Diyala Journal for Veterinary Sciences

Background:The management of inflammatory conditions like gout arthritis often involves acetaminophen for pain relief, though its anti-inflammatory efficacy is limited. Agmatine sulfate has been shown to potentially enhance the anti-inflammatory properties of acetaminophen, offering a promising approach to improving treatment outcomes for gout patients. Forty male wister albino rats, were used in this study and divided into five groups (n= 8 rats/group) and orally administered with the followings: Group 1 received 1000mg/kg of agmatine sulphate; Group 2 received 1000mg/kg of acetaminophen; Group 3 animals were co-administered with 900mg/kg of acetaminophen and 100mg/kg of agmatine sulphate, respectively; Group 4 rats were co-administered with 077mg/kg of acetaminophen and 300mg/kg of agmatine sulphate, respectively. Group 5 is co-administered with acetaminophen (500mg/kg) and agmatine sulphate (500mg/kg), respectively. Aims:The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of acetaminophen (using various doses of acetaminophen-agmatine sulphate combination) against gouty arthritis induced by monosodium urate crystals in male rats. Results: This study found that all gouty arthritis treated groups had significantly low levels (P<0.05) of white blood cells and visual weight-bearing test. Haemoglobin and red blood cell counts in groups 4 and group 5 demonstrated high significant values (P<0.05). Joint stiffness in groups 1 and group 5 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conversely, mobility test exhibited the high significant score (P<0.05) in all groups. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate exhibited a substantial decrease (P<0.05) in groups 4 and group 5. Conclusions:Overall, this study indicated that agmatine enhances the therapeutic profile of acetaminophen as mild anti-inflammatory agent when given as combination

Abstract: Leishmaniasis is a widespread ailment in the Iraq, encompassing both cutaneous and visceral. The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-leishmanial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) compared to nickel nanoparticles which both biosynthesized by using clove extract as a reducing agent for particle manufacturing. Bio-based zinc oxide nanoparticles and nickel nanoparticles with an average particle size of less than 100 nanometers (nm) were produced and characterized using by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, FTIR analysis and X-rays diffraction. The antileishmanial activities were investigated through (MTT) 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide( cell viability assay. After 24 h of exposure with six concentrations nanoparticles (ZnO and Ni NPs), a concentration-dependent growth inhibition was observed. The IC50 values were determined against promastigotes of L. donovani as 59.06 μg/ml for ZnO NPs and 39,55 μg/ml for NiNPs, with observing statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The results indicated that ZnO NPs and NiNPs had noticeable effect on the inhibition ratio and viability of the L. donovani promastigotes in a dose-dependent manner under laboratory conditions. recommend study Based on the present results, it has been concluded that ZnO NPs had little effect on L. donvani at the same concentrations in vitro. On the other hand, there is a direct destructive effect of nickel on different forms (promastigotes) of Leishmania donvani parasite, also, the destruction of parasites increases with concentrations of nickel NPs used, and the best concentration was 160 μg/ml after 24hr. Aims: 1- Produce synthesized biological nanoparticles including (zinic oxide and nickel) from clove extract. 2- Study the effect of zinc oxide on Leishmania donavani. 3- Study the effect of nickel on Leishmania donavani. 4-Investigate and compare the impact of these nano- particles on viability of promastigote in MTT assay in in-vitro condition.

