Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

جرى في هذه الدراسة مقابلة OpenAI ChatGPT المعروف باسم GPT-3 (المحول التوليدي المدرب مسبقًا) وأداة التعلم لديها القدرة على الابتكار وتوليد الأفكار. يدور نطاق الدراسة حول استخدام OpenAI ChatGPT من قبل الطلاب وتأثيره عليهم. تم طرح الكثير من الأسئلة وتلقي الردود من ChatGPT. وحتى هذه الدراسة ليست الأولى فيما يخص OpenAI ChatGPT، إلا أنَّ أصالة هذه الدراسة تتمحور حول ترسيخ فكرة استخدام الطلاب الأعمى للذكاء الاصطناعي. تظهر النتيجة أن ChatGPT له مزايا وعيوب على الطلاب. المزايا سطحية للطلاب، لكن العيوب تؤثر عليهم بشكل عميق بما في ذلك صحتهم ومجتمعهم وبيئتهم. في الأقسام التالية، تناقش الدراسة OpenAI ChatGPT ودوره على الطلاب.

من خلال دراسة الجيومورفولوجية التكتونية وتطبيق مؤشراتها ، تبين أنَّ الأحواض في المنطقة ذات مؤشر تكتوني عالي، إذ إنَّ المنطقة تعاني من نشاط زلزالي مستمر وتكرار للهزات الأرضية, ويدل على نشاط التكتوني على شدة تضرس الأحواض والانحدار في المنطقة وتكراالانزلاقات الأرضية ونشاط لفاعلية العمليات الجيومورفولوجية, وباستخدام معادلات المؤشرات الجيومورفولوجية التكتونية للأحواض والتي تدل أو تؤشر على وجود نشاط تكتوني، إذ تم استخراج الشبكة النهرية من خلال أنموذج الارتفاعات الرقمي (DEM) وتقسيم المنطقة على ستة أحواض ومن ثمَّ تطبيق معادلات المؤشرات الجيومورفولوجية التكتونية وتجميع هذه المؤشرات وتصميم أنموذج يوضح درجات النشاط التكتوني للأحواض المختارة في المنطقة.

The current research aims to:
• Identify the painful childhood experiences among adolescents.
The researcher adopted the descriptive approach for the current study, which was conducted on a sample of middle school adolescents in Baghdad. The researcher used the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) tool, developed by (Felitti, et al, 1998), and later modified by the Gulf Research Center (BARC). This tool consists of 19 items related to painful childhood experiences, with responses recorded as "Yes" or "No." Additionally, the Impact Measure (IE-S), consisting of 22 items distributed across three subscales (avoidance, intrusion, and physical responses), was utilized. The responses were scored on a five-point Likert scale.
The results of the research indicated:
• The presence of painful childhood experiences among adolescents.
The research concluded with a discussion of the results and the presentation of some suggestions and recommendations.

The sociopragmatic study examines the use of emojis as non-verbal cues in virtual team meetings, analyzing their linguistic and pragmatic functions across professional domains, meeting types, and levels of formality. The study focuses on how emojis contribute to meaning-making in remote work settings using platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Slack. It draws on a dataset of 50 virtual meetings from technology, education, health, and finance sectors, with informed consent from participants. This diverse sample allows for an exploration of emoji use across various organizational cultures and communication practices.
The study categorizes meetings into four types: routine check-ins, brainstorming sessions, project updates, and feedback meetings. This classification facilitates a detailed analysis of how meeting types influence emoji use. The research highlights how formality impacts the frequency, purpose, and nature of emoji use in professional interactions.
Grounded in speech act theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1975) and politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987), the study argues that emojis serve linguistic functions beyond decoration. By emphasizing their sociopragmatic role in maintaining transactional and relational communication, the paper provides a framework for understanding how digital non-verbal cues enhance communication in evolving virtual environments.

