Journal of Physical Education

The research aimed at finding the validity and reliability of 40m sprints test with ball dribble to measure the soccer player’s horizontal ability. The researcher used the descriptive method on (31) college of physical education and sport sciences students who play in Iraqi soccer clubs. Height, weight, and age mediums were (175.52+7.85 cm), (66.26+10.12 kg), and (23.74 + 2.49 years) respectively. 40m sprint test for one time, 40m sprint test with ball dribble for two times with (3) days between each test. The validity and reliability of the test were calculating using criterion validity and discriminant/ divergent validity with 40m sprint test for horizontal ability measuring ability and time. Reliability was calculated using test – retest method, Pearson correlation coefficient and ICC as well as using Bland – Altman Plot. The results showed high levels of reliability and validity. The researcher concluded that 40m sprint test with ball dribbling to measure horizontal ability for soccer players.

The research aimed at designing two scales for academic supervisor role and the effect of field training for students. In addition to that, the research aimed at identifying the relation between academic supervisor role and fourth year college of physical education and sport sciences students /university of Baghdad. The researchers used the descriptive method to design two scales one for academic supervisors and another for field application. Each scale consisted of (15) items applied on (176) teachers and (362) fourth year female and male students. Field application lasted for (6) months, the subjects were (74) teacher, and (154) female and male students. The results showed that both scales have a strong correlation.

The study aimed at designing aerobic exercises for preparatory female school students with type one diabetes as well as identifying the effect of aerobic exercises on glycosylated hemoglobin HBA1C. The study also aimed at identifying the effect of aerobic exercises on blood pressure as well as on fat (Lipoproteins) in female students with type one diabetes. The researcher used the experimental method on (10) female preparatory students aged 14 – 18 years old with type one diabetes. The results showed improvement in glucose level in the blood, reduced insulin resistance through physical exercises especially aerobic exercises. The researcher concluded that balance between insulin treatment and food can give good results along with aerobic exercises that increased glucose that is irreplaceable.

The researchers aimed at constructing a scale for administrative flexibility in the Iraqi national Olympic committee as well as identifying this flexibility in the Iraqi international Olympic committee from the administrative bureau’s point of view in sport federations. They used the descriptive method on (210) members from (26) sport federation from the Iraqi national federations. The researchers applied Likert’s scale to form the scale that consisted of five statements (fully agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and fully disagree). The scale consisted of 20 statements applied on the subjects to conclude that the Iraqi national Olympic federation’s work should be flexibly in setting goals and strategic planning and that the programs set by the Iraqi national Olympic committee are not based on clear future plans to achieve perfect administration in sport federations.

The research aimed at finding the relation between professional life quality and career adaptably for physical education supervisors as well as identifying the differences between genders on the professional life quality. Professional life quality is considered an integral component to achieve career adaptability thus the researcher formed a scale for professional life quality consisting of four fields with (28) items as well as career adaptability scale consisting of (24) items. The researcher used the descriptive method on (103) physical education supervisors from Diyala and Baghdad governorates. Pilot study subjects were (26) supervisor who were excluded from the main experiment. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude a significant correlation relation between professional life quality and career adaptability for physical education supervisors. Finally, the researcher concluded that there are no statistical differences in professional life quality in gender variable.

The research aimed to indentify the effect of using an auxiliary device in teaching the skill of the spindle on the pommel horse apparatus. The research hypothesized that the use of the auxiliary device has a positive effect in teaching the skill of the spindle on the pommel horse apparatus. The researchers used the experimental approach in one group design with pre post-test. The research sample consisted of (6) players o from the Iraqi national team for gymnastics with ages (9-13) years. The researchers concluded that the use of the assistive device had a positive effect in teaching the spindle skill on the pommel horse, and recommended the need to use the assistive device in teaching other skills on the pommel horse.

Trainers and swimmers continue searching for the best way to develop the swimmers’ achievement in general and numbers in world champions in particular. Since biomechanical variables have an integral role on the improvement of swimmer’s level of achievement, the researchers aim at identifying the values of some biomechanical variables of start phase and achievement as well as identifying the relation between these variables and achieving 50m swimming. They used the descriptive method by shooting one test for biomechanical variables and achieving 50 m swimming. The data was treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that pushing force and launch speed affect the development and improvement of achievement. The researchers recommended making similar studies paying attention to effective variables on 50m swimming.

Injuries are considered one of the major obstacles for preforming physical activity in all sports. In soccer, all parts of the player’s body are prone to injury yet statistics show that knee joint is the most commonly injuries joint. Through observing previous studies, the researchers noticed that soccer players get injured a lot thus the research aim at designing rehabilitation exercises and identifying their effect on agility and special speed in soccer players with knee joint ligaments sprain. The researchers used the experimental method on (5) players with mild ligaments sprain. The rehabilitation program was applied for three weeks (20) days. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that speed and agility significantly developed due to the rehabilitation program.