Nakaseomyces glabratus, a non-dimorphic yeast formerly known as Candida glabrata, has been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen associated with vulvovaginal infections. Its relevance has been increasing due to its adaptability and resistance, posing challenges in both human and veterinary medicine. This study represents the first molecular and phylogenetic investigation of Nakaseomyces glabratus in equine vulvovaginitis cases in Iraq. It underscores the significance of incorporating molecular diagnostic techniques for accurate identification and improved management of fungal infections in veterinary practice. Background: Nakaseomyces glabratus has emerged as a significant opportunistic fungal pathogen, particularly in cases of vulvovaginal infections. Formerly known as Candida glabrata, this yeast is non-dimorphic and exhibits considerable resistance to antifungal agents, raising concern in both human and veterinary health. Despite its growing importance, limited data exist regarding its role in animal infections, especially in equine species in Iraq. Aims: This study aimed to molecularly characterize and assess the genetic relationships of Nakaseomyces glabratus isolates obtained from mares clinically diagnosed with vulvovaginitis in Baghdad City, Iraq. Results: Between August 2024 and January 2025, 100 vaginal swabs were collected from mares showing clinical signs of vulvovaginitis in various locations around Baghdad City. Phenotypic identification included macroscopic growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar and CHROM agar, microscopic examination, and trehalose assimilation testing. Molecular identification was performed viaconventional PCR targeting the NL (D1/D2) region, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11 and BioEdit. Out of the 100 samples, 20 (20%) were identified as Nakaseomyces glabratus. Four of the most virulent isolates were confirmed via PCR and sequencing. The NL gene was detected in all PCR-positive samples, producing a characteristic 620 bp band. Sequence analysis demonstrated 99–100% similarity to reference strains from Belgium, Kuwait, South Africa, and the Netherlands, indicating strong genetic conservation. Conclusions: The findings highlight the presence and genetic relatedness of Nakaseomyces glabratus strains in equine vulvovaginitis in Iraq, marking the first such report in the country. Molecular tools proved essential for accurate identification, and their use should be encouraged in veterinary diagnostics to enhance fungal infection management strategies.

Background:
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae that cause numerous diseases, including pyelonephritis, urinary stones, prostatitis, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and diarrhea in humans. A total of 180 collected samples from different clinical sites (urine, discharge, otitis media, wounds, and vaginitis) during September 2024 to December 2024 from Baquba Teaching Hospital and Al-Batoul Maternity and Children\'s Hospital in Diyala Governorate/Iraq.
Aims:
This study aimed to detect P. mirabilis with multi drug resistance by morphological and biochemical methods and to determine some virulence factors by phenotype methods as well as detecting of genes encoding antibiotic resistance including (blaNDM and blaSHV) through multiplex PCR, in clinical samples.
Results:
Results revealed that 20 (18.18%) isolates of P. mirabilis were obtained. The incidence rate of isolation in females was higher than in males, 12 (60%) and 8 (40%) respectively. In this study, a higher rate of positive isolation was recorded in urine samples (65%). Also, 45% of isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESβL) producers and 30% were Metallo beta-lactamase (MβL) producers. The most effective antimicrobial agents against all isolates are meropenem followed by Amikacin. Resistant of P. mirabilis for many antibiotics, especially Trimethoprim and ampicillin. Molecular detection of beta lactamase genes revealed that only 6 (30%) had blaSHV gene while blaNDM only in 7 (35%) of isolates.Conclusion:
P. mirabilis was resistance for many antibiotics, especially Trimethoprim and ampicillin and meropenem was the most effective followed by Amikacin. All isolates showed different rates of ESβL and MβL production and this reflect different rates of resistance genes expression such as blaNDM and blaSHV.

Background: The abdominal and pelvic arteries play an important role in regulating blood flow to vital organs, especially during pregnancy due to the numerous physiological changes that occur to ensure adequate blood flow to the fetus and its supporting tissues. Latex injection is also an effective tool for revealing the anatomical distribution of arteries. Ten pregnant female domestic rabbits were used. Color Doppler ultrasound of the celiac arteries was performed from the dorsal position. The rabbits were then anesthetized and given a latex injection via the left ventricle.
Aims: This study aims to evaluate the abdominal arteries in pregnant female rabbits using color Doppler, providing reference data on their diameters. It also seeks to study the major anatomical locations of the abdominal arteries using intravascular latex injection.
Results: Color Doppler ultrasound results showed that the mean hepatic artery diameter was (0.196 ±0.005) cm and the mean renal artery diameter was (0.292 ±0.009) cm. Anatomically, The results of latex injection showed that the injected arteries retained their anatomical flexibility, which helped clearly show the anatomical path of the arteries and facilitated the process of identifying their locations and anatomical relationships with the adjacent tissues. The results indicated that the aorta was the main artery supplying the abdomen, which in turn branches into the celiac artery, which gives off two major branches: the splenic artery and the common trunk, the mesenteric artery, and the two renal arteries, where the right renal artery was located higher in origin and shorter in length than the left renal artery.
Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasound also provides a clear and accurate image of the artery's diameter, but it cannot image all the arteries that appear when a rabbit carcass is injected with latex for several reasons, including the interference of fat and other tissues with the arteries.

