AL-MA’HAD

The
Black Sea region has emerged as a strategic center of gravity reflecting the major geopolitical transformations of the 21st century, where economic interests meet security threats and military strategies intersect with political alliances. The Black Sea has become more than just a body of water; it is a symbolic space reflecting the conflict of identities and the competition for influence between East and West. With its unique geographical location at the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits, Turkey is a major player redefining its role by employing geography as a tool for both soft and hard power. It is not just a country located at a crossroads; Rather, it is a strategic actor reshaping the balance of power in the Black Sea region through multidimensional foreign policies that combine traditional alliances with innovative economic partnerships. On the other hand, NATO's eastward expansion poses a geopolitical challenge to Russia, which views this expansion as a direct threat to its national security and regional influence. The Black Sea, traditionally considered a Russian sphere of influence, has today become an arena for a struggle over strategic identities between Moscow and the Atlantic powers. Here, waters are transformed into defensive lines, ships into deterrent tools, and alliances into geopolitical weapons. Amid this struggle, the European Union emerges as a power seeking to secure its energy and security interests across the Black Sea. Through energy projects and pipelines, the EU is attempting to transform the Black Sea into a secure zone for energy flows, reflecting a shift in the concept of security from military to economic. It is not merely an economic player, but a strategic actor redefining its role in confronting Russian expansion.

The
crime of promotion of a goods or service that doesn’t match the accredited standards is considered one of the commercial cheating crimes that pose a threaten to the consumer representing in harming him and his benefits and undermines the confidence for the consumer toward the goods and services that he deals with which in turn will affect negatively on the economy of the countries, by the supplier or advertiser providing the consumer with goods and services that do not meet the approved standard specifications locally or internationally by promoting them through the media, publishing and advertising, including visual media such as television, audio media such as radio and print media such as newspapers and magazines, so the penal legislator has put in place punitive texts for every perpetrator. Therefore, in this research, we will try to solve the problem of the inadequacy of the penal and procedural texts that were enacted to address the crime was mentioned in our research. We will also try to fix the problems that Iraqi criminal courts encounter and solve the inadequacy of the prescribed penalties that affect its perpetrators. The text of the crime was mentioned in the Iraqi Consumer Protection Law No. (1) of 2010 . Hence, this law will be relied on as a legal basis to criminalize the promotion of a goods or service that does not meet the approved standard specifications, as it stated in article 7/fifth the following: (The supplier and advertiser are obligated to do the following: Not to promote by any means of media, publication and advertising the commodity or service that does not meet the approved local and international standard specifications) and the crime of violating it is included in the penalties in chapter six of this law in article 10/second (Whoever violates the provisions of articles 7/8 shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding 3 months or a fine not exceeding 1,000,000 million dinars or both). We will compare the position of our legislator on the crime in question with the positions of comparative legislation in both Bahrain and Lebanon, as they include legal provisions related to the crime in this research.

There
is an additional complementarity between restorative justice and transitional justice, as restorative tools can accompany transitional processes, thus ensuring their long-term success. In certain contexts, the demobilization of armed actors may leave significant gaps in social control, where armed actors have exercised this type of control Restorative justice mechanisms are those that aim to create a space for dialogue between the parties directly involved in the crime - victims and perpetrators. A typical example of a restorative justice mechanism is victim-perpetrator mediation The research methodology is based on employing an analytical, inductive approach, where the details of the lack of a structure that works on forgiveness and pardon after accountability will be investigated. Restorative justice is not in itself a sufficient or appropriate model of justice capable of confronting the complex dilemmas facing transitional justice. Moreover, restorative justice alone does not seem to be sufficient to replace the social trauma left behind by gross and systematic violations of human rights.

The
research addressed the topic of banking supervision over exchange rates, highlighting its relationship with banking oversight and its role in stabilizing the national currency, It examined the definition and objectives of banking supervision in the first section and the goals and methods of exchange rate supervision in the second section,The study concluded that exchange rate supervision is an integral part of banking oversight, aimed at preventing capital flight and speculation, imposed to counter economic crises and protect the currency. It recommended abolishing exchange controls, focusing on exchange rate management, and enhancing oversight of other economic sectors to combat parallel exchange markets in Iraq.