The research aimed to study the effect of isokinetic exercises in developing the special strength for volleyball players. The research sample included (15) volleyball players from the Muqdadiya Sports Club in Diyala Governorate for the youth category, and they were divided equally into two groups, control and experimental. the training program was applied to the experimental group for a period of two months, (3) training units per a week. the study concluded that exercises similar to the isokinetic method affected significantly in developing the special strength of volleyball players in an interesting way as well as to develop their skills better.

The research aimed at comparing logistic support and race organization and their effect on psychological toughness of national center for gifted in sports players and league club players. The subjects were (22) players from different sport institutions and the researchers applied Sameer Sabri Hassan’s psychological toughness scale 2020. The scale consisted of (29) item to conclude that training and competition as well as other stress led to exhausting the players energy sources and negatively affect this thinking. In addition to that, the researchers concluded that continuous change in life and its variables and commitments create great psychological stress on the players and all those surrounding them. Finally, they concluded that logistic support and increased participations lead to increased psychological toughness in players.

The research aimed at studying the relation between inbound marketing within Iraqi sport clubs and the resulting competitive advantage that protects it from problems in sport competition circle. Inbound marketing has an important role in human resources preparation providing individuals with high abilities and skills that make them cable of taking responsibility, providing high quality services. The research problem lies in answering the following question; what are the followed procedures for inbound marketing followed by Iraqi sport clubs? Do these Iraqi sport clubs seek to achieve competitive advantage? The researcher studied the relationship between inbound marketing that reflects the Iraqi Sport clubs’ members’ behavior as individuals and the competitive advantage of their clubs as sport institutions. The researcher concluded that this model was excellent coefficient of determination (0.956) and correction (0.955) that shows the ability of inbound marketing to interpret (95% of competitive advantage as well as there is a strong correlation and significant effect between inbound marketing and competitive advantage.

The study aimed at designing teaching exercises using inquiry – based learning in handball as well as identifying the effects of these exercises on mental toughness and learning scoring accuracy in handball for fourth grade preparatory school students. The researcher noticed that learners who perform continuous skills during the application phase of class need mental toughness so as to increase students’ interaction with the traditional teaching material. The researcher used the experimental method on (40) fourth stage preparatory school students from 2nd Al Kurkh education / Baghdad governorate for the academic season (2022 – 2023). The experiment was applied for (4) weeks then the data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that exercises using inquiry- based learning is suitable to fourth stage preparatory school students in handball lesson, they improve their mental toughness as well as scouring accuracy in handball. Finally, the researcher recommended developing the mental aspect during physical education class due to its positive role in skill learning.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of special exercises that resemble skill performance on the Shtadler and Endo skills on horizontal bars. The researchers hypothesized that these special exercises that resemble skill performance have significant effect on improving Endo and shtadler skills in men’s horizontal bar. They used the experimental method on (6) Iraqi national league gymnasts aged 9 – 13 years. The researchers concluded that these special exercises that resemble skill performance have significant effect on the development of Endo and shtalder skills in men’s horizontal bar. Finally, they recommended the necessity of using aiding tools and apparatuses to improve Edno and shtalder skill in horizontal bar.

The research aimed to identify the effect of seven circle learning circle in learning some of floor gymnastics skills. The researcher used the experimental approach. A sample of fifth primary students at the International School in Zayouna participated in this study. The studied motor skills included the skills of handstand, cartwheel, and the round off (Arabian Spring move). After applying the motor program for eight weeks, at the rate of two units per a week, the results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all tests.

preparatory stage. Additionally, the study endeavors to ascertain the statistical importance of disparities in these attitudes based on gender (male and female), academic focus (scientific and literary), and academic year (tenth and eleventh). The investigation adopts a comparative descriptive methodology, and the study sample comprises a randomly selected cohort of 1435 students encompassing both genders. Rigorous assessment of the scale's validity and reliability was undertaken, and subsequently, the amassed data underwent statistical analysis using the SPSS software. The outcomes of the analysis disclose that students exhibit a favorable outlook on physical activity in a general context. Intriguingly, the analysis further indicates the absence of statistically significant differentiation in students' attitudes towards physical activity concerning the variables of gender, academic specialization, and grade. In light of these findings, it is recommended that concerted endeavors are channeled towards provisioning the requisite material and human resources to augment the landscape of scholastic sports. Moreover, a focused emphasis on physical education curriculum is encouraged, with the intent to enhance student awareness and foster more positive attitudes towards active engagement in sports.

The research aimed at analyzing training needs for theoretical, field and practical competencies related to the safety of trainers and trainees as well as for active communication with athletes suffering from water disability before, during and after training. The research also aimed at evaluating the degree of occupational competencies concluded in this research. The researchers used the descriptive method on forming a questionnaire on (84) individuals. The results showed that coaches and trainers’ safety and health competency should be 98% followed by water therapeutic exercises competency using aiding tools and apparatuses 97% then therapeutic programs design competency 95%, then finally diagnostic tests and hydrotherapy 93%. The researchers recommended using these competencies as guidelines for training medical personals and graduates from colleges of physical education and sport sciences.

