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Issue 2

JOURNAL OF KUFA FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Volume: 4

Issue: 2

Publication Year: 2025

Publication Date: June 2025

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1-630

1

Synthesis, Spectroscopy characterization, theoretical study and biological activity of some new metal complexes with new Schiff base ligand derived from cefixime

Sarah A.R. Mohammed1, Enass J. Waheed

Pages: 1-21

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Abstract

A set newly complexes with the general formula [M(L)Cl2] are resulting from the reaction of a new schiff base ligand [Ethyl (6R,7R)-7-((E)-2-((2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)imino)-2-(2-(((E)-4-nitrobenzylidene) amino) thiazol -4- yl) acetamido) -8- oxo -3- vinyl -5- thia -1-aza bicyclo [4. 2.0] oct -2- ene -2- carboxylate] (L). This ligand was derived from the reaction of the two substances 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and precursor (P). Reaction the ligand with metal ions M= Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) afforded new complexes which are characterized by FT-IR and Electronic Spectra. These measurements indicate that the complexes have a tetrahedral geometry. The Penicillin-Binding Protein 3 (PBP3) of Staphylococcus aureus and the target protein was â-Lactamase belong to the family CTX-M of Escherichia coli were chosen to study the binding strength of the ligand and the copper complex prepared by molecular docking method as a primary measure of the biological activity of these compounds. The inhibition ability of the prepared compounds was tested against four types of selected bacteria (G-) Coli Escherichia and Klebsiella pneumoniae & (G+) Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and fungi Candida albicans, where the results showed that the ability of the complexes to inhibit selected types of bacteria was different to the schiff base ligand.

Keywords

4-nitrobenzaldehyde heterocyclic unit Schiff base theoretical study

2

Green Cobalt nanoparticles used as a photocatalytic agent for the degradation of methylene blue dye

Wejdan. A. Radhi, Bassam A. Al-Abdulaziz, Zainab T.Y.al-Abdullah, Sajood qasim Ibrahim, Ayat Naji Hassan, Sajjad hasan ali

Pages: 22-33

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Abstract

The nanoparticles of cobalt synthesized by adding of Pomegranate peels to cobalt nitrate salt. The cobalt nanoparticles appear rapidly with change in color. The cobalt characterized by UV Visible Absorption Spectrometer and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM). By using spectrophotometer, the wavelength of the plasmon was around 350-400 nm, while SEM shows the size of cobalt nanoparticles around 25 nm. The prepared cobalt nanoparticles were used for degradation of methylene blue dye in polluted water.

Keywords

Aqueous extract Cobalt nanoparticles Pomegranate peels SEM.

3

Green inhibitors for Carbon-steel corrosion in acidic environment

Hajer.F. Adnan1, Naeem.T. Fili2, Yossra.A. Marich3

Pages: 34-56

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Keywords

anode Cathode Eco-friendly Inhibitors Plant extract product Soxhlet

Abstract

It is known that the extracts of most natural plants contain many chemicals that can be used in various fields, whether industrial or medical. In this study, the organic compounds present in the angelica plant were extracted using a solvent (hexane) and the extract was characterized using some spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, NMR) to determine the nature of the active groups in the extract. After that, the extract was used as an inhibitor to study the corrosion of carbon steel type (N80) in an acidic medium at different temperatures. The results proved that the inhibitor plays a role in preventing the corrosion process. It was also noted that the speed of corrosion decreases with increasing concentrations of the inhibitor, due to the formation of a protective adsorbent layer. The inhibitor on the surface of the alloy repels corrosive particles and forms a repellent wall, which reduces the current and therefore the rate of corrosion and increases the resistance to polarization. Corrosion increases with increasing temperatures, because increasing temperature leads to an increase in the number of molecules that have kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. Therefore, an increase in temperature will increase the speed of the corrosion reaction due to the increase in kinetic energy of corrosive environmental particles

4

Study The Role Of Functional Proteins In Sera Of Patients With Alzheimers Disease

Ayat Mahmood Yahya, Rasha Zuhair Jasim

Pages: 57-71

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Abstract

The aim of the current study is to expose novel mechanisms and concepts regarding amyloid beta , albumin and hemoglobin in sera of Iraqi Alzheimer`s disease (AD) patients , and also to examine the biochemical action of memantine on those parameters. . Sixty (60) diagnosed AD patients participated the present study and classified into four (4) groups: G3 (52-78) included (15) newly diagnosed males / without treatment , G4 (64-90) years included (15) newly diagnosed females / without treatment , G5 (60-85) years involved 15) males under treatment with memantine and G6 (65-73) years involved (15) females also under treatment with memantine. Memantine used as 10 mg /one dose daily. Patients were compared to healthy subjects as two control groups: G1 included (15) males /(52-80) years and G2 involved (15) females / (64-82) years. Results of the present study have revealed that Aβ level was significantly increased in sera of G3 and G4 compared to G1 and G2 respectively, while it was significantly decreased in sera of G5 and G6 compared to G3 and G4 respectively, non significant difference was reported between (G5 and G1) and between (G4 and G3) , however the difference between G6 and G2 was significant. Albumin level was highly significant increased in G3 and G4 compared to G1 and G2 respectively while it was highly significant decreased in G5 and G6 compared to G3 and G4 respectively,