Abstract:
Background: Cloprostenol sodium is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). It is a potent luteolytic agent; that within hours of administration, it causes the corpus luteum to stop production of progesterone, and to reduce in size over several days. The uterus is composed of layers of smooth muscle, and systemic administration of PGF2α appears to aid in uterine expulsion of fluid and contaminants, helping to improve the uterine environment, thus leading to increases in subsequent pregnancy rates.
This study explores the efficacy of cloprostenol sodium in treating many reproductive disorders in cattle. A total twenty five multiparous cows and in second to fifth parturition with diverse reproductive disorders allocated into three groups, first group consisting of five cows suffering luteal cyst, the second group consisting of sixteen cows suffering retained placenta and third group consisting of four cows had pyometra. All these groups received cloprostenol sodium by intramuscular injection, and the animals are recovered and came to estrus and inseminated artificially after variable times of treatment and according to specific reproductive disorder.
Aims: : the aims of the study were to assess the efficacy of cloprostenol sodium (synthetic analogue of PGF2α) in treating several reproductive disorders in Iraqi cows.

Results: the number of cows experiencing ovarian luteal cyst and treated by cloprostenol sodium were five. All of them recovered and showed signs of estrus and insemination between 32–36 days, with a range of 34±0.37 days. Cows experienced retained placenta in this table was 16 and have received cloprostenol sodium. Ten cows recovered after 72-96 hours and came to estrus and inseminated within a range 54-63 (58.50±2.19) days after treatment. Six animals did not respond to cloprostenol sodium treatment, manual removal of retained fetal membranes, intrauterine oxytetracycline tablet insertion, and intramuscular injection of 20% oxytetracycline. These cows displayed signs of estrus, fully recovered, and became inseminated 72 days after treatment. 4 cows had pyometra were treated with cloprostenol sodium and three times within seven days of each other with intrauterine oxytetracycline. After receiving therapy, these cows recovered well from estrus and inseminated in 54–58 (56±0.32) days.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that the cloprostenol sodium was very effective and had potential efficacy in treating the reproductive disorders involved in the study if it is employed in high dose or concentration.

Abstract:
Background:Mastitis is worldwide distributed disease that affects farm animals especially cattle and cause economic losses such as decreased milk production.
Aims: The current study aimed to determine the percentage of separated Ecoli infection in dairy cattle in Diyala governorate. The study conducted between 20July to 20 October, 2024. : Isolation of Escherichia coli by using MacConkey and EMB agers then the isolates were confirmed by PCR method depending on the 16s ribosomal gene
Results: The results demonstrated that there were 20 samples in the clinically-diagnosed mastitis milk revealed positive infections with Escherichia coli (about 40% of the total samples that collected), while there were 30 samples of clinically-dignosed mastitis showed negative results (about 60% of total collected samples). Escherichia coli isolates were shown positive results for 16s ribosomal gene
Conclusions: Escherichia coli is a common cause of clinical mastitis in the cattle with high prevalence in comparison with other causative agents.