The research aimed to identify the values of the range of spine motion and to identify the significance of the differences between the pre- and post-tests for squash players under 20 years old. The Research subject were (12) person of squash player. Special tests were conducted on them in squash courts at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences-University of Baghdad. Aafter analyzing and discussing the results, the researchers concluded that there are significant differences between the pre and posttests because of the preventive exercises which prepared for this purpose. The researchers recommend conducting extensive studies for this game and paying attention to the preventive aspect of the players in order to avoid their exposure to lower back injuries, which is one of the most common injuries in this game.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of special balance exercises using different tools on some kinematical variables of volleyball spikers in the Iraqi league. The researchers hypothesized that these exercises have great effect on the development of spiking. They used the experimental method on (6) volleyball spikers from Al Jaish club season 2021 – 2022. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that arm balance exercises greatly increased vertical jump rates through developing arms by arm swing exercises. The results also showed positive effect on kinematical variables like hip and ball heights during spiking. The researchers recommended the necessity of using adding tools along with balance tools during training session due to their effect on spiking results. Finally they recommended using these balance exercises during special and general preparation phases and giving them proper time during warm-up due to their integral role on developing the players’ level in the next phase; the main exercises phase.

The problem of the research lies in the frequent injuries related to this muscle especially mild muscular tear in some hamstring muscles. The research aimed at identifying the effect of electric stimulation using proposed apparatuses on static balance through rehabilitating hamstring muscle in athletes suffering from mild muscular tear. The subjects were individual and team sport athletes suffering from muscular tear from 10/11/2022 till 10/3/2023. The researchers used the experimental method and the data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that electric stimulation have a positive effect on rehabilitating athletes with raptured hamstring. Finally, the researchers recommended applying the prospered program for rehabilitating other injured hamstring muscles.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of special game – like exercises on some physical abilities and skills in futsal. The researchers used the experimental method on (20) female students. The researchers conducted physical abilities (long jump for explosive power) and hoping test (five hops for each leg for explosive power) skill tests (passing towards a small target 10m away, scoring test towards a divided goal). The main experiment lasted for two months with two training sessions per week making a total of (6) weeks and (12) training sessions. The main training part lasted for 30 – 40 minutes using game – like exercises with 80 – 90% intensity. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that there are significant statistical differences between pre and posttests results in physical abilities and fundamental skills understudy. In addition to that, the results showed the effect of game – like exercises on the subjects of the study. The researchers recommended using these exercises for training futsal female students as well as making similar studies on physical abilities and other skills and sports.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of anaerobic exercises on some physical abilities of young swimmers in 50m freestyle. The researchers used the experimental method on (6) swimmers with average highest, weight, and ages 171.17+2.86 cm), (65.67+5.75 kgm), (13.17+0.75) years respectively. Arm and legs explosive power tests were conducted as well as strength – speed tests for arms and legs and Stamina 4×50m test. The training program was applied with (80 – 90%) intensity consisting of (24) training session for (8) weeks with (3) training session per week. The time for executing these exercises took (15 – 20) minutes to reach the results. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude significant differences between pre and posttests in favor of the posttests in the variables of the study.

Swimming is one of the sports with great muscular effort and complex motor performance that requires coordination and harmony between the movements of the parts of the body contributing to performance that defies the limits of humans. The development of physical abilities and the improvement of technical performance can only be separated from the support of scientific theories and technology, in order to improve training methods and feedback system based on the fusion of information and data using modern sensors and information collection system. On the performance and mechanical conditions of the swimmer to help develop performance and achievement, the researchers used for this purpose a device (Triton Wear data sensor) to collect information and feedback on performance, to prepare special exercises and correct thereal-time performance of 50 m swimmers. The research was conducted on a sample of swimmers amounting to (6) young swimmers whose technical and mechanical data was extracted after wearing the sensor under the head cover of each swimmer, and the performance data was analyzed on this system, and the experiment lasted for six weeks, during which special exercises and feedback were given. Instantaneous based on the sensor data of each member of the sample, and after conducting post-tests, it was shown that the exercises and feedback based on the sensor technology, had a direct impact on the improvement of the average performance of the sample in the 50-meter freestyle race and the improvement of all biomechanical values (such as average speed, frequency and length, acceleration and instantaneous strength) This improvement indicated that data collection and nutrition Using the sensor's multi-information fusion can be applied more precisely and differently in the training of different swimming races, and can find many motor problems in sports swimmers to describe training solutions for them, both for specific parts of the body and the body as a whole. Techniques for accurately identifying this valuable information can therefore be used for quantitative biomechanical analysis. And to reach the training process.