Keywords

Alzheimer disease Amyloid beta peptide Memantine

5

A correlation study of paraoxonase-1 and GSH with renal function in Iraqi gynecological cancer

Sarah Ahmed Zaidan1, Anwar F. Al-Taie

Pages: 72-81 English

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Abstract

Paraoxonase (PON 1) is an important antioxidant enzyme that hydrolyzes lipid peroxides and acts as a biomarker for carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of paraoxonase-1 activity and glutathion GSH in Iraqi female cancer patients to those in healthy controls. Serum paraoxonase-1 activity and GSH levels were measured in patients with ovarian cancer (n = 40), uterine cancer (n = 40), and controls (n = 40). Results: Patients exhibited significantly decreased serum paraoxonase and GSH levels compared to controls (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Low blood PON 1 activity may lead to an impaired antioxidant defense system, which is significant in carcinogenesis in people with gynecological malignancies.

Keywords

Gynecological Cancer paraoxonase-1 and GSH

6

Study Effects of Nano Chitosan-Paracetemol to Inhibition Spread of Colon Cancer

Ousama W. Abdulnabi, Heba A. Abd-Alsalam Alsalame, Mohammad N. AL-Baiati

Pages: 82-89 English

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Abstract

One of the gastrointestinal system's most frequent malignant maximums is colon cancer. Currently, surgical resection is the main course of treatment. Nevertheless, colon cancer is prone to metastasis and recurrence, making the development of an efficient anti-cancer medication imperative.
The present investigation employed FT-IR and 1HNMR technique’s to characterization of the synthesis and examination of nano Chitosan-Paracetemol composites. The cytotoxic potential of the new medicine (Nano Chitosan-Paracetemol composites) was evaluated, which had excellent results in our study, the number of infected cells decreased to (IC50=71.26 μg/ml). This work aimed to validate the cytotoxicity of nano Chitosan-Paracetemol on the colon cancer cell line HCT-29 as well as the efficacy of its reduction of metastasis of colon cancer.

Keywords

Colon cancer Cytotoxicity HCT-29 Nano Chitosan paracetemol

7

Utility of a green synthesized NiO nanoparticles sensor for the determination of triprolidine hydrochloride in pure form and commercial products.

Dhia Jumaa Yassin1, Fadam Muteb Abdoon2

Pages: 90-101 English

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Abstract

In this study, an environmentally friendly biomethod was developed for the green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) by lemon balm extract due to its bioreductive ability , this process is completely green, and free of toxic and hazardous solvents ,the optical, catalytic and structural properties of NiONPs were studied, through the use of XRD and SEM measurement, the results showed the formation of pure and crystalline NiONPs, we also manufactured electrodes for the determination of the drug triprolidine hydrochloride (TRI), the first electrode is the traditional coated graphite electrode (I) (TRI-PTA-TBP), as for the second electrode, the nano-coated graphite electrode (II) (TRI-PTA-TBPNiONPs), the results showed that the linear range for the conventional selectivity of electrode (I) is between (10-2 – 10-6) mol/L, while the linear range for the nanoelectrode (II) is between (10-2 – 10-8) mol/L, and the inclination of electrode (I) was calculated at (54.5) millivolts/knot, while the inclination of electrode (II) was estimated at (58.25) millivolts/knot, the results also showed that the estimation factor for electrode (I (is (0.9991), while the estimation factor for the electrode (II) is (0.9999), through these results, we have concluded that the graphite electrode coated with nickel nanoparticles (II) is more sensitive and selective than the traditional coated graphite electrode (I),these poles succeeded in identifying (TRI) In its various pharmaceutical formulations, the validation of the method was evaluated according to IUPAC recommendations as this method is an environmentally friendly technology and does not require sample pretreatment or derivatization.

Keywords

Tripyridine hydrochloride; coated graphite sensors ; nickel oxide nanoparticles; selective electrodes Ionic.

8

Characterization of Different Biochars Produced and Composited with Nano Silver Prepared by Eco-friendly method

Fatima Namir Awaad, Abdulqadier Hussien Al khazraji1, Alaa Hasan Fahmi2

Pages: 102-118 English

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Abstract

An environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar has drawn great attention to soil and wastewater remediation. However, its properties and behaviors for adsorption pollutants are different depending on feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. This study prepared biochar from different feedstocks (wheat straw and walnut shells) at different temperatures (300 and 600 °C), and composite with nano silver oxide. Nano silver oxide was prepared by using the green method. The obtained biochar with/without nano silver coating was then characterized using XRD, FESEM, etc. The results showed that the nano-size of the silver nanoparticles was about56.44 nm. Biochar was found to contain organic elements such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen. For composite biochar with nanosilver, the XRD result confirmed the Nano silver-coated biochar. FE-SEM examination for silver oxide showed the surface image in the form of silver spheroids with an average size of 41.8 nm. For biochar with increasing temperatures, the surface went from rough to smooth, and its porosity increased. The FE-SEM confirmed the nanosilver was distributed over the channels within biochar. The results of EDX showed biochar consists of a wide range of organic and inorganic elements.

