Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences

Next generation wireless systems are characterized by very high transmission bit rates which gives rise to severe
Intersymbol interference (ISI) and this makes the detection process very challenging. Hence, assessment of performance
of near-optimal detectors like Near Maximum Likelihood Detectors (NMLD) over such channels assumes great
importance. This paper deals with the detection of data in the presence of Noise and ISI with NMLD. Performance
improvement of NMLD, as compared to nonlinear equalization, has been assessed in terms of BER versus SNR curves
obtained through computer simulation. A number of different cases of mobile radio channels have been simulated in
this work. In current world the lot of congestion leads severe fading and interference in the channel which may give the
pause in data streaming and call drop in voice calling. These channels have different number of reflected paths with
different power distribution in the respective paths. The aim of this paper is to take a ‘worst case’ model of a mobile
radio channel in terms of rapidity of fading and ISI, and then to investigate the performance of detectors in the receivers.

decreases as well, resulting in greater current transport. The dip coating system was developed to prepare the ultra-thin
film, it relied on a controller, stepper motor and some low-cost recycled materials. Thin films of ZnO were successfully
deposited on indium tin oxide substrates. The effects of the dipping cycles were investigated. Dipping processes were
applied several times (1, 2, and 3) for the same concentrations (0.1) M to obtain homogeneous thin films.
X-ray diffraction showed that the structure of ZnO is hexagonal Wurtzite. The crystals were in the nanoscale size range
as (19.18, 24.76, and 31.29) nm. As for the examination by FESEM, it was found that homogeneous layers formed when
increasing the number of times of coating for the prepared thin films. High transmittance, decreasing in energy gap, and
suitable surface resistance ZnO thin films were achieved. In the wavelength range of 190e1100 nm, the thin films had an
optical transmittance of up to 87%. The sheet resistance values were determined to be 19.202 U sq¡1 indicating that the
characteristics of ZnO thin films have improved. The dip coating device is designed to be easy to use, inexpensive and
economic in terms of using the raw materials. This low-cost manufactured device contributes to scientific development
for researchers who are unable to buy expensive devices that perform the same purpose and give the same results

Approximating function by using Spectral Graph Wavelets is an interesting direction in approximation theory. We
essential to well choosing the space of functions that are approximated by Spectral Graph Wavelets. Lp spaces of
functions are fantastic choices to study It is more interesting to take the value 0 Spectral Graph Wavelets were constructed and proved to get good rates of approximation. Fundamental properties of Lp
Graph Wavelets transform s (Lp GWT) are studied, such as, inversion, scaling Limit and approximation Wavelets.
Finally, existence of best approximation can be concluded here for Graph functions in terms of SGWT