and international positions on the Moroccan-Algerian war in Al-Ahram newspaper, and the focus was on the position of The United Arab Republic, the Arab League, Ethiopia, and other international positions.

The truth is that the subject of the accompanying restriction is one of the subjects that did not receive much attention from researchers, as I did not find anyone to devote a special study to it, but rather it was mentioned here and there throughout the books. Therefore, I decided to complicate the study on this subject because of its great importance in directing and limiting the meaning of the text or context. And restricting its release as being an accompaniment to the original text or the linguistic context of the research. The restriction had a clear and significant presence in Nahj al-Balagha’s sermons and wisdom, especially what came from it as information. These restrictions played two important roles, namely in directing the meaning of the text studied, as they performed the function of Revealing and revealing the purposes of the Imam (peace be upon him) that he included in his speech at times, and in reinforcement, support, and solidarity with those purposes at other times.

During the Ottoman era, Iraq was exposed, especially during the first quarter of the nineteenth century, to deadly waves of plague due to many factors, the most important of which was the lack of interest of the Ottoman Empire, under whose control Iraq was under its control, in the health system, and since travel books were an important source for monitoring those waves and their consequences, We decided to shed light on it through the book of the traveler James Baillie Fraser’s journey to Baghdad in 1834, due to his journey being close to the occurrence of the plague waves of 1831, as well as the plague of 1832 and 1834. He witnessed its effects on Iraq and decided to record it in the folds of his two books, “Travels in Kurdistan.” And Mesopotamia," which was translated into Arabic, including the book "James Bailey Fraser's Journey to Baghdad in 1834," in which the translator devoted himself to translating what the book included only on Frazer's observations in Iraq, in which the aftermath of the plague of 1834 occupied an important space, as it included detailed information on the subject. It deserves to be studied individually

The research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of internal audit tools in facing fraud risks, and to compare this effectiveness among the studied banks, to enhance financial integrity, transparency and institutional stability. The research relied on a descriptive and analytical approach. On the descriptive side, while on the analytical side, a questionnaire developed based on measures created by many researchers was used to collect raw data and test hypotheses by conducting statistical analysis using the SPSS program. The sample included internal auditors from Commercial Bank of Iraq and Taif Islamic Bank. Key findings showed a positive correlation between compliance with internal audit standards and fraud risk. A significant correlation was also observed between the application of internal audit standards and the measurement of actual procedures to address audit risks, including fraud and fraud, from the point of view of both banks. Among the most prominent recommendations: It is necessary for senior management to adopt a clear and understandable internal charter, which defines the objectives, powers and responsibilities of the internal audit department and provides the necessary support for its work.

The present work investigates the pragma-dialectical aspects of fallacies and explores the way manipulation is utilized in one of the longest televesion shows: The Simpsons. Hence, it aims to identify the argumentative deceptive stategies of The Simpsons series, including the fallacies, breaching the Grice's conversational maxims, using the argumentative appeals, and to analyze them correspondingly. As a result, it has adopted an eclectic model to cope with targeted data and research aims; a model that consists of Van Eemeren’s (2018) and van Eemeren and Grootendorst’s (1987) models for fallacies, Walton’s (2004), Kennedy’s (2007), and Ramage et al’s (2010) models for the argumentative appeals, and finally Grice's (1975) Cooperative Principle for breaching conversational maxims.The findings of the present work display that the characters in The Simpsons’ employed argumentative deceptive stategies to manipulate the opponents. The arguers employ these strategies to either strengthen their point of view or to put thier opponents in awkward difficult positions in order to accept such viewpoint

The present study attempts to analyze word stress patterns and phrasal stress patterns of some English haiku poems according to Hayes’s (1995) metrical theory. The use of this theory at the word and phrasal levels of numerous languages has demonstrated its universality. According to this theory, it is possible to show the rhythmic pattern of stressed syllables, feet, words, and phrases using the metrical grids and a number of principles and parameters. The study tries to answer the following two questions: Is the metrical theory applicable to the analysis of the syllables, stress and the rhythmic patterns of English haiku poems? How do English haiku poets deviate from the strict 5-7-5 structure in writing their haiku poems? Haiku is defined as “a Japanese verse form consisting of seventeen syllables in three lines of five, seven and five syllables respectively” (Cuddon, 1984, p. 300). This study analyzes four English haiku poems according to the parametric metrical theory, these four poems follow the modern style, the first two are written by the American poet Bob Boldman and the other two are composed by the American poetess Jane Reichhold. The study achieved the following findings: The parametric metrical theory can be used to analyze haikus by applying its stress principles and parameters and its adherence to metrical rules. In summary, this theory effectively demonstrates how the rhythmic flow of haiku lines can be illustrated using metrical grids that show stress alternation in each line and the implementation of specific metrical rules.