Keywords

Biochar Nanosilver Plant extract Pyrolysis walnut shells Wheat straw

9

Synthesis and characterization of heterocyclic derivatives from azo-azomethine compounds and evaluation of biological activity

Amer Ghafil, Shaimaa Adnan

Pages: 119-141 English

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Abstract

This investigation encompasses the synthesis of various heterocyclic derivatives, initiated by the reaction of 5-aminotetrazole with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, resulting in the formation of Azo compound (1). Subsequently, Azo compound (1) undergoes a reaction with 4-methoxyaniline, yielding a Schiff base derivative (2). The derivative (2) is then reacted with various reagents including Glycine, Alanine, Thioglycolic acid, Phthalic anhydride, Malic anhydride, and Succinic anhydride, leading to the production of Imidazolidine (3), Thiazolidine (4), Oxazepine and Oxazepane derivatives (5-7) respectively. These compounds are characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 1HNMR, , and13CNMR. Following their synthesis, the biological activity of all synthesized heterocyclic derivatives was evaluated against two distinct bacterial

Keywords

heterocyclic Schiff bases Tetrazole

10

Synthesis , Characterization of New Poly Dentate Schiff Base ligand With Cu(II) ,Ag(I),Cd(II) ,and Pd(II) Complexes And Studying Their Biological Activity As Antioxidants And Anticancer

Amer Saeed Jasim Ashour, Tariq Hussein Mgheer

Pages: 142-160 English

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Abstract

The Schiff base ligand was prepared by reacting Diacetyl monoxime with O-phenylene diamine. Then react the resulting compound from the first step with 4-aminoantipyrine to produce the ligand [(2E,3E)-3-(((Z)-4-amino-1,5-dimethyi-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3h-pyrazol-3-ylidene)amino)phenyl)imino)butan-2-one oxime] .Then the step of preparing the complexes is by reacting with metal salts of the elements CuCl2.2H2O, CdCl2.2H2O,PdCl2and AgNO3. The complexes exhibited a metal ion-to-ligand ratio (M:L) of 1:1. The Cu(II) complex displayed an octahedral geometric shape, while the Ag(I) and Cd(II) complexes displayed tetrahedral geometric shapes. On the other hand, the Pd(II) complex displayed a square planar geometric shape. The structure of the compounds was confirmed through a series of spectroscopic measurements, including FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis, C. H. N, FESEM, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, and melting point. Assessing the biological efficacy of ligand and Ag(I)- complex through antioxidant testing and anticancer testing is a multifaceted process and complex. It was found that it has good effectiveness against HL-60 leukemia and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and it can be used as a medicine after being well studied.

Keywords

anticancer; antioxidant; 4-aminoantipyrene ; Diacetyl monoxime ; O-phenylene diamine; Schiff base.

11

Body Mass Index effect on Interleukin-2 , its receptor and Liver Functions Tests in Iraqi ovary and uterine Cancers Patients

Sarah Ahmed Zaidan, Anwar F. Al-Taie

Pages: 161-168 English

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Abstract

Interleukin-2 was first identified as a potent T-cell growth factor and Interleukin-2 has a multifaceted role in activating the immune system by interacting with various types of cells. When Interleukin-2 binds to its receptor (Interleukin-2 Receptor), it triggers crucial signaling pathways such as Janus Kinases/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Proteins (JAK/STAT), phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs). This study aimed to the Body Mass Index effect on Interleukin-2 and its receptor in Iraqi patients with ovary and uterine cancers. Methods: Serum IL-2 and IL-2R levels were measured in patients with ovarian cancer (n = 40), uterine cancer (n=40) and controls (n = 40). Results: Serum IL-2 and its receptor, were elevated in patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The role of IL-2 and IL-2R within the tumor microenvironment remains a fascinating and vital area of exploration. Their multifaceted interplay mediating both immune activation and regulation has profound implications on the immune response to various cancers such as ovarian and uterine cancer.

Keywords

BMI and Liver Function IL-2 IL-2R Ovary Cancer Uterine Cancer

12

Study the Levels of Adrenaline and Prolactin as a Stress Monitoring Biomarkers in the Patients with Alopecia Areata in Babylon Governorate

Rasool Mahmoud Hashem 1*, ,Abdulsamie Hassan Alta\'ee 2, Wessam Ali Ameen 2

Pages: 169-180 English

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Abstract

Background: Men and women are equally affected by the common, non-scarring, inflammatory kind of hair loss known as alopecia areata. It has a 2% cumulative lifetime incidence and affects 0.1% to 0.2% of the general population in the US. Moreover, a major cause of hair loss is stress. As a result, the adrenal gland releases catecholamines and glucocorticoids, which have an impact on the vasculature to raise blood pressure, the metabolism to supply quick energy, and the immune system by inhibiting extended activation.
Objective: Investigating the possible involvement of stress in the pathophysiology of alopecia areata is the goal of this study. Furthermore, to clarify the possible application of a stress monitoring biomarker as an alopecia areata diagnostic indication.

Materials and methods: Sixty male patients with alopecia areata and sixty male controls who seemed to be in excellent health participated in a case-control study. Furthermore, the alopecia areata patients were divided into two age groups: adults and non-adults. Adrenaline and prolactin levels were measured using blood samples. Along with other characteristics, age and BMI were assessed. By dividing weight in kilograms by height squared, the BMI was computed. Studies utilizing statistical methods, such as Pearson correlation and ROC-curve analysis, were conducted to assess the diagnostic precision of prolactin and adrenaline.