The
public employee has rights and freedoms included in national legislation, including the right of the public employee to freedom of expression and opinion through the means of communication, as the employee who exercises this right must stop at the limit of not harming the public office and not exceeding it, and not touching the public office by using social media to spread rumors and false news and revealing job secrets, which are among the most important risks threatening the public office, so it is necessary to state these risks facing the public office, and find a mechanism to achieve a balance between individual rights and freedoms and protect the public office from the risk of the employee's use of social media, by seeking to find many means and methods to address this risk and preserve the public office, so the legislation has sought to find legal texts that limit the risk of the employee's use of these means, and to set regulations that define the job behavior of the public employee in using these means, in addition to the administration's use of many legal and administrative means to address the risk of these means on the public office

The
(Essence) with its various titles, constitutes a vital and important part of civil law، In particular, the contract, which is (the joining and consistence of the offer from one of the contracting parties with acceptance from the other in a manner which proves the effect thereof on the object of the contract and the obligation of each party by what he is bound with to the other) The (essence) was not independent, it has many similar names that are to each other in some things and differ from them in others .The legislator did not shed light on the essence itself, which is an important idea that deals with the essence of the contract on various grounds, but distinguished between the essential and secondary conditions that the contract enjoys، The essential Concurrence shall be Free from defects of satisfaction, and announced by both parties to intent. However, if a breach of the essential terms of the contract occurs, the latter shall be void، On the contrary, the breach of the secondary conditions does not affect the validity of the contract, and they can be joined later after Formation of contract.

There is no doubt that nature reserves of various types are a necessity of life on planet Earth due to their great importance in preserving natural resources, wildlife, and the landmarks and monuments of ancient civilizations that generations are proud of. In light of this, countries have paid great attention to them in order to preserve their environment and the biological diversity necessary for the fabric of life and the ecosystem and to make them a source of income for governments and their peoples. Despite all of this, we notice the neglect of this aspect in Iraq, which has been rich in nature reserves and archaeological landmarks since ancient times, which has led to the sacrifice of many nature reserves and the exposure of many species of plants and animals to the risk of extinction. On the other hand, there are a large number of countries that have shown great interest in preserving nature reserves in them, and some of them have even reached the point of allocating a national day for nature reserves some countries have established in their constitutions a reference to the need to care for them and develop programs to protect them. Therefore, to preserve as much as possible the health of the various types of nature reserves, legal methods must be followed to protect natural resources.

The
importance of the banking consultant has increased recently, and this importance did not come out of nowhere, because clients, whether natural or legal persons, lack information or data to deal in commercial or investment fields or conclude banking contracts, so they must have information that contributes to helping them make the right decision, which can be obtained through the banking consultant who assumes this role. Therefore, the work of the banking consultant will undoubtedly contribute to the success of the decision taken based on that consultation, and the results of this matter become clear, whether negative or positive, after working on it,, it is necessary for consultants working in particular on projects financed by loans from the bank to have high skills in terms of experience and efficiency, otherwise they will be exposed to liability for the consequences of their consultation in the event of an error.

If
we trace the historical roots of the Iraqi Civil Code and how it was drafted and who contributed to its drafting, we find that most of the content of its articles goes back either to Hanafi thought through considering the Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliya as one of its sources. This Majalla took the jurisprudential rules from the book (al-Ashbah wa al-Naza’ir) by Ibn Nujaym al-Misri, and what is in the Majalla in general is taken from the books of Zahir al-Riwayah in the Hanafi school of thought. Consequently, it was influenced by the bearers of this thought, such as al-Shaibani, Abu Yusuf..., and the foundations and jurisprudence of this thought go back to opinion and analogy., or to French thought through its influence on Egyptian civil law, which was influenced by French civil law. Consequently, it was influenced and its content by the bearers of this thought, such as al-Sanhuri and Lambert. The foundations of this legal thought go back to French customs and Roman law egal logic rejects this at the level of content and formulation. As for the first level, with regard to Hanafi thought, legal logic requires that the law be a product of the social environment and therefore must be in accordance with the prevailing social fabric. Hanafi jurisprudence is not familiar to most Iraqi society, and legal logic requires a comparative study between the various schools of thought and the selection of the most appropriate school of thought that is compatible with the prevailing social fabric. As for French thought, Iraqi society is not familiar with it in its entirety or in detail. There is no doubt that Islamic legal thought is deeper, loftier and more appropriate than what is mentioned in the thought that goes back to the culture of Western peoples, especially the French.As for the level of formulation, the legislator imported it from Western laws such as the French-Italian project and the Swiss legislation... and legal logic requires that both the content and the formulation be from the same environment and within the framework of the culture of the social fabric that is to be regulated, and not be distorted and patched up in its substance and formulation from here and there.The research was divided in its structure and scientific plan into two sections: the first on the intellectual origins of Iraqi civil law (Hanafi and French), and the second on the requirements of legal logic (content and formulation). For this purpose, the researcher used 38 scientific sources in his research.

