Adab AL Rafidayn

The Troubles is a period of political and sectarian violence in Northern Ireland and parts of the Republic of Ireland from the late 1960s to the late 1990s. Anne Devlin\'s significant play After Easter focuses on the lives of three sisters and takes place in the disturbing aftermath of Ireland\'s Troubles. The study clarifies the echoes of violence that spread across generations as people suffer the psychological scars left by political upheaval in their divided lives.
The study delves into the aftermath of trauma to scrutinize the female perspective, frequently eclipsed by the prevailing male conflict narratives. Devlin\'s play serves as an effective counterpoint, revealing the fragmentation of identity, the breakdown of personal and familial bonds, and the strength necessary for healing in the aftermath of unspeakable turmoil, as depicted in the character of Greta. The paper provides a critical contribution to the expanding discourse on the gendered aspects of the Troubles by emphasizing the intricate relationship between political unrest and individual psychological well-being through the lens of the characters\' journeys. Trauma theory provides a useful framework for analyzing After Easter by Anne Devlin, especially in light of its focus on the mental effects of political violence on both people and communities. Particularly within the framework of collective and historical trauma, this theoretical approach examines the effects of trauma on mental health, relationships, and identity.

Words and images are used to convey meaning in any language to address the various needs of society. Environmental awareness (EA) is a crucial global issue, and using pictorial representations in English textbooks can promote EA among students. This study analyses the pictorial topics in Iraqi English Foreign Language (IEFL) textbooks to demonstrate how authors utilized pictures to enhance EA among students. The semiotic analysis is based on Peirce\'s model (1931) that focuses on pictorial topics related to environmental issues to improve ecological awareness. The research examines the pictorial topics in the IEFL textbook entitled The Series of English for Iraq published by Garnet Publishing Ltd, which consists of 22 books, 12 textbooks and 10 activity books. The results revealed that 11 EA issues are represented in the pictorial topics, showcasing different ecological problems and their solutions, including both local and global issues.

This study investigates the alignment of anonymity of the third party which is being talked about, for ideological purposes, by both the interviewer and the interviewee in British political interviews. After doing a deep review of the studies of the exclusion function of nominalization (turning verbs and adjectives into nouns) and interviews, this study attempts to fill a gap in the literature. The study employs an eclectic model that integrates van Dijk's cognitive approach with his ideological nominalization criteria. The results show that there is a linguistic systematic method of collaboration used by both the IRs and IEs to keep specific agents out of the interviews, mentioning their activities only, and this can be noticed by their employing nominalization in their speech.

English, as an international language, is being taught to nearly one billion foreign learners worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate how these learners learn their target language and which teaching approaches construct better responses regarding grammar. This study attempts to discover how EFL learners respond to the two methods of teaching grammar, more specifically phrasal verbs: the inductive and the deductive approach. To carry out this investigation, EFL Kurdish learners in their second year from the University of Duhok, College of Languages, Department of English Language, were taught inductively and deductively for two weeks (12 hours). Afterward, based on the lectures taught, students were assessed through an examination provided by researchers and then confirmed by qualified lecturers from the department. This study aims to determine which approach led to better interaction and results by foreign learners from the selected approaches. The results revealed that both the inductive and the deductive approaches have their strength, the former facilitates the overall understanding of the grammatical patterns, while the latter supports long-term digestion of the rules that are exceptions. In conclusion, a hybrid approach of both is suggested to be used for teaching grammar to EFL learners effectively.

In recent decades, human actions have caused significant changes in climatic patterns and decreased biodiversity. Following the Industrial Revolution, there has been a full degree Celsius increase in the global average temperature, profoundly impacting Earth's climatic systems and processes. The consequences of climate change encompass human and non-human domains, manifesting in various issues, such as air pollution, health emergencies, environmental catastrophes, forced migration, food shortages, and mental health disorders. As these pressing issues unfold, literature- particularly drama- emerges as a crucial medium for addressing global warming. Through its emphasis on environmental challenges and their political and social consequences, theatre is seen as a potent tool for raising awareness and motivating actions in response to climate change.
Accordingly, the current study uses ecocriticism and postcolonial ecocriticism as theoretical frameworks, combined with scientific facts on climate change and global warming to analyze selected dramatic text from Australia. This interdisciplinary approach aims to thoroughly analyze ecological and postcolonial themes in the selected play, highlighting the interrelationships between scientific realities and the environmental or socio-political concerns depicted in Finnigan's play..

Despite the passing of the years, Hiroshima signifies for (Elle-Riva) a return to the past and to the war that affected her personally in France, and keeps in the memory of the terrifying events that she remembers in Hiroshima her German lover who died in her arms.
A French lover who establishes a romantic relationship with the Japanese, who was not in Hiroshima when the atomic bomb was dropped on her, (Elle-Riva) was living another story in Nevers in France. Between love and memory, the space of memory is vast, from Nevers in France, where its beloved German soldier was killed, to "Hiroshima", the place struck by war. In fact, this novel takes place about a French actress who arrives in Hiroshima to shoot a film about peace.
She falls in love with a Japanese engineer. This love makes her remember her relationship with her first lover, the German soldier in her French town of Nevers, during the Nazi occupation and the Second World War.
The French woman searches for what will repair her inner breakdown, hoping to bury her own past by sympathizing with the greater suffering of the countless victims, but her visit to Hiroshima and her brief affair amplifies her grief.
We find that the novel Hiroshima my Love is more interested in memory itself than in the painful act of remembering Hiroshima. Moreover, the story jumps chronologically and we often do not find the precise place where we are. In our opinion, there is an impeccable comparison between heartbreak and the bombing of Hiroshima.