Results: The results of this study indicated that the patient group's adult adrenalin and prolactin concentrations rose considerably (p<0.05), but the child's serum prolactin levels did not significantly change between the two groups (p-value >0.05).

Conclusions: This study suggests that prolactin and adrenaline may play important roles in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA).

Keywords

Adrenaline alopecia areata Iraq. prolactin ROC-Curve

13

Facile synthesis of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 via green chemistry for the potentiometric determination of Phenylephrine-HCl in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations

Hussein Falih Hassan, ,Fadam Muteb Abdoon

Pages: 181-191 English

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Abstract

Phenylephrine (PHE) in its pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations can be determined using an easy-to-use, affordable, sensitive, and eco-friendly approach. The process is predicated on the synthesis of nano-iron oxide (Fe2O3) and nano-aluminum oxide (Al2O3) from the extract of the Melissa plant. The measurements were made between October 15, 2023, and January 15, 2024, at Tikrit University's College of Science, Department of Chemistry. This study's primary goal is to ascertain how much the electrical potential changes when copper wire is used instead of aluminum. There were four electrodes produced (I, II, III, IV). In a variety of PHE concentrations, the electrodes responded to the chemical appropriately (1x10-2_1x10-8) mol/L. Concerning the electrodes (II, IV), concerning the electrodes (II, IV), Regarding the electrodes (I, III), their response fell within the concentration range (1x10-2_1x10-6) mol/L. This range of concentrations showed a linear relationship. Table No. (1) displays the detection limit and quantitative limit values, both of which were good. The poles (I, II, III, IV) have Nernst inclinations of (54.0, 54.4, 57.571, 57.179) mv/decade, respectively. These values are in close proximity to the Nernst value for the single-charged ion, which is (59.15 mv/decade) over the number of degrees. For the electrodes that we made (I, II, III, IV), the pH (2_8) and the correlation coefficient (R) are, respectively, (0.9997, 0.9997, 0.9999, and 0.9998). The suggested approach was confirmed and contrasted with the approved approach. We were successful in this. The goal of the experiment is to produce nanomaterials from environmentally friendly sources. These methods have gained popularity due to their simplicity, affordability, and lack of environmental hazard. Additionally, when drugs are bound to nano-oxides, the outcomes are more favorable.

Keywords

dried lemon balm plant Green synthesis Nano Aluminum oxide nano iron oxide Phenylephrine potential determination

14

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study for adsorption of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Solution over Magnetic Ferrite Nanoparticle

Atyaf M. Kadhem1, Tariq Z. Jassim

Pages: 192-212 English

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Abstract

The synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) with a CuFe204 structure was accomplished via the auto-combustion method of sol-gel. Characterization of the nanomaterials was conducted utilizing Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) procedures. Investigation into the impact of contact duration, temperature, and pH on the CR dye's adsorption characteristics was undertaken. Optimal equilibrium was observed to be attained at a contact duration of 360 minutes within a pH range spanning from 3 to 11. A comparison between the Freundlich and Langmuir models showed a clear inclination of the adsorption data towards the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic assessment revealed a spontaneous nature of the process, with ΔG indicating spontaneity, ΔH denoting exothermicity, and ΔS exhibiting negative values indicative of reduced disorderliness and unpredictability in the adsorption phenomenon.

Keywords

Adsorption CR dye Ferrite nano particles Langmuir and Freundlich model Thermodynamic and Kinetic

15

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by malva Sylvestris leaves extract in saline solution

Zahraa I.Mohammad, Zainab W.Ahmed

Pages: 213-226 English

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Abstract

Researchers used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as potentiodynamic polarization to examine the effectiveness of an extract from Malva Sylvestris (MS) leaves in inhibiting the corrosion of a low-carbon steel saline solution (0.6 M NaCl). The test extract significantly reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel in a saltwater environment. With 800 ppm of drug on a carbon steel surface, the malva leaf extract exhibited an 86.5% inhibition efficiency; this efficiency rose with increasing inhibitor concentration but fell with rising temperature. Adsorbing MS molecules onto a metal surface stands for a mechanism by which inhibition occurs, according to the results, which followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In order to explain how corrosion inhibition works, certain thermodynamic parameters ∆Gads and activation energy (Ea) were determined. Extract from malva sylvestris leaves was found to be of mixed type according to the polarization measurements. Using SEM, we compared the surface properties of inhibited and uninhibited metal samples

Keywords

Adsorption Mechanism Carbon steel Corrosion inhibition malva Sylvestris leaves extract thermodynamic parameters

16

Biosynthesis of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles from Different Plant Extracts: A Review

Noor Mohammed Jasam1, Lekaa K. Abdul Karem2

Pages: 227-235 English

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Abstract

In this review article, we summarized the green synthesis method for metal nanoparticles, and ecological friendly methods for fabricating metal oxide NPs, because of their great biodegradable, electrical, mechanical, and optical qualities. Zirconium oxide has piqued the interest of researchers throughout the world, particularly since the development of methods for the manufacture of Nano-sized particles. An extensive study into the creation of nanoparticles utilizing various synthetic techniques and their potential uses has been stimulated by their high luminous efficiency. Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles may be used as antimicrobial and anticancer agents in food packaging; developed methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, with various morphologies have recently been created using biological (green chemistry) methods. Different natural Photo constituents exist in plant extracts such as polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, enzymes, vitamins, and steroids are responsible for the formation and stabilization of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. Zirconium nanoparticles are receiving diverse biomedical applications because of their distinctive antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, It is possible to analyze the nanoparticles produced using a variety of analytical approaches, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Keywords

Biological synthesis biomedical applications X-Ray diffraction Zirconium Nanoparticles.