The
use of artificial intelligence programs in many fields raises many difficulties, especially in the area of responsibility for the work of these programs and the suitability of current legislation and its ability to accommodate the unique characteristics of this technology. This study seeks to discuss the negative challenges of artificial intelligence currently, or that may arise in the future, and the extent of its impact on the consumer in light of the increase in e-commerce; As a result of a digital revolution that has affected all areas of people's lives and was built on information technology, behind which was progress in technology and the use of algorithms and artificial intelligence methods, which led to important repercussions on the Consumer Protection Law, so the legislator should take them into account by amending the relevant laws; The digital transformation has created a new era of communication and innovation, which has led to the reshaping of consumer behavior and business strategies in various industries, this rapid development of digital technologies has led to a radical change in the way companies operate and the mechanism of consumer interaction with products and services, and we will show the multifaceted impact of digital transformation on consumer behavior.

Academic
institutions play a major and important role in confronting the extremist ideas of terrorist organizations that have begun to spread their destructive beliefs and ideas among young people. Academic institutions are no longer concerned with granting academic degrees in light of the waves of extremism sweeping the world. Rather, they are required to be the basis for building a person who belongs to his country and believes in the issues of his nation and is armed with science, culture and knowledge in order to repel everything that would undermine safe societies. Extremism is an intellectual phenomenon that affects the security environment from a political, economic and social perspective, in addition to the danger it generates in society and the negative effects that affect individuals in general and students in particular. Therefore, the role of academic institutions is important in every country in order to educate students of all ages about correct behaviors and help them get rid of extremist ideas and enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong according to the teachings of Islam and the Sunnah of the Prophet. Activating the role of academic institutions in combating terrorism today has become clear due to the developments that have occurred in which the ability to influence others has emerged away from the security services.

The
comprehensive strategic performance after World War II enabled the United States of America to achieve strategic balance and after patience, good planning and strategic patience it was able to dismantle the Soviet Union bloc and the superiority it gained, and it was also able to prevent the emergence of competitors and gain the largest number of countries to its side to control the movement of geostrategic balances to achieve its goals and preserve its interests and security through its use of all mechanisms of power, including soft, hard and smart. Geostrategic balance is based on the assumption that there are no specific permanent international relations, but rather continuous change driven by considerations of power and the pursuit of increasing investment in capabilities and capacities and achieving security and interests.

The
research focuses on delineating the contours of legislative evolution driven by societal transformations and the pervasive use of modern technology. This study examines how criminal policy has harnessed these changes to develop and refine criminal codes. Specifically, the research delves into the comparative analysis of domestic and international criminal legislation, with a particular focus on the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969. The aim is to assess the extent to which this code has kept pace with these developments, from crimes committed using the internet and computers to those perpetrated through artificial intelligence, which represent the most perilous frontier of this technological evolution.

The
rules of attribution are described as technical legal rules whose primary function is to choose a specific law that is the most appropriate among the laws to govern private international relations to achieve certain goals. They are indirect rules that are not applied directly to the dispute, but rather guide the judge to the law that governs private international legal relations. This is done through the attribution officer, which represents the basic and essential cornerstone. It is the criterion through which the law governing private relations of a state nature is chosen. When the legislator formulates the rules of attribution, he either makes them include one attribution officer or makes them include multiple controls, intending to achieve specific goals and philosophy that differ from one case to another.

The
research aims to identify the impact of religious content on social networking sites on the feeling of social and psychological security, to know the impact of religious content on social networking sites on users’ sense of personal security, to know the impact of religious content on social networking sites on positive feelings towards oneself among users, and to know the impact of religious content on social networking sites on Users' psychological security. The researcher used the quantitative survey method on a sample of the Najaf Governorate audience of social media users, where the number of the study sample of males and females of all ages reached (400) people, and the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which is: that religious content has a significant impact on personal spirituality and communication with others through religious readings and spiritual practices can give individuals a feeling of peace and reassurance. Religious content can play a major role in reducing feelings of loneliness or isolation through religious activities that are often group, such as praying in a mosque or church, attending religious lessons or participating in religious events.