The subject of the research is constructional suffixes in tales written in the Alton Kupri dialect. The reason I chose this topic was to write the stories in the Alton Bridge dialect and to delve deeply into the study of construction suffixes to show many trends that were hidden and work to uncover them. I collected most of my work through direct meetings with citizens, and I recorded some of it on cassette tape. Although I know the Kasbah dialect well, I recorded it on cassette tape. While listening to the scripts several times, I tried to accurately detect the sound and production. The Altun Kupri dialect is the same as the dialect of Kirkuk and other Turkmen regions, with a slight difference as well as more or less similarity to the Azeri-Turkish dialect. Despite this linguistic closeness between them, some specific differences can be noted. The difference can be attributed to two main reasons: the first is the migration of Turkish tribes with different dialects over the centuries. Secondly, the influences of the Arabic and Persian languages on it cannot be ignored.
The history of the Kasbah of Alton Bridge dates back to the year 228 BC. It was the capital of the state of Shimar-Shimurd, and the Romans used the city as a rest stop for their commercial and military convoys. It is considered one of the ancient Turkmen regions in history. The Kasbah is located to the northwest of Kirkuk, about 40 kilometers away from it. It embraces the Little Zab River and divides it into three parts (Büyük Baqa, Orta Baqa, and Küçük Baqa). Alton Bridge occupies a unique location from a natural standpoint. It is distinguished by its distinguished geographical location in the middle of the road between the city of Kirkuk and Erbil and as a link between central and northern Iraq. There are many opinions about the secret of naming the Kasbah (the city) by this name. Historians and researchers have attributed this naming to many reasons, but in fact it is not based on any scientific sources or documents that confirm the authenticity of the narratives, but the established fact in the naming is that it is taken from the historical bridge located in the Kasbah.

The Glorious Qur’an is a splendid book for its miraculous and richness in rhetorical devices. Translating the Glorious Qur’an creates a big challenge for translators since it is a word inspired by Allah, and any error in presenting the intended meaning as it is in the Qur’an causes a lack of understanding of the real meaning. The present study aims to investigate the problems that the translators may face in translating some of the rhetorical devices in some of the Holy Qur’anic ayahs in terms of one of de Beaugrand and Dressler’s textual standards: intentionality to determine its effect in achieving acceptable or unacceptable translation. The study seeks to answer the following question: Are the meanings of the rhetorical devices used in the Holy Qur’an intended or not? The study hypothesizes that intentionality, if neglected by the translators, causes some rendition mistakes. The current paper used Nida’s model(1964)(formal and dynamic equivalence). The study has concluded that translating the meanings of the Holy Qur’an is not easy to present reliable and intended meaning because the Holy Qur’an is a divine speech with meanings intended by Allah fixed at any time and place.

Eco-linguistics is a science that studies the relationship between language and people with their natural surroundings, including animals. One of these relations is manifested in proverbs. Eco-linguistics explores how language reflects humans' perception and utilization of the ecosystem. In this perspective, animal-relevant linguistic materials can be taken as a valuable entry for ecological study, as people's attitudes towards animals in their daily conversations that contribute to constructing sound human-animal relations. Proverbs have a significant impact on controlling the way speakers use language. Proverbs encompass a wide range of imagery, including references to food, colour, clothing, body parts, and animals. The realm of animal life in proverbs is highly intricate and serves as a means to comprehend the human domain. The examination and interpretation of proverbs hold significant importance in academic discourse. Proverbial terms present a significant problem for translators and instructors of foreign languages. In this study, the researcher has chosen to focus on Turkish animal proverbs as a means of narrowing down the range of proverbs to be analyzed according to pragmatic functions with reference to eco-linguistic aspect. This paper adopts an analytical approach in line with eco-linguistics, which Medina (2011: 19) defined as "the study of the relation of language to the environment".

This research specifically addresses the influence of the phenomenon of linguistic interference of the primary language, Arabic, on the written production of FFL learners, at the Department of French, university of Mosul. We adopt nominal and verbal sentences. According to our subject, linguistic interference is a strong phenomenon that exists in student-written sentences at all levels of grammar. The analysis of the writing of the learners is the only thing this study deals with. The objective is to pinpoint the question of linguistic interference that occurs when the source language and the syntax structure of foreign languages overlap, particularly in student writing. This research makes an effort to determine the distinctions and parallels between the two languages. The goal is to enhance students' understanding of syntactic structures and minimize mistakes made. This research tries to improve learners' understanding of both languages' syntactic structures, which will help them overcome any difficulties in learning and teaching situations.

Teaching styles play a crucial role in teaching language skills. Teaching Reading Comprehension and Essay Writing are not exceptional. The educational system is based on three main correlated pillars, namely the instructor, the students, and the subject/teaching material. Focusing on one pillar on the account of the other two may destabilize the educational system. As such, do instructors’ teaching styles correlate with students’ achievement? On this basis, the current research aims at investigating the correlation between the teaching styles (TSs) of instructors of English as a foreign language (EFL) and male and female students' academic achievement in the subjects of Reading Comprehension and Essay Writing at university level. It hypothesizes that there is no correlation between teachers’ teaching styles and students’ academic achievement. The selected sample comprised 6 instructors and 1339 second and third-years students of the Departments of English language at the College of Education and College of Basic Education / University of Mosul. Concerning students' academic achievement, the researchers considered the scores of the term exam in the researched teaching subjects for the sample of students of the College of Education and the scores of the semester final exam for the sample of students of the College of Basic Education. Staffordshire Evaluation of Teaching Styles Questionnaire was used as a tool to identify instructors' teaching styles. The results demonstrated that the level of correlation between instructors’ teaching styles and students’ academic achievement range from moderate to very strong, i.e. the correlation is positive. Moreover, the level of correlation between instructors’ teaching styles and students’ academic achievement in Reading Comprehension is 0.8118 compared to 0.8178 in Essay Writing. As a general conclusion, it has been noticed that all the researched teaching styles have a positive impact on students’ achievement in general, and in RC and EW in particular. Finally, some suggestions for future research have been forwarded.