17

Impact of Partial Replacement of Barium with Lanthanum on the Structural Properties of (PBCCO) System

Sara B. Salman1, Haider MJ. Haideri

Pages: 236-244 English

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Abstract

This search includes the technology of solid state reactions was used to explore the impact of various pressures on the structural characteristics of (PBCCO) system . Pallets were made under various pressures, measuring 1.5 cm in thickness and (about 0.15 cm) in diameter. The pallets were sintered at an even 800 degrees Celsius for a period of 48 hours and a heating rate of (10°C / min) The structure of the materials was examined using X-ray diffraction. As per the XRD charts, each sample exhibited orthorhombic structure and we recorded the highest value of Vph =0.86 , 0.88 when concentrations (x=0.1,0.15) respectively . AFM (atomic force microscopy) was also used to examine the surfaces of these systems. Through it, the average diameter (nm), average roughness (Ra), and root mean square (Rg) were calculated. The results showed that the sample with the replacement ratio (0.05) had the lowest average diameter of (49.58).

Keywords

AFM Scherer equations Solid state reaction technology X-Ray diffraction

18

Spectroscopic, Against bacteria and cancer of a new schiff base and its complex with Cu+2 and Co+2 derived from methyl 4-amino benzoate

Ghufran A. Mirdan, Mouayed Y. Kadhum

Pages: 245-260 English

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Abstract

In this study, Schiff-base ligand was prepared (LS1) by condensation (methyl 4-amino benzoate) with aldehyde (ortho-vanillin). The prepared schiff-base was identified by FT-IR, UV-Visible, Mass 1H, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The electronic spectra of these Azomethine ligand was investigated in terms of acid-base properties, and determination of ionization constants at various pH values (6-12). The complexes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and measurements of the percentage of copper (II) and the percentage of cobalt (II) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, as well as measurements of magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, and thermogravimetric analysis. Through the diagnosis and measurements, the geometric shape of the complexes was proposed. Its effectiveness was studied against two types of bacteria and against lung cancer cells

Keywords

Acid-Base Properties Antibacterial Activity complexes. Hela cells Schiff-base ligand

19

Calculating the stopping power of protons and alpha particles in polycarbonate (PC)C_16 H_14 O_3 and polyurethane (PU)C_27 H_36 N_2 O_10

Sarah H. Abdul-Abass1, Rashid O. Kadhim2

Pages: 261-273 English

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Abstract

In this study, the alpha particle in polycarbonate and protons were studied by using the Bethe, Bragg, and Ziegler equations to determine the stopping power of charged particles. C_16 H_14 O_3 and polyurethane C_27 H_36 N_2 O_10over the energy spectrum from 0.01 to 1000 MeV. The Bethe equation was found to be well-compatible with the experimental data in the medium and high energy area when the calculations were compared with the data from P-STAR, SRIM 2013, and A-STAR. The equations were coded in MATLAB 2021. The findings also shown that, across all energy ranges, the stopping power computed using the Ziegler equations agrees well with experimental data. There was a 0.9 correlation coefficient. The significance of these targets in the chemical and industrial domains led to their selection.

Keywords

A-star Bethe Bragg base P-Star Srim 2013 stopping power Ziegler

20

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity of New Schiff Base Complexes and Thermodynamic Study for Adsorption of Pt(IV) Complex Using Bentonite

Mohammed I.M. Al-Nissani1, Malath Khalaf Rasheed, Lekaa K. Abdul Karem

Pages: 274-288 English

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Abstract

New complexes were prepared by reacting metal ions Pt(IV), Hg(II) and Zn(II) with the Schiff base LH, (E)-3-hydroxy-4-((pyridin-3-ylmethylene)amino) naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid. The new Schiff base and the prepared complexes were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The new Schiff base acts as a bidentate ligand, coordinating with the metal ions through the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group and the deprotonated phenolic oxygen atom. Spectroscopic and analytical measurements revealed that the geometry of the Hg(II) and Zn(II) is tetrahedral geometry and for the pt(II) is octahedral. The ligand and its complexes were tested for their antimicrobial activities, and the isothermal adsorption of the platinum complex was studied

Keywords

3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde Adsorption Bentonite Conductivity Schiff base complexes Sulfonic acid thermodynamic

21

Reaction of Dihydroprimidine compounds containing a Styrene group with acetyl ketene intermediate