Childhood is one of the most important stages in a person's life, as the first personality traits are formed and the basic building blocks for mental, social, and emotional growth are laid. Hence, studying how children acquire concepts is a very important topic, so our research came to present one of these concepts, as the research topic aims to understand conflict resolution for Iraqi children, and aims to identify:
1. Understanding conflict resolution according to the variables:
A. Age (5, 6, 7(
B. Gender (males, females(
2. Identifying the significance of differences according to the variables:
A. Age (5, 6, 7(
B. Gender (males, females(
The research sample included (180) boys and girls distributed over three ages (5-6-7) years, (60) children for each age group and distributed equally between the sexes.
The researcher prepared a tool to measure children's understanding of conflict resolution. It consisted of eight stories interspersed with two questions on each story and a qualitative question. The researcher extracted the apparent validity. The stability of the tool was verified by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the test-retest method. The results of the research were as follows:
1. Children at the age of (5) years do not have an understanding of conflict resolution.
2. Understanding conflict resolution appears in children at the age of (6) years.
3. Children at the age of (7) years have a high understanding of conflict resolution.
4. There is no effect of gender in understanding conflict resolution.
In light of the results of the current research, the researcher proposes a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

This study deals with the representation of maternal authority in Clifford Odets’ Awake and Sing! through the character of Bessie Berger. By applying a structuralism, alongside an analysis of maternal authority and social struggles, the study examines the binary oppositions of control versus freedom and materialism versus idealism, highlighting the tensions between Bessie’s authority pursuit of financial stability and the aspirations of her children. The concern of this study is to reveal how this narrative is revolved around Bessie’s maternal authority and her role as a mother that shaped by her immigrant background and the economic instability of the 1930s. Set against the backdrop of the Great Depression, Awake and Sing! depicts the struggles of the Berger family, a lower-middle-class Jewish household living in a small Bronx apartment in 1935. Through Bessie’s dominant actions, Odets critiques the dehumanizing pressures of capitalism and its impact on the aspirations of the younger generation.

This study aims to monitor the political actions undertaken by European and Maghreb countries in combating the phenomenon of illegal immigration from 1990 to 2010. This leads us to a problematic question regarding the seriousness and effectiveness of Euro-Maghreb political cooperation in addressing this phenomenon.
In this study, we adopted a methodology dictated by the nature of the topic, primarily the historical method, by tracing the development of migration trends within the European Union. This approach helps us understand the nature of European migration policies by following their evolution from the Cold War era to the most recent policies implemented in the region up to 2010.
We also relied on the descriptive-analytical method, which enables us to describe the phenomenon under study by examining various European policies in the Maghreb region, their mechanisms, and methods of implementation. We then analyzed these policies and their outcomes.
Among the key findings of this study is that, despite the Euro-Maghreb political cooperation not fully achieving its objectives, it remains a fundamental pillar for building international cooperation. The parties involved have no choice but to resort to political dialogue to ensure stability and peaceful coexistence. This is because finding solutions to illegal immigration can only be envisioned within a joint framework involving the concerned countries. Individual initiatives by Maghreb states and the European Union have failed to bear fruit, making it essential to establish a shared political cooperation between them.

The research seeks to provide a clear vision of the contribution of David Gascoyne (1916-2001) to British surrealism, the main surrealist elements, and the psychological scope of this movement; more precisely to expose the enigmatic allure of the unconscious. It presents Gascoyne's surrealist phase as a creative breakthrough in poetry. The selected poems from his volume Man's Life Is This Meat (1936) will be discussed in this research through the lens of Freud's theories of dreams and the unconscious. This approach helps to unravel the mysterious nature of the poems, which parallels the enigmatic qualities of the dreams. Surrealism, as a trend of the20th century, arose as a response to the trails of an era stained by war. It beckoned readers to view the world through a dreamy perspective as dreams function outside the constraints of logical thinking and societal norms, allowing for unusual and unconventional combinations of thoughts and emotions. The research focuses on the illogical threads of reality and the surreal tapestry of imagination contrasting with a more traditional or realistic approach