Arabic is a language that is rich in complexity and diversity, marked by a unique linguistic phenomenon that distinguishes it from other world languages. This paper explores the intricate nature of style in Arabic, focusing on the interplay between its formal and informal registers. It examines how Arabic encompasses Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as a formal variety used across the Arab world, alongside diverse vernaculars that are deeply rooted in local cultures. The research highlights how this dual linguistic structure contributes to the richness of Arabic as a medium for expression and communication, while also posing challenges in education, media, and social interaction. By analyzing the historical, cultural, and sociolinguistic dimensions of the Arabic style, this study underscores its idiosyncratic role in shaping identity and preserving cultural heritage. It is concluded that The analysis of social media and educational content revealed a growing prevalence of hybrid Arabic forms, blending MSA and vernaculars. Style of speech is a universal phenomenon, and Arabic is not an exception. However, Arabic differs completely from other languages in the type and nature of vernaculars available to speakers as formal and informal choices. Arabic is idiosyncratic in the fact that it has a vernacular that is not the native language of any person; The style of speech is a universal phenomenon and Arabic language is included. Arabic language unlike other languages in the type and nature of vernaculars as formal and informal choices for the language speakers that as nonnative but are widely used as a formal linguistic medium. The formal dialect is known as Modern Standard Arabic(MSA), as a lingua franca across the Arab world which commonly used in formal contexts.

This study examines the strategies employed by female university students in the Iraqi Kurdistan region when declining marriage proposals. The researchers utilized a questionnaire, consisting of five different contexts, to collect data from 19 to 23-year-old participants. The data is analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Further, the face negotiation theory developed by Stella Ting-Toomey is used to analyze the obtained data. The study investigates the perceptions and experiences of individuals receiving marriage proposal refusals and how these influence the communication process. The results reveal that sociocultural factors and norms influence the choice of refusal strategies among the participants. The findings also provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics involved in declining marriage proposals within the context of Iraqi Kurdistan. Eventually, the study contributes to the existing literature on refusal strategies and has practical implications for improving cross-cultural communication and interpersonal relationships.

Humor is vital in social relationships. It serves as a medium for communication, mutual comprehension, and emotional connection. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) frequently have difficulties with humor owing to impairments associated with Theory of Mind, which is believed to hinder their pragmatic competence, hence complicating their ability to comprehend and engage with funny expressions. This study seeks to tackle this issue by employing a structured based teaching method that investigates the potential of humor as a means to promote Theory of Mind and, subsequently, improve pragmatic competence in Iraqi children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The study aims to delineate three tiers of difficulty and capability in humor understanding within Autism Spectrum Disorder Level 1, specifically labeled as a, b, and c. An experimental quantitative procedure has been utilized with a pretest and two posttests. The results demonstrate that an audiovisual syllabus markedly improves Theory of Mind and pragmatic competence in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. They also indicate that the knowledge of humor is not binary but may be classified into three sublevels.

The concept of power is disappointing because it is broad, that theorists and philosophers are still arguing for a single comprehensive definition of power. Power is understood as something possessed by an individual or a group, it also refers to physical and mental strength, while Marxists consider power to be an indicator of the economy. Others think it is the expression of population growth or military power. Thus, this concept occupies a great deal of space in the social and political world, and theorists try to frame this inexhaustible word. Then Michel Foucault emerges with his philosophy and clarifies the meaning of this term. Foucault's philosophy eliminates any framework that defines the concept of power. For him, power is everywhere, and everyone has the right to practice it.

This paper examines the translation of dynamic elements in one of Fitzgerald’s greatest novels, The Great Gatsby. The data analyzed are two translations of the English novel by Najib Al-Manea (1962), and Mohammed Mostagir Mustafa (1971). First, three excerpts of the novel containing dynamic elements are selected and identified according to referential and contextual meaning correspondence. Then, the study examines the translation problems encountered by the translators of these dynamic elements and applies the principles of possibility and necessity in evaluating the translation appropriateness. The study concludes that the element in a literary text is dynamic when it has no correspondence between its referential and contextual meanings. The study also ends with finding the most appropriate translation technique for translating dynamic elements in literary texts.

In the field of teaching, the teacher frequently tries to find the best means that will allow him to transmit scientific material to the students. Play activities are part of the supporting and stimulating means of learning, despite their limited use by some, or even their neglect by others. It is considered one of the most remarkable methods that act on mental, psychological and social development, as observed by many people interested in this aspect of education. Expression, whether oral or written, is one of the skills positively and significantly affected by these activities. This is what will be noted during the paragraphs of this research which emphasize this aspect of teaching-learning French as a foreign language.
These activities are an essential source of motivation for students to demonstrate their linguistic and communicative abilities. In our research, we will mention and present the most important of these traditional and modern activities (including electronic and online games) that can be applied and practiced in the( French as a foreign language) classroom. We will also identify most of the obstacles that the teacher faces when applying them in the classroom, then mention their importance in activating the student\\'s role in the classroom and the language skills that he acquires thanks to it.