Mohammed Rafaat Mohammed

Pages: 289-302 English

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Abstract

In this work we present the synthesis of new acetoacetylated pyrimidine derivatives in this work. These chemicals were produced via acetoacetylation of pyrimidine precursors in a two-step of chemical events. First step we presents the successful synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives through catalyst-free methods by utilizing specific reaction conditions, we were able to achieve efficient synthesis without the need for traditional catalytic agents. The absence of catalysts in the reaction not only simplifies the process but also reduces potential side reactions and environmental impact. The compositions of all newly created compounds are investigated utilizing spectroscopic methods like 1H and 13C NMR. The possible biological activities of the synthesized pyrimidine derivatives were assessed, and preliminary findings suggest promising uses in medicinal chemistry. To fully understand their therapeutic potential and mode of action, more research is being conducted

Keywords

Acetoacetylation Dihydropyrimidine pyrimidine synthesis

22

Review on 6- Amino Penicillic Acid Compound and Their Applications

Wafa Abdel-Kazem Katie, Ban Mahdi Salihb, Muna Abass Hadi, , Layla Ali Mohammedd, Fatimah A. Wannas

Pages: 303-314 English

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Abstract

This review introduces 6- Amino Penicillic Acid (beta-lactam) which has great importance in the fields of pharmacy, Medicine, harmonics and organic chemistry. It plays a very important role for many Pharmaceutical compounds such as antibacterial and anti-tumor drugs. Attention has been drawn to this compound for its potential uses and applications in many fields. This preparation attempts to determine the importance of beta-lactam antibiotics (the commercially available antibiotics used are beta-lactams). Heterogeneous chemistry is also known, which is a branch of chemical reactions in synthetic chemistry that deals with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterogeneous rings.

Keywords

: 6- Amino Pencillic Acid biological activity of Beta lactam compounds heterocyclic compounds

23

Anti –bacterial study of polymeric blends for Oil well injection water application

Anmar S. Alabdy1, Yasin Y. Y. Al-luaibi2, Nassir Abdullah Alyousif3, Ali A. A. Al-Riyahee, Athir Haddad1

Pages: 315-329 English

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Abstract

A total of thirty-three polymeric blends (A1-A33) were synthesised using xanthan gum, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. The antimicrobial efficacy of all the synthesised polymeric blends was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli, a strain of gram-negative bacteria. The blends A9 and A12 exhibited antibacterial properties. A9 shown effective activity against both types of bacteria, but A12 exclusively displayed activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The two formulated polymeric blends were combined with varying quantities of rhamnolipid (Rha2-C10-C10) which are biosurfactants produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram negative bacterium and evaluated against two strains of bacteria. However, no outcomes were seen. This study found that (Rha2-C10-C10) did not exhibit antibacterial properties when mixed with distilled water at lower concentrations. However, it was found to be effective as an antibacterial agent when not diluted with distilled water. Additionally, the study established the lowest concentration of polymer blend and rhamnolipid (Rha2-C10-C10) required for antibacterial activity.

Keywords

antibacterial. biosurfactants glycolipids Polymeric blends Rhamnolipids water-soluble polymers.

24

Clinical Study to evaluate Somatostatin and Some Hormones Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Tha-Alnorein Neama Abdulla, Prof. Dr. Maha F. Smaism, Dr. Nadia Mudher Al-Hilli

Pages: 330-346 English

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Abstract

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an ovarian disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. It may be the most common female endocrinopathy in the developed world, Its associated with increase insulin secretion (hyperinsulinaemia) and metabolic disease. PCOS is a prevalent and complicated endocrine disease of females. Objective : This study aim to investigate the relationship between somatostatin hormone and its receptor and evaluation of total testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels and prolactin in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
Materials and methods: The study involved 90 patient females, the age ranged between 15 to 40 years old, which were divided into three groups. The first group is comprised 30 obese women, the second is comprised 30 non-obese women whohave PCOS and the third group is the control group, which is comprised of 30 women who look to be in good health. The blood concentrations of somatostatin and somatostatin receptor-2 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Cobas e411 analyzer was used to measure the total testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and prolactin.
Results: The results of the current study showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of Somatostatin and Somatostatin receptor2 between obese and non-obese woman groups at p value > 0.05, but there was a significant difference in Somatostatin, Somatostatin receptor-2, and total testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone levels in the obese and non-obese woman groups when compared to controls at p value (p˂0.05).
Conclusion: According to the study, there is a positive correlation between Somatostatin and Somatostatin receptor2 in women with PCOS. Additionally, blood levels of total testosterone Luteinizing Hormone, were considerably higher but levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone were lower in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Keywords

Polycystic ovary syndrome Somatostatin Somatostatin receptor-2.

25

Assessment of Kidney Function in Diagnosis of Persistent Renal Illness .

Karrar yassir Hassan, haider abd jabbar Alammar

Pages: 347-361 English

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Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common adult ailment that progresses over time without a known cure and has a high morbidity and mortality rate, especially in individuals with diabetes and hypertension Sustaining healthy kidneys may enhance outcomes.
This may be done by Alternative therapies include food and changes in behavior
as well as pharmacological therapy tailored to specific kidney disorders.A diet rich in vegetables, low in protein, and low in salt may help to sustain renal function and prevent glomerular hyperfiltration. It may also have a positive impact on pH balance and gastrointestinal bacteria equilibrium. Certain pharmacotherapies, such as inhibitors of the non-steroidal mineralocorticoid pathway , can protect the kidney by acting as beneficial against inflammation or fibrosis agents; on the other hand, SGLT2 [SLC5A2] inhibitors and modulators of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway can protect the kidney by lowering intraglomerular pressure without affecting blood pressure or glucose regulation. Certain glomerular and cystic kidney illnesses may benefit from therapy specific to the disease. Because chronic kidney disease has a great deal of problems, related Death and death rates as well as non-traditional danger signs play a role