The current study aims to investigate the visual and multimodal metaphors by the use of metaphorical elements in cartoons that focus on social media networking. Thirty-two cartoons, drawn by well-known cartoonists, are gathered from the Iraqi newspapers. They were selected and classified based on their themes. All the details of these cartoons are taken into consideration. They are analyzed and interpreted using the metaphorical concepts based on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Then, they are analyzed by using Forceville’s (1996) pictorial metaphor and Sobrino’s (2017) Multimodal Metaphor Approach. The findings reveal that the cartoons showed different visual/ pictorial and multimodal metaphors. They addressed different themes in satirical manner. In conclusion, the verbal text played a crucial role to make the multimodal metaphors dominant in the gathered cartoons that are relevant to social media.

Commercial advertisements in magazines are used to grab the reader's attention, arouse desire, create satisfaction and motivate readers to buy the advertised products. This study is concerned with the Stylistic Function and Use of Phonological Devices in The Family First Online Advertisements. The analysis is conducted on six advertisements texts taken from the Family First Magazine. Thus, the study main goal is to investigate the stylistic phonological devices that are mostly used in commercial advertisements of the aforementioned magazine to convince their readers, besides, achieving other stylistic effects. The results show that the copywriters if The Family First magazine rely on mostly on assonance and consonance as stylistic phonological devices. They employ them in such a way to convince and effect the readers of how good their products are.

This paper examines how Fadila al-Faruq’s Tāʽul Khajal confronts the gendered violence of Algeria’s postcolonial civil war, particularly the systemic rape and abduction of women weaponized by extremist groups like the GIA. Against the backdrop of the 1990s “Black Decade,” the novel interrogates how women’s bodies became ideological battlegrounds, entangled in colonial legacies and patriarchal oppression. Employing trauma theory and feminist frameworks, the textual analysis reveals how al-Faruq’s fragmented narrative structure—interweaving personal testimonies, such as the 1994 “year of shame” and the GIA’s 1995 campaign of mass abduction—disrupts official silences around wartime atrocities. By juxtaposing graphic accounts of violence with theoretical insights on collective memory, the novel exposes the stigmatization of feminine bodies while challenging norms that normalize gendered aggression. The findings demonstrate that al-Faruq’s innovative narrative form not only documents trauma but also reconfigures it as a site of resistance, binding individual suffering to broader sociopolitical critique. Ultimately, the novel underscores literature’s capacity to dismantle the false dichotomy between wartime brutality and everyday patriarchal violence, urging a reckoning with Algeria’s contested histories.

Visual sign language has been in existence for quite some time as the world’s most used third language. It comes in different flavours which can be likened to a dialect. Nigeria as a country has three different types with ASL (American Sign Language) as the most used in school education for the deaf. Issues in documenting the sign languages include determining what to document, reason for documentation and precisely who to document. During the critical investigation, studies proved that digital communication rooted in Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be adopted as an innovative solution to the issues. This is primarily a qualitative study, library research method was employed relying on secondary data. Conclusively, documentingvisual sign languages will preserve and promote the various sign dialects among the hearing-impaired and also non-signers willing to learn. Suggestively, Artificial Intelligence should be ethically harnessed in communication and designs for documentation, education and social interactions. Therefore, Communication design experts, Prompt Engineers, Media and Information Technologists with the deaf educators should team up for a robust sign language data bank while relying on AI. All these are key, not only for documentation, but will also aid in the official recognition of the Nigerian visual sign language.

Cette recherche porte sur les visions esthétiques du critique islamique Imad Al-Din Khalil dans la littérature occidentale, en prenant pour modèle la littérature française engagée. La recherche examine la manière dont Khalil a analysé l’esthétique littéraire d’un point de vue islamique et ce qui la distingue de l’esthétique occidentale. Des œuvres françaises sélectionnées sont mises en lumière, telles que Les Mains Sales de Jean-Paul Sartre, La Peste et L’Étranger d’Albert Camus et L’Espoir d’André Malraux.
L’étude aborde les intersections et les différences entre les esthétiques islamique et occidentale, en se concentrant sur l’influence des philosophies sociales et politiques dans la formation d’une littérature française engagée. L’étude examine également comment l’esthétique islamique peut contribuer à proposer une lecture critique différente de cette littérature à travers une analyse comparative critique. La recherche vise aussi à mettre en évidence le rôle de l’esthétique littéraire dans la promotion du dialogue culturel entre les mondes islamique et occidental.