Prepositions are an integral part of Arabic speech, as they have a prominent role in the coherence of its words and in communicating the meanings of what preceded it with its structures. The multiplicity of uses of these letters has crystallized connotations and meanings for the Arabic text, especially if this text is one of the tributaries of the Arabic language, which is the noble Prophetic Hadith. From this cohesion, we produced a research that reflected a distinct aspect of the uses of the Arabic language and its unique special connotations.
In the linguistic perspective, the letter constitutes an important part of the sentence structure, and no linguistic structure can do without it, as it is the link by which the knots of speech are tightened, and its connections are strengthened, in addition to the meanings it provides that differ according to the structures and contexts in which it occurs. And since the letter has this The major role in sentence construction is that we should look at an aspect of it, explore its depths, and draw from its meanings. The choice fell on prepositions, because of their major role in linking the words used in the language, and conveying the meanings of verbs to nouns. These letters have been numerous and indicate various meanings, and one letter has more than one meaning.

Patience is one of the moral features that Islam encourages. To help a person face the adversities and hardships that befall him in this world, as well as helping him to bear them and be proud of them, and accordingly this research studies the topic (manifestations of patience in the poetry of Deek Al-Jin Al-Homsi), and he is one of the poets of the Abbasid era, who did not receive abundant study compared to other poets of his era This is due to his lack of closeness to the caliphs and the ruling class and their praise, and this is what prompted us to study his poetry, and the collected material required dividing the research into two sections. The self-manifestations of patience, represented by patience with the calamity of death, separation of the beloved and longing for her. The research relied on the analytical approach to analyze the poetic verses.

Metaphor is the pinnacle of graphic art, the essence of the wonderful image, the original element of the miraculous, and the first means by which poets and people of refined taste soar to heavens of creativity beyond which there is splendor and beauty. Through metaphor, the intelligible is transformed and embodied in the tangible, inanimate objects are personified, and the signs of life flow through it as if they were entities of the soul and feelings. Feelings and beating hearts, love, life, and emotion, therefore occupy a major role in the structure of verbal compositions, and are considered a major factor in motivation and induction, a source of synonymy and multiplicity of meanings, and an outlet for intense emotions and emotional feelings. It is a way to fill in the blanks in speech. It arouses the listener’s emotions and affects him psychologically, rather than the truth. This research aims to explain the rhetorical characteristics of the noble Prophet’s hadith, which reached the pinnacle of human statement, shedding light on the hadiths of hope and fear, demonstrating their eloquence and the personification and embodiment they contain, revealing the aspects of its influence and the locations of goodness.

Praise be to Allah the Lord of the world and peace and blessing be upon his messenger Mohammed and his family members and companions. What distinguishes our nation is its richness in heritage and its epistemological achievement that was embodied in thousands of scientific scripts in the various types of knowledge.
Our unique scholars' efforts should be investigated by us as they spent long years to produce precious scientific fruits about generations manifested with human knowledge in all the domains of sciences. Amongst the important channels in which scientific energies can be invested is the researches of higher studies students at Universities and therefore, the professors of the relevant specializations should direct their students to make efforts in terms of commentary on the works of the scholars especially in the specialization of Arabic language and its sciences as a field of specialization of Arabic language scholars.
The current research represents a statement of the life of one of the grammar in Egypt; Mohammed Ibn Jamal AlDeen Abdullah AlKharashi AlMaliki who died in (1101 A.H.) and one of his most important grammatical researches, which is his commentary on the book (Musil AlTullab Ela Qawa'id AlE'raab) by Khalid AlAzhari (died in 905 A.H.). That commentary was his most important works in grammar and its importance lies in that it explained certain grammatical problems in the book (Musil AlTullab), which, essentially, tackles the most important sources of the Arabic language grammar and manifested by the interpretation of the rules of syntax by Ibn Hisham AlAnsari (died in 761 A.H.). in the current research, the researcher discussed the aspects of AlKharashi's life and his commentary on the book (Musil AlTullab) in terms of the methodology of researching and the references.

This research is an attempt to trace the use of metaphor in the art of letters, which represented a phenomenon during the Almohads’ period. The letters from this era hold significant importance beyond their status as an ancient prose literary genre; they artistically document an important period in the historical and literary timeline of Al-Andalus. Therefore, the letters of the Almohads have been chosen as the focus of this research, examining the instances of metaphorical art in the language of these letters. It is essential to briefly discuss the research sample, which consists of the letters exchanged by the Almohad caliphs with their officials during the emergence and flourishing of the Almohad state, asserting its influence over vast regions of Al-Andalus and the Maghreb in North Africa (541-668 AH). I will elaborate on this in the introduction, as it is directly related to the study sample.
The research is divided into three main sections according to the type of metaphor. The first section discusses the rhetoric of explicit metaphors, while the second section is dedicated to the rhetoric of implicit metaphors. The third section addresses the rhetoric of representative metaphors.
The research concludes with a summary of the most significant findings. It is worth mentioning that I employed a selection principle for the analytical models within the research, as the sample contains numerous examples.

Speech is a set of words and structures that the poet formulates to express what is going on in his mind and to express his opinion towards things, whether accepting or rejecting them. In Andalusian poetry, we find that the Andalusian poet was completely satisfied with fate and destiny, as acceptance of it is legally correct and there is no doubt about it, and it is one of the requirements of faith. Therefore, we find that there is a group of poets who were subjected to fate and destiny and its nature, and accepted it and were satisfied with it, and the consequence of their acceptance of it was comfort for them. Despite the general view of the issue of fate and destiny being a conciliatory issue, not a confrontational one, given that most of the poets of Andalusia are Muslims, there are poets who objected and were angry with fate and destiny because it contradicted their hopes and aspirations. Between this and that, our research presented these visions and aspirations of the two groups, between those who accepted it and those who rejected it.