Keywords

permanent renal illness renal function tests

26

Effect of 3-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase on Serum Testosterone Level in Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Nabaa Faiz Abbas, Maha F. Smaism, Bushra ALRubayae

Pages: 362-375 English

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Abstract

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinological condition affecting women in their reproductive years, which is typified by elevated (LH:FSH) ratios, hyperandrogenism, and persistent ovulatory failure. Insulin resistance and obesity have been connected to PCOS. That being said, a significant number of thin women are now receiving PCOS diagnosis. 3-Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD2) deficiency is a rare kind of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) that causes the gonads and adrenals to produce less steroid hormones. A large number of follicles larger than 8 mm make up PCOS. When the follicles' sacs are still developing, the eggs develop. Ovulation does not occur in PCOS due to these sacs' incapacity to release an egg. The aim of the Study to study the relationship between 3Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and serum testosterone level in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Material and methods: The study included approximately ninety women, ages (18 – 40) years old, who were split into four groups: 30 obese women with PCOS , 30 non-obese women with PCOS and the control group comprises of 30 women (15 obese and 15 non obese) who look to be in good health. All participants been evaluated by detail history, physical exam and investigation performed LH, FSH, testosterone,TSH ,prolactin and 3beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Results: A considerable increase in serum level of Testosterone, LH, LH:FSH and Prolactin levels, while the decline of 3β HSD(p< 0.05) and FSH(p< 0.001). in serum level patients value in PCO women than the control group .The the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis of 3βHSD for distinguishing patient from controls demonstrated an AUC of 0.866, indicating poor diagnostic potential.
Conclusion: the present study focusing on less frequently identified enzyme and hormones that might be interrelate with the pathogenesis of PCOS. For 3βHSD, the results stated that poor diagnostic value in the diagnosis of PCOS in non obese and obese PCOS patients.

Keywords

3βHSD FSH Hyperandrogenism LH obese PCOS

27

γ-Aluminum Oxide Nanopowder (γ-Al2O3 NPs), Methyl Red Dye, And Dill Plant Dye As a Luminous Solar Cell Concentrator(LSC)

Muslim Jassim Mohammed Al-Sa\'abri, Aqeel Mahdi Jreo Alduhaidahawi

Pages: 376-391 English

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Abstract

Aluminum oxide nanoparticle were prepared by electrochemical method as it is an easy and cheap method and gives high purity results, and the prepared materials were characterization by using techniques XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, AFM and UV-VIS this technique showed high purity of γ-AL2O3NPs and in this investigation, a luminescent concentrator composed of γ-aluminum oxide (γ-Al2O3 NPs), known for its robust catalytic capabilities, methyl red dye, and Dill (Anethum graveolens) dye was employed. The outcomes of amalgamating these concentrates, either collectively or singly, with the silicon solar cell, demonstrated a remarkable augmentation in the cell's efficiency. The increment ranged from 16% to 79.7% for the Dill (Anethum graveolens) dye and nano γ-aluminum oxide combined with methyl red dye, respectively. This surge signifies a stride towards the optimal trajectory in the realm of advancing scientific inquiry to attain the utmost efficiency feasible through the use of luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs).

Keywords

Electrochemical method luminescent solar concentrators (LSC). Silicon cell γ-Al2O3 NPs γ-Aluminum oxide

28

Determination of Lead in Serum of Urolithiasis Patients in Basra Governorate

Caesar Shaheed Jasim, Basim Jasim Hameed, Zainab Haroon Ahmed

Pages: 392-407 English

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Abstract

Kidney stones are a significant public health issue globally, linked to high environmental levels of metallic elements, including lead, which contaminates both natural and industrial environments. The primary aim of this research was to highlight the biochemical relationship between blood levels of Pb and the incidence of urolithiasis. The present study compared 44 healthy individuals from Iraq's Basra Governorate with 44 kidney stone patients. We use (ICP-MS Agilent 7500/USA) the Agilent Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was used to measure lead amounts in participants' blood. The urolithiasis individuals exhibited a highly significant variation in their lead levels. The lead level in the healthy group were 49.38 ppb, whereas in the kidney stones group it was 64 ppb. There are notable variations between the healthy and patient groups regarding the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, xanthine oxidase, and superoxidase dismutase), and the elevated lead levels may impact these enzymes. Antioxidant enzymes are tested using the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay method. The study also evaluates kidney and liver function using markers such as ALP, GOT, GPT, urea, uric acid, serum creatinine, total serum bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin. The biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney functions substantial differences between the patient and healthy group. Lead was one of the contributing causes for the development of renal calculi production in the study. Urolithiasis may be prone to high serum lead levels, and also there is evidence that reporting increasing exposure to lead in the blood is linked to a higher likelihood of urolithiasis in adults.