Abstract:
Background: It is well known that acrylamide is a neurotoxic that causes several pathological alterations in the central and peripheral nervous systems. As well as the ALA is a dual antioxidant and pro-inflammatory agent. Fifteen adult male rats were used in this study, and assigned randomly into three equal groups. Rats of the first group, control (CCG), were administered tab water for 35 days by gavage needle. In the second group, acrylamide group (ACG), rats were given acrylamide (ACR) 5mg/kg B.W by gavage needle for 35 days. In the third group, acrylamide plus alpha lipioc group (ALG), rats had acrylamide (ACR) 5mg/kg B.W. plus alpha lipioc acid (ALA) 100mg/kg B.W. for 35 days by gavaging as well
Aims: The current study was conducted to investigate the neurotoxic effect of the acrylamide (ACR) and the role of alpha lipioc acid (ALA) to ameliorate the ACR neurotoxicity.
Results: At the end of the study, the behavioural testing was performed and brains of rats were harvested for histopathological examination. The results showed that the oral exposure to ACR induces impairment of rat behaviours, while treatment of ALA reduces such impairments. Moreover, histopathological examination of brain sections of the animals exposed to ACR shows microglial cells aggregation in one side of blood vessels in the brain parenchyma and inflammatory cells around and inside the congested blood vessels. Furtyhermore, proliferation of microglial cells with Alzheimer type II astrocyte were noticed as well. However, the brain sections of ALG administered rats showed a relatively less microglial activation and less inflammatory cells in the examined areas
Conclusions: Overall, alpha lipoic acid mitigated the brain oxidative stress and inflammation induced by acrylamide and restored the structure and normal function of the brains.

Abstract:
This study was conducted to evaluate the difference between the effect of hyaluronic acid extract from vitreous eye of bovine and fresh aloe vera gel on the healing of induced cutaneous burn in rabbits. 45 adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly used. The animals were divided randomly into three equal groups after creation a skin burn on the back of each experimental animal. In first group, the site of skin burn was treated by hyaluronic acid extract while in second group the animals treated with fresh aloe vera gel and the animals of third group were left without treatment as a control group. The healing process was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically on 7,14-, and 21-day post-treatment.
The Hyaluronic acid extracted-treated group showed significantly accelerated wound healing, faster re-epithelialization, reduced inflammation, and minimal scarring compared to both the Aloe Vera extracted -treated and control groups. The Aloe Vera extracted -treated group showed moderate improvement in wound healing but lagged behind the Hyaluronic acid extracted group.
Histological examinations revealed enhanced collagen deposition, fibroblast activity, and tissue regeneration in the Hyaluronic acid extracted-treated wounds, which were significantly better than those observed in the other two groups (p ≤ 0.05). These findings indicate that The Hyaluronic acid extracted, with its biocompatibility and regenerative properties, holds great promise as a natural, effective treatment for burn injuries, offering a viable alternative to traditional Hyaluronic acid-based treatments.
The conclusions of this study discovered that the healing of hyaluronic acid extracted group was better and faster than the other groups.
Aims:
Study to investigate the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid extract and fresh aloe vera gel on the healing of skin burns clinically and histopathologically and compare between them.

Abstract
Background: Cutaneous lesions of candidiasis in dogs are characterized by erythematous moist erosions with an irregular contour and there may be alopecia, crusting, ulceration and edema. Therefore, the skin scrapings and skin biopsy are the main methods for cutaneous candidiasis diagnosis in dogs.Protein agglutinin-like sequence proteins (HWP1) are examples of adhesion proteins which activate with encoded many targeted genes like (HWP1) . HWP1 gene which are involved in C. albicans on host cells in cutaneous Candidiasis. Capsaicin is a phytochemical structure is extracted from Capsicum annuum L., it was showed activity on adherent virulent role of different microbial skin problems such as cutaneous candidiasis. Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the effectiveness of capsaicin against HWP1gene expression for Candida albicans isolated from canine cutaneous candidiasis. Material and methods: A total of 100 skin samples from German Shepherd-K9 dogs (Canis lupus L.) which infected with cutaneous candidiasis. All of the isolated C. albicans were examined under a microscope and using biochemistry. screening and purification methods were used to look into the detection of capsaicin from Capsicum annuum L.. The expression of (HWP1) gene before and after treatment with capsaicin was compared using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The results show that the highest expression folding 1.00 before capsaicin treatment and the expression was reduced after treatment folding of this gene was reduced after capsaicin treatment which means that capsaicin inhibits the gene expression of biofilm formation of C. albicans. Conclusions: Our conclusions were the gene expression showed that the levels of gene HWP1were up-regulated in biofilm formation isolates.