Speech is a set of words and structures that the poet formulates to express what is going on in his mind and to express his opinion towards things, whether accepting or rejecting them. In Andalusian poetry, we find that the Andalusian poet was completely satisfied with fate and destiny, as acceptance of it is legally correct and there is no doubt about it, and it is one of the requirements of faith. Therefore, we find that there is a group of poets who were subjected to fate and destiny and its nature, and accepted it and were satisfied with it, and the consequence of their acceptance of it was comfort for them. Despite the general view of the issue of fate and destiny being a conciliatory issue, not a confrontational one, given that most of the poets of Andalusia are Muslims, there are poets who objected and were angry with fate and destiny because it contradicted their hopes and aspirations. Between this and that, our research presented these visions and aspirations of the two groups, between those who accepted it and those who rejected it.

The Arab critical scene has witnessed a range of methodologies and critical movements that have sought to study and analyze literary works, aiming to uncover the aesthetic qualities of both form and content. This diversity and variety emerged to fulfill the purpose of criticism in keeping pace with the ever-evolving trajectory of literature. Criticism, as an intellectual process, is inherently dynamic and fluid. Ecocriticism, in its contemporary paths, belongs to the paradigm of postmodern thought. Initially, it emerged through scattered studies, gradually developing into a burgeoning critical field, responding to the call for environmental preservation and sustainability, Its goal is to reveal the relationship between the environment and literature.
In this study, we seek to outline the fundamental principles behind its emergence, clarify its conceptual boundaries, and examine its procedural criteria, particularly in light of its engagement with the human sciences and its intersections with other critical methods and approaches. This research will trace the origins of ecocriticism in both Western and Arab contexts, explore its core concepts, elucidate its most widely-used criteria, and highlight the directions that have granted it a distinguished significance in contemporary critical studies.

Critical methods in the study of the text have diversified, differing based on their perspectives and conceptions of textual analysis. Their critical procedures have also varied according to the philosophical foundations from which they originated. Accordingly, the critical stages of the methods, in relation to their treatment of the text, have been classified into three:
The first stage has been given several terminological designations, including: the stage of externalities of the text, pre-text, or the context of the text. The most widely circulated and famous term among Arab critics is the contextual stage. This stage refers to the beginning of all external stimuli, influences, and contexts that contributed to the birth of the text, such as: psychological motivation, historical influence, social influence, personal feeling, and others.
The second stage has been called: the textual stage, the stage of internalities of the text, inside the text, or the system of the text. The most widely circulated and famous term among critics is the systemic stage. This stage refers to the beginning of the text's organization, the relationships and connections within it, and the influence of the formation of relations, differences, systems, and structures that constitute meanings and aesthetics.
The final stage is the stage of the recipient, or the stage of the aesthetics of reception, or theories of reading and reception, or theories of reception and interpretation, which rely on interpretive criticism. In this research, we will address systemic criticism as a path belonging to the textual stage. To explain this, we will dedicate two sections: the first to address the problem of systemic criticism, and the second to its applications.

The study deals with the military and political role of slaves and loyalists in the Arabian Peninsula from the Prophet’s mission until the end of the prophetic era (13 AH / 610 - 632 AD) to know the importance of the cultural role played by slaves and loyalists in a period that is considered the most important in human history.
The study included three sections:
In the first chapter, the study deals with the linguistic and terminological concept of "slaves" and "loyalists"; in the second chapter, it deals with the role of the slaves and the loyalists in the military and political life before the prophetic mission, and explains their role in providing military requirements in Arabian peninsula.
In the third chapter, the study discusses the role of slaves and loyalists in military and political life after the Prophet’s mission, compared to what it was before the Prophet’s mission. The researcher divided this chapter into two parts: in the first one, he talks about the most important weapons that slaves and loyalists had a role in manufacturing and transporting to the Arabian Peninsula. In the second part, he also talks about the role of slaves and loyalists in participating with the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in battles. Their role in giving military advices that had a significant role in resolving battles in favor of the Muslims. The researcher also talks about the impact of this military and political progress on the civilizational aspect of the Arabian Peninsula as a whole.

This study aims to research the jewelry of the women of the city of Nablus during the nineteenth century by relying on the inheritance documents of women during the study period of 161 inheritance documents, in addition to a number of records of the Nablus Sharia Court preserved in the Center for Documents and Manuscripts at the University of Jordan . The study was divided into three axes, the first axis reviewed the definition of jewelry, while the second axis dealt with the types of jewelry, and the third axis reviewed the value of jewelry in women's inheritance.
In this study, the researcher mainly followed In this study, the researcher mainly followed two approaches, the first approach is the historical analytical method, which is based on collecting scientific material from its main source, then coordinating, organizing, analyzing and installing it, while the second approach was the statistical-quantitative method, which is based on collecting digital data for inference, tabular presentation and analysis.
The study was limited to two specific spatial and temporal frameworks, as the spatial limit was mainly limited to the city of Nablus, while the temporal dimension came to include the nineteenth century
The study concluded several results, the most important of which are: The inheritance documents promise the valuable and different information it contains , which constitutes a witness to the history of the city of Nablus and reflects a realistic picture of the public life of the Nablus community during the study period.
. It is also clear that Nablusian women used different types of ornaments and jewelry in terms of use and diversity, reflecting the splendor of Islamic art during the Ottoman era, and the socio-economic level of Nablusian women.