This
study emphasizes the great importance of the Arabian Gulf region for the United States of America and the constant attempt to keep it internationally under American hegemony. This research reviews the nature of the development of American-Kuwaiti relations and their reflection on the security of the Arabian Gulf before and after 2011, in addition to the impact of the Arab Spring revolutions on the Arabian Gulf region. The Arab region in general, and the Arabian Gulf region in particular, have experienced one of the most difficult and dangerous eras in the past three decades; the region has witnessed various and multiple problems, crises and threats, and the Arabian Gulf region is still facing many of them, from various wars to a turbulent environment that affects each other, from various political, economic and border disputes and crises to exposure in resources and societal security, from weakness in managing relations with others to material burdens and exorbitant and stressful bills in search of lost security. All these crises and threats occur in a region that is distinguished by an important location in its resources, wealth and strategies; Indeed, it is one of the most important strategic regions in the world, and its security interacts with the security of other vital regions: the security of the Red Sea, the security of the Mediterranean Sea, and the security of strategic passages between the East and the West. Its security also controls the extent to which oil continues to flow and its increasing importance as a strategic commodity. Despite all this, the Arabian Gulf is still searching for a degree of stability and confidence in the future. With the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century, new variables emerged in a number of Arab countries, the most important of which was what became known as the Arab Spring revolutions that started in Tunisia at the end of 1010 and extended to Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Syria, Bahrain and others; where it had negative repercussions on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. It seems that the impact of these revolutions and the negative repercussions that followed had a very important and sensitive reflection on the Gulf Cooperation Council countries; new attempts have emerged to balance regional powers and the nature of alliances and conflicts; which has led to the complexity of the concept of security in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries; The role of the regional neighboring countries has grown significantly and has become more important than before, and this has posed a new danger to the security of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries that is no less dangerous than the danger associated with the political, economic, social and cultural structures within the Arab Gulf countries .

The
Southeast Asia is of geostrategic importance due to its geographical location, natural resources and economic capabilities. It is also the fastest growing economy in the world, especially since it has become one of the most important economic blocs in the world. This has made it a central focus of Indian strategic interest, as India has come to realize that this data enhances its strategy of peaceful rise if it is employed purposefully and multi-leveled through openness in its relations with these countries by enhancing joint cooperation and common interests, leading to the establishment of strategic partnerships.

Constitutions
have evolved in establishing the accountability of the President of the Republic, as we find that some constitutions stipulated these procedures and formalities in the core of the constitution, and others were silent about specifying them and left them to the laws complementary to the constitution. Due to the status of the President of the Republic and the constitutional position he enjoys, the constitutional legislator surrounded him with special procedures for his accountability and constitutional immunity through which he can exercise his constitutional duties with neutrality and justice and without being influenced, but on the other hand, it is a cause of raising difficulties in the face of the accountability of the President of the Republic, such as preventing him from taking measures and then it can be considered an obstacle to his accountability.

Comparative
legislation in federal states has settled on giving priority to federal legislation at the expense of regional legislation with regard to the joint powers between the federal government and regional governments; however, the Iraqi constitutional legislator has violated this principle in this important constitutional issue by giving priority to the laws of the region and governorates not organized in a region in the event of a dispute between them and federal legislation, and that is in the joint powers, not to mention giving the region the right to amend the application of federal law in matters outside the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal authority. In this study, we will shed light on this trend of the Iraqi legislator despite the legal foundations that require the priority of federal legislation and its necessities even with regard to the joint powers, and we will also learn about the trend of the Iraqi judiciary in adjudicating cases related to the exercise of jurisdiction between the federation on the one hand and the regions and governorates on the other hand.

This
research addresses an important issue, which is the effectiveness of press freedom laws in supporting investigative journalism and its oversight role. It examines the concept of investigative journalism and its importance in modern democracies, as well as the definition and objectives of press freedom laws. Additionally, it identifies key criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of these laws, such as judicial independence and its respect for the law, the general environment for freedoms and democracy in society, and the political will of governments to implement these laws. The research indicates that despite the existence of press freedom laws in many countries, their effectiveness in supporting investigative journalism remains limited due to significant challenges in actual implementation. There is a clear gap between the text of these laws and the actual reality faced by investigative journalists who encounter threats and prosecutions. Case studies were presented comparing some countries that successfully implement press freedom laws to support investigative journalism, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. In contrast, other countries like Russia, Turkey, and Mexico face significant challenges in this area. The research also highlighted the reality of press freedom laws in Iraq and their ineffectiveness in supporting investigative journalism. In conclusion, the research provided recommendations and practical measures to enhance the effectiveness of press freedom laws in supporting investigative journalism, such as legislative and legal reforms, strengthening judicial independence and the democratic environment, and building genuine political will among governments to implement and respect these laws.

The
importance of research is that Provisional international judicial measures issued by the international judiciary during the international dispute resolution phase and before a decision is made through final international judicial judgment. There is a long time between the time of international litigation or international dispute and the time of final judgment. In order not to exacerbate or widen the international conflict between the international parties in conflict during the stage of its submission to the international judiciary, the international judiciary will issue its Provisional judicial measures in order to prevent the escalation of the international conflict and work to reduce it until the final international judicial decision is issued. There is no doubt that the role of these temporary international judicial measures in preventing the escalation of international conflict has had a clear impact on the maintenance and promotion of world peace. To illustrate this role, we have taken the International judicial measures of the International Court of Justice as a model, as the most important provisional judicial body effective.