The current research addressed an important concept, which is the feeling of psychological loneliness among widows. The aim of the research was to measure psychological loneliness among widows in Baghdad Governorate, as well as to identify the significance of differences among widows according to the variable (I work - I do not work) and to measure the significance of differences in the feeling of psychological loneliness among widows according to the variable of the number of children. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted the psychological loneliness scale of the researcher Wafaa Hussein Khuwaiter from Palestine. The researcher built this scale after reviewing a scale prepared by Russell and standardized and Arabized by Majdi Al-Dasouqi and a scale prepared by Ibrahim Qashqoush. The scale consisted of (46) paragraphs distributed over four dimensions, which are the isolation and withdrawal dimension, the lack of friends dimension, the loss of contact dimension, and the social ostracism dimension. The answer alternatives were three alternatives, which are (always apply - somewhat apply - does not apply at all). The scale was applied to a sample of widows, numbering (100) from the Karkh side in the capital, Baghdad, who are registered in the care program of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs using the random stratified method. After using statistical methods on the above data, it showed: The results showed that the arithmetic mean of the scale was (104.02) degrees with a standard deviation of (13.14) degrees. Balancing this mean with the hypothetical mean of the scale, which was (86) degrees, and using the t-test for one sample, it was found that the difference was statistically significant and in favor of the arithmetic mean, as the calculated t-value was higher than the tabular t-value, which was (1.96) with a degree of freedom (99) and a significance level of (0.05). This means that widows have a high level of psychological loneliness. As for the work variable, it was found that there was a difference in the variable, as non-working widows have a greater sense of loneliness. As for the children variable, there were no statistically significant differences. The results were interpreted according to theories and studies. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, including paying attention to the widow segment in society psychologically, economically and socially, and providing guidance centers that guide and advise widows. Among the research proposals is to conduct the same study, but on the category of divorcees. This study should be conducted on the category of uneducated women.

The current research addressed an important concept, which is the feeling of psychological loneliness among widows. The aim of the research was to measure psychological loneliness among widows in Baghdad Governorate, as well as to identify the significance of differences among widows according to the variable (I work - I do not work) and to measure the significance of differences in the feeling of psychological loneliness among widows according to the variable of the number of children. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted the psychological loneliness scale of the researcher Wafaa Hussein Khuwaiter from Palestine. The researcher built this scale after reviewing a scale prepared by Russell and standardized and Arabized by Majdi Al-Dasouqi and a scale prepared by Ibrahim Qashqoush. The scale consisted of (46) paragraphs distributed over four dimensions, which are the isolation and withdrawal dimension, the lack of friends dimension, the loss of contact dimension, and the social ostracism dimension. The answer alternatives were three alternatives, which are (always apply - somewhat apply - does not apply at all). The scale was applied to a sample of widows, numbering (100) from the Karkh side in the capital, Baghdad, who are registered in the care program of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs using the random stratified method. After using statistical methods on the above data, it showed: The results showed that the arithmetic mean of the scale was (104.02) degrees with a standard deviation of (13.14) degrees. Balancing this mean with the hypothetical mean of the scale, which was (86) degrees, and using the t-test for one sample, it was found that the difference was statistically significant and in favor of the arithmetic mean, as the calculated t-value was higher than the tabular t-value, which was (1.96) with a degree of freedom (99) and a significance level of (0.05). This means that widows have a high level of psychological loneliness. As for the work variable, it was found that there was a difference in the variable, as non-working widows have a greater sense of loneliness. As for the children variable, there were no statistically significant differences. The results were interpreted according to theories and studies. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, including paying attention to the widow segment in society psychologically, economically and socially, and providing guidance centers that guide and advise widows. Among the research proposals is to conduct the same study, but on the category of divorcees. This study should be conducted on the category of uneducated women.

A close examination of Muhammad Al-Aboudi’s Lexicon of Classical Origins of Colloquial Terms reveals that Najdi vernacular has preserved many of the classical Arabic morphological patterns and their meanings. Some forms have undergone slight changes from their original classical structures, yet these modifications do not place them outside the bounds of authentic Arabic usage.
In this study, I will highlight a selection of commonly used nominal and verbal morphological patterns found in the Najdi dialect.
Research problem: There are morphological meters in colloquial Najdi that still retain their connotations that were in the classical language, and there is a need to uncover them.
The importance of the research: examining the most important reasons that contributed to the perpetuation of the meanings of some morphological structures in the Najdi spoken language.
Research procedures: The research is limited to the colloquial expressions of the people of Najd in the modern era through the Al-Aboudi dictionary.