In the 1970s, the scientific study of the early history of American women was few and early, as the focus was largely on the role of women in the nineteenth century, especially during the revolutionary era. As for the field of American women’s history in the early stages, its sources, methods, and coverage of its topics remained it is more complex, and other factors have been added that increase that complexity, such as race, gender, class, and the nature of the region. Despite this, over the past four decades, women’s history has grown to become a vibrant field of study, focusing on documenting the details of women’s status in society in that early era of American history.
The history of the United States of America has received a fair amount of attention from specialists in the field of historical studies, especially in recent times, as it has included important aspects of the history of that country, whether political or economic, but the social aspect almost lacks the attention of specialists... So came Choosing the title of the research to highlight the challenges that women faced in early life in the American colonies.

The aim of this research paper is to identify the history of the reign of Prince Bader bin Hasnawayh bin Hussein al-Barzikani (369-405AH/979-1014AD) from the political and civilizational perspective. This era is considered one of the most prosperous and advanced periods of the rule of the Hasnawayh Emirate, wwhere the Prince assumed the rule of the emirate after his father’s death, Prince Hasnawayh bin Hussein al-Barzikani (369 AH / 979 AD). Prince Bader was able to tighten his complete control over the western region of the mountains by the assistance of the Buyid prince Adud al-Dawla bin Rukn al-Dawla, succeeding to control the affairs of the Hasnawayh Emirate, establishing security and stability, and striking the hands of the troublemakers.
This study is concerned with explaining the history of the Hasanawi Emirate during the reign of Prince Badr bin Hasanawi and his role at the level of internal and external relations, and the nature of his relationship with the Buyid princes, which was characterized by ebb and flow. It reached the peak of its prosperity and political and civilizational development, so some called him the Prince of Mountains because, according to the praise and testimony of historians, he was brave and had sound opinions and was experienced, especially in the political, economic and financial aspects. His economic policy had positive results and his coffers became overflowing with money, leading the emirate to become competitive with the rule of the Buyids during that period, while the Buyids were suffering from economic crises due to the preoccupation of its princes with a life of extravagance and luxury. Therefore, they often relied on Prince Bader's assistance with money, saving them from economic crises and problems. This was all due to the shrewdness and wise policy followed by Prince Bader bin Hasanawi in order to preserve the interest and strength of his emirate's rule at the expense of the Buyids.

There were many changes in the administrative system in Iraq from the late Ottoman era until the British occupation in the years (-) in the formation of administrative units and their abolition as a result of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire in the late twentieth century on the one hand, and British policy on the other hand. Despite the creation of a Al-Mawali (Al-Humaydat itself) at the end of the Ottoman era in , but it was quickly abolished and its districts were linked to the Mosul district in , This continued until the British control of Mosul in, when the British authorities divided Mosul, after taking control of it in, into the right-side areas. On the left side, Al-Mawali district was re-established as Al-Humaidat district within the areas of the right side, It witnessed administrative instability, as the British authorities attached it to the Tal Afar District after its creation in , but after the establishment of the modern Iraqi state in , it was attached to the Mosul District during the period (-), and this continued until the year , after the creation of the Shura District, so it was attached to it. After that, it was separated from the Shura District and annexed to the Mosul District in . It continued as it was until it was abolished in , and all its districts were annexed to the Mosul District.

The civilization of the Muslim Arabs in Andalusia flourished greatly, and during that the applied and theoretical sciences flourished, so Andalusia became the first channel through which the civilization of the Muslim Arabs was transmitted to Europe. Although much has been written about the applied sciences in Andalusia, this research focused on writing about the efforts of the Andalusians in the theoretical sciences on the one hand. Their historical efforts, from many aspects, included the history of the Andalusian countries, the news of its people and kings, the biography of its scholars in their various specializations, the history of its cities , the history of the Arab-Islamic East, genealogy, private biographies, and the biography of the prophet. Through this, scholars emerged who had a great position in cultural and intellectual history.

The Profession of Scribe was one of the Important Professions in the Countries of the Ancient Near East, Especially in the Ancient Hittite Kingdom, as the Scribe came in the Highest job Ranks there, and this Position was Sometimes held by Princes Because Knowledge of Reading and Writing is Necessary to Assume high Positions in the Kingdom, and Families who Inherited the Profession Became Famous in this Position, and it had its Role for several Generations in the Kingdom, and these People used Several Languages in Writing, Including the Akkadian Language, Which was the Language of Diplomacy, that is, the Language of Communication Between the Countries of the Ancient Near East during this period, along with the Luwian Language, which was the Language of Communication with the Countries of the West of the Kingdom. They used cuneiform writing alongside hieroglyphics, and for this reason we find that the writer and the job of writing in the scroll were among the basic jobs in the Hittite Kingdom.

Sultan Abu Amr Othman is the last of the powerful sultans of the Hafsid state (625-981 AH / 1227-1573 AD). Thanks to his personality, wisdom, firmness and justice, this sultan was able to maintain the state he inherited from his fathers and grandfathers safe and stable throughout his long reign that lasted more than 54 and a half years. He is the longest-reigning Hafsid sultan, the most famous and the closest to his subjects in affection. How could he not have been, as his reign was distinguished by the many works and achievements he provided to serve his subjects, through which he gained the love and loyalty of his subjects.
Thus, peace prevailed and security spread throughout his reign until it became a prominent feature of his. For this reason, we decided to shed light on this topic, as it directly affects people's lives. We dealt with the topic in two sections. In the first section, we discussed the personal biography of the sultan, starting from his birth, upbringing, characteristics and a glimpse of his era, up to his assumption of power and finally his death. As for the second section, we explained the most important monuments that abounded in the era of this Sultan according to their importance to the public, starting with religious facilities, and corners, all the way to schools, houses of learning, and many others.

The superiority in the precise administrative organization that the Assyrian kingdom witnessed during its Neo period (911-612 BC) in managing its internal and external affairs was often another reason added to the secret of its strength and permanence. The march of the Assyrian campaigns and the achievement of successive victories was not only the most prominent factor in building its glory and perpetuating the memory of its prominent kings through the generations, but aspects of the central administration in restoring and rehabilitating many of the cities under its control embodied an example to follow in consolidating its ability and influence over the rest of the nations and peoples. The great expansion that this kingdom witnessed during the first millennium B.C. to include many kingdoms of the ancient Near East under its banner prompted its prominent kings to create a number of court political and administrative regimes whose features crystallized since the reign of King Tiglath-Pileser III in an effort to preserve their achievements and maintain security. In the region, based on their strength, part of it was represented in keeping and preserving the dependent kingdoms in its orbit by appointing an employee or observer to act on their behalf with the kings of those countries. Subordinate to the Assyrian royal palace and in direct contact with the king in sending detailed reports, he was known administratively to the Assyrians by the term, qipu, qepu which is now translated as the delegate or representative of the king

The interest of peoples and nations of all kinds in medical science came because of its close relationship to human health. The kings before Islam were interested in the science of medicine, and many of them had a good number of doctors, either to treat them personally or to treat people within their countries. When Islam came, Muslims became very interested in the science of medicine as a result of the Islamic principles and the interest of the caliphs and princes in them. They translated many Greek works into the Arabic language and benefited from them and added other matters to those works. In fact, on many occasions, they corrected some of the errors they had made in their works. This knowledge reached the building of institutions related to it, such as medical schools and bimaristans, such as the Bimaristan Al-Addi, which was built in the year (371 AH / 982 AD) by Adud al-Dawla.
The Kurdish princes also took an interest in medical science by building schools and bimaristans in their country. The most prominent of these princes are: Those who were interested in medicine and doctors, the princes of the Marwanid state, especially Prince Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad bin Marwan al-Kurdi, who cared for doctors and ordered the construction of Bimaristan in the center of his state.

The ancient Iraqis were keen to document their economic and social transactions by writing various contracts in order to establish the rights of the contracting parties. Grazing contracts are among the well-known contracts in Mesopotamia. They are economic contracts concluded between the shepherd and the livestock owner, and according to them, the number of livestock is determined and the rights of the shepherd and the penalty conditions are established in the event of loss of livestock or causing loss. Grazing contracts were of great importance in knowing much of the lives of shepherds and herds in Mesopotamia, as they showed us the relationship of law to the daily lives of shepherds and livestock owners. The cuneiform texts were the main source in this study, in addition to some scientific sources that addressed the topic of grazing and shepherds. We relied on the descriptive approach in our study.

This research aimed to explore the role of electronic communication platforms by highlighting the "ARID Scientific Platform" and its contribution to the development of scientific creativity in the Arab world. The study focused on analyzing the impact of digital tools and social media platforms in supporting scientific research and innovation. The descriptive-analytical methodology was adopted to analyze data from surveys conducted on a sample of ARID platform users, totaling 237 individuals. The significance of the research lies in deepening the understanding of how electronic communication platforms influence scientific development and innovation in the Arab world, and in providing recommendations to enhance the role of these platforms in supporting and advancing scientific research. The main hypothesis proposed that electronic communication platforms have no impact on the development of scientific creativity. Statistical data analysis was employed to test this hypothesis, and the results showed a significant increase in the level of support provided by these platforms for scientific work, thereby indicating a statistically significant improvement in the development of scientific creativity. Furthermore, a strong positive relationship was observed between the use of the ARID platform and the enhancement of scientific creativity, highlighting the importance of these tools in supporting and promoting scientific research.
Based on these findings, the research recommended encouraging more interaction and participation on similar platforms, in addition to enhancing training and education on using them effectively as one of the tools of digital media to support scientific research.

The research aimed to identify social networking sites and their impact on the social behavior and academic achievement of students from the point of view of their teachers. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was designed consisting of two main axes in addition to the primary data. The first axis contained the positive and negative items and their impact on social behavior, which numbered (20) items, with (10) paragraphs for the positive side and (10) representing the negative side, whereas the second axis included positive and negative items and their impact on academic achievement, which numbered (14) items, with (7) items for each side. The questionnaire was applied to a sample representing middle school teachers, numbering (110) male and female teachers, with (54) males and (56) females. The research relied on the social survey method, which is a descriptive and analytical research. The data was processed statistically. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that social networking sites have a positive and negative impact on the social behavior of students and their academic achievement, as they contributed to providing students with new information and knowledge, and encouraged dialogues and discussions, reading and perseverance, as well as developing creative thinking. As for its negative impact, it caused indifference and wastage of the time students spent browsing, in addition to violence, bullying, and violation of the privacy of others, as well as feelings of social isolation and loneliness. The phenomenon of tattoos, hookahs, and Western haircuts also spread among students, in addition to distracting students’ attention during lectures, neglecting study materials and assignments, and falling asleep during the lesson.