This research deals with the biography of Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Elias, one of the most prominent pioneers of Islamic education in China during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Sheikh was born in the city of Nanjing during the late Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and grew up in a distinguished scientific environment that enabled him to combine Islamic sciences with traditional Chinese culture
. The research discussed his most prominent contributions to spreading Islamic education, including establishing religious schools in mosques to teach Islamic sciences and the Arabic language, and translating Islamic texts into the Chinese language, which helped enhance the correct understanding of Islam among Chinese Muslims He also focused on his efforts to prepare a generation of Muslim scholars who contributed to spreading the teachings of Islam with a balanced mix with local culture.
The research concluded that Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdullah was a pivotal figure in integrating Islamic identity with Chinese society, which led to enhancing mutual understanding between cultures. His scientific and cultural legacy is a testament to the importance of education in strengthening ties between diverse communities .

Short story art is an important creative narrative art. Having a speech that reflects the author's (text sender's) view of an idea, he strives to disseminate that speech among the elements of the story text.
George Salem's anecdotal collection carried a speech, reflecting his feelings and feelings. It was a sincere picture of his reality, as well as his description of his suffering, pain and psychological crisis. The writer tends to express those feelings with a personality (the unsung hero), which opens up a wide range of questions, thus leading us to a plethora of interpretations and connotations.
The lesson in this group went to the followers of a particular pattern and one style in this group, and it leads us to the fact that this obligation carries a particular speech, which the writer wanted to emphasize and focus on, and this is demonstrated by our analysis of the texts of this group.

The term ‘advertising’ has expanded its field of knowledge by relying on the suggestive image that indicates semantic loading, and that is based on influence, persuasion, reporting and communication. It also expanded its emotional value that is manifested in those motivations that control the individual’s behavior to do an action as a result of the influences s/she experienced. In addition, advertisement, which is based on denotation, is not only a commercial field, but has become a field of knowledge in linguistic and literary studies. It has become a type of discourse that has its own semiotic and pragmatic features, and its ability to communicate with the recipient in order to pass on a message and achieve a certain goal.
In addition to the term advertising, there is the Koranic discourse, which is a directive, indicative discourse, full of advertising expressions that depend on language. This is an important means of persuasion that affects the mind of the recipient more efficiently than words. The advertising rhetorical methods in the Koranic discourse are characterized by their being semantic loaded and their miraculous suggestive meaning. This is so because God Almighty the One who speaks and this is why we chose to study this topic

The novel "Mawt Saghir" by Mohammad Hassan Alwan is considered one of the most significant contemporary literary works addressing existential themes and spirituality. It explores the symbolism of death, immortality, and religious rituals in rural life through the character of Ibn Arabi. The novel illustrates how characters are influenced by the contrast between the calm rural environment and the chaotic urban one. Despite the tranquility of rural life, Ibn Arabi experiences a sense of confinement, struggling with adaptation to change and feelings of separation and longing. However, the breathtaking nature and rural landscapes offer him an opportunity for self-reflection and engagement with his existential questions. Ibn Arabi’s journeys in the countryside reflect his evolving understanding of himself and life. Research questions: How is the rural environment depicted in "Mawt Saghir" and how does it affect the main character's perceptions of life and death? How does the rural environment compare to other settings in the novel? What role does the rural environment play in developing the plot and narrative? The novel portrays vast fields surrounding the countryside, describing plants and trees such as date palms and olives, reflecting the agricultural lifestyle dependent on these resources

Yusuf Idris, born in 1927, published over 35 works spanning short stories, novels, and plays. His writings vividly depict poverty and deprivation experienced by marginalized classes. "Cheapest Nights" is among his most remarkable works, delving deeply into societal issues, analyzing social relationships, and addressing environmental challenges. Idris wrote about diverse figures: students, workers, farmers, professionals, intellectuals, men, and women. In this story, he follows a hardworking peasant whose sole pleasure lies in increasing his offspring. The collection carries profound social significance, expressed in simple and accessible language.This study focuses on evaluating the characters. First, we examine their coherence within the narrative. Second, we assess how each character, as a human model, aligns with its role and impact in the story. Characters are categorized by their roles and nature: main, secondary, dynamic, simple, marginal, and opposing characters. The research questions include: What techniques did Yusuf Idris use in "Cheapest Nights" to develop his characters? How are the characters portrayed, and what dimensions do they reveal? How do these portrayals help understand the author’s objectives?