The changes taking place in society, the change in the mechanisms and dynamics of society, and globalization have been accompanied by a decline in the provision of social support and assistance to the elderly, which is considered one of the stages of life that is generally surrounded by a type of disturbance on the physiological and psychological level, which is represented by inactivity, helplessness, isolation, and great emptiness. This transitional stage of Young people in old age need the state, society, and family support and social support that gives them the motivation to continue life, face their problems, and meet their psychological, social, and economic needs, so that they can also deal with accidents and crises more effectively after being referred to retirement. This is why we decided to explain the role of social service in achieving social support. Economic studies for elderly retirees in the city of Mosul to arrive at some solutions and results on the subject. As the research included two theoretical and field aspects, the basic elements of the problem and importance of the research and its objectives were addressed, as well as the application of two related theories, including social exchange and integrative theory, in addition to the field aspect in which the questionnaire was distributed to a group of retired elderly people of both sexes and in a random cross-sectional method, which was used in analyzing the data. The percentage as well as the statement of the arithmetic mean and the test for comparison of means (Anova test) as indicated in the analysis of social data .

This study aims to explore the reality of collection development policies from the perspective of some librarians at the University of Mosul. The objective is to identify the staff responsible for the selection and acquisition of resources in these libraries and to examine the policies adopted for developing library collections. The study employed a descriptive methodology to analyze the current state of development policies applied in the libraries of the University of Mosul's colleges. The findings revealed several critical points, most notably that the majority of the libraries surveyed lack a clear, documented, and approved policy. Instead, most of the existing practices are individual efforts by library staff. Among the key recommendations of the study is the establishment of a permanent policy for library collection building in accordance with accepted standards. This includes referring to University Library Instructions No. 92 of 1995, which serves as a framework for Iraqi libraries and outlines regulations on budgets, acquisitions, staffing, and services, as detailed in Appendices (2) and (3).

The study aims to identify the citation references of intellectual output utilized by researchers in master's theses within the field of information and knowledge technologies. This includes determining the structural characteristics of the intellectual output, such as linguistic, temporal, formal, and subject distribution, and identifying the prominent authors and titles referenced in the researchers' studies. The study also examines the most cited foreign and Arabic journals used by researchers. The statistical and content analysis methods were employed to analyze the intellectual output referenced in the master's theses completed in the Department of Information and Knowledge Technologies during the period 2012-2023.The study arrived at several key findings, notably that the number of intellectual references cited in the completed theses by researchers in the department from 2012-2023 reached 3243 citations, with Arabic intellectual output accounting for the majority at 2528 citations, while foreign citations amounted to 715. Among the study’s main recommendations is the need to enhance and support co-authorship initiatives among researchers, as this can lead to more enriched and comprehensive scientific work in terms of objectivity and global reach. Encouraging research collaboration, particularly through publication in scientific journals, boosts the quality of research outputs and facilitates faster completion.

The importance of the research lies in focusing on showing the technical challenges in the application of e-government in the Directorate of Civil Status, Passports and Residence in Nineveh, among the members working in the field of technology in the directorate. The research aimed at identifying the concept of e-government, its origins, characteristics, and the challenges facing those working in the field of technology in the directorate. The research depended on the case study approach in addition to the descriptive-analytical one, and the questionnaire and interview were used as tools for collecting data. The research community amounted to (650) members affiliated with the Directorate of Civil Status, Passports and Residence in Nineveh, and a purposive sample was selected, amounting to (201), i.e. (31%) of the members working in the field of technology in the aforementioned directorate. The research came out with a number of results, the most important of which are: -
1. Most of the research sample indicated that the technologies and infrastructure of devices, programs and networks do not meet the needs of the directorate in work, in addition to the lack of programmers and specialists in tackling the obstacles facing the e-government implementation.
2. The digital gap and the lack of technical skills with the lack of readiness of institutions are considered an obstacle to digital transformation and a challenge to the optimal implementation of e-government in the directorate. The sample members indicated that the maintenance of devices and technical equipment in the directorate and the lack of specialized staff are among the obstacles they face, especially with the emergence of new technologies.
The research also came out with a number of proposals, the most important of which are:
1. Working on providing the infrastructure of devices, equipment and affiliated members, especially in the National Card and Passports Department (in the right and left side of Mosul City), in a way that is commensurate with the size of the jobs and services it provides to citizens.
2. Providing human resources specialized in the field of e-government technologies due to their importance in implementing e-government and providing e-services to citizens in a faster and more accurate manner.
Holding workshops and training courses to familiarize affiliated members working in the directorate with the advantages and disadvantages of e-government technologies. Through this research, it became clear that there are a number of members working in the field of e-government technologies who are not aware of the advantages and disadvantages of e-government.

Digital repositories have become an inevitable necessity today for every university or academic institution that seeks to manage and organize information sources and long-term preservation, as digital repositories provide a large group of information sources that are used to keep pace with developments and the completion of scientific research and support the curriculum. This study came to measure the extent of benefit of digital repositories from the point of view of teachers of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Mosul. The study followed the descriptive surveyed method for its suitability for this type of study. The researcher used the questionnaire as a tool for data collection and it was distributed to 50% of the total of the study community (they are the teachers of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Mosul), which number (341). The study identified a random layer of class sample of teachers of the Faculty of Arts with a number of (171) from all departments of the college. The questionnaire was distributed and the percentage of recall was (100) From the number of questionnaires distributed to survey their opinions, the study reached a set of results, the most important of which was that the study sample has knowledge of digital repositories and came by (64%) through social networks, which had a major role in introducing digital repositories, and that (63%) of the study sample members achieve a great benefit from digital repositories, which are considered the academic portfolio of intellectual product and a platform for the dissemination of scientific research.