Keywords

Antioxidant enzymes Basra heavy metals Kidney stones lead

29

Study of Vitamin B12 Status among Older Adult Iraqi Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Ammar K. Madlool

Pages: 408-417 English

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Abstract

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a typical consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM). is the main cause of vision loss in middle-aged and older adults. Unchecked and severe cases of DR could lead to blindness. DR is categorized into nonproliferative and proliferative variants based on the existence or absence of ocular neovascularization. The association between serum levels of vitamin B12 and various indicators, such as body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), HOMA-β, fasting insulin (FI), HOMA-IR, and HbA1c, is studied in patients with DM and DR.
Method and Results: In this study, thirty healthy individuals and sixty patients were examined. Two subgroups were divided for the patients: thirty with DM and thirty with DR. For each group, serum levels of vitamin B12, FBS, FI, HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c have been investigated. Levels of vitamin B12 in serum demonstrated a significant decrease for each DM and DR with healthy subjects (391.57 ± 90.67 vs. 660.23 ± 168.01, P = 0.001) and (263.27 ± 79.15 vs. 660.23 ± 168.01, P = 0.001), respectively, and also demonstrated a significant decrease between DM and DR (391.57 ± 90.67 vs. 263.27 ± 79.15, P = 0.001). The correlation between vitamin B12 and other clinical indicators has been examined. Through these results, it is observed that vitamin B12 exhibited a significant negative association with age (r = -0.673) and a significant positive correlation with FI (r = 0.513), HOMA-β HOMA-IR (r = 0.333), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.268), while it revealed a non-significant negative correlation with BMI (r = -0.082), FBS (r = -0.108), and HbA1c (r = -0.172).

Keywords

Diabetic Retinopathy. Older Adult Vitamin B12 Status

30

Synthesis and characterization of a new azo ligand and study of the biological activity, antioxidant and anticancer of the complex Au(III)

Zainab Ghanim Abd, Layla Ali Mohammed

Pages: 418-439 English

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Abstract

Several metal complexes were synthesized by coordinating the following ions: Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Au(III), and Ag(I), with a newly developed azo ligand obtained from 4-aminosulfonamide and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The ligand structures and their transition metal complexes were characterized using various analytical techniques, including molar conductivity, element microanalysis (CHN), electronic spectroscopy, magnetic sensitivity, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The data indicate that the structures of these complexes is [[M(L)2(H2O)2, where M = Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), and Hg (II), [ML(H2O)2] where M = Ag(I), and [M(L)Cl2]] where M = Au(III). The magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectrum data for the complexes suggest an octahedral geometry for all except Au(III), which has a planar square geometry, and Ag(I), which has a planar square geometry. The infrared spectrum results show that the coordination sites are the azo-nitrogen atom and the farther azo-nitrogen atom. The azo ligand is a bidentate structure. The Au(III) complexes exhibit radical scavenging activity for DPPH, indicating potential and promising antioxidant activity. Additionally, the gold complex has shown anti-cancer effects by effectively killing lung cancer cells without affecting healthy cells. This is a significant finding in the potential use of gold complexes as highly selective treatments for lung cancer.

Keywords

anticancer antioxidant azo ligand novel ligand complexes

31

Estimation of Some Heavy Metals for Cow's Milk from Different Areas in The City of Mosul

Arif Kasim Hassan AL-Hubaety, Sura Salim Hamid

Pages: 440-459 English

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Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to analyze the concentrations of essential nutrients and heavy metals in dairy products, specifically cow's milk and milk powder, to evaluate their nutritional quality and safety for consumers. The study aimed to compare the measured values with certified standards to identify any deviations that could pose health risks. Cow's milk and milk powder samples from various regions, including Mosul, were collected and analyzed for their elemental composition using analytical methods. The concentrations of essential macro and microelements, as well as heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, rubidium, and strontium, were measured. The findings were compared with certified values to assess the nutritional quality and safety of the dairy products. The analysis of cow's milk and milk powder samples revealed that essential macro and microelements were within acceptable limits, indicating good nutritional quality. However, certain heavy metals, including arsenic, cadmium, and lead, were found to exceed standards in some samples, raising concerns about potential health risks associated with these contaminants. The study emphasized the importance of ongoing monitoring and quality control measures to ensure the safety and nutritional quality of dairy products, particularly in regions where heavy metal contamination levels were higher than expected. Further research is neededto understand the sources of contamination and implement strategies to mitigate health risks associated with heavy metal exposure in dairy products

Keywords

contamination Cow's Milk Elemental Analysis heavy metals

32

An Efficient Synthesis and DFT-Assisted Calculations of New 1, 2, 3-Triazole Derivatives

Hadi A. S. Jabir, Faeza A. K. Almashal, Aqeel Alfreje, Wisam A. Radhi

Pages: 460-480 English

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Abstract

Under a facial 1, 3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction, three new derivatives of 1, 2, 3-triazole (5a-c) were synthesized from azides-based anilinesulfonamide derivatives (3a-c) and pentane-2, 4-dione (4) in the presence of K2CO3 as a mild catalyst. The chemical structures of the synthesized 1, 2, 3-triazole (5a-c) were elucidated using different analytical techniques including 1H and 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and Mass spectra. Gaussian 09 program using the functional (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)) has been undertaken to identify the optimal geometries of the synthesized 2, 3-triazole (5a-c). The geometrical optimizations for these derivatives are conducted to DFT-assisted calculations at the same level of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). DFT-assisted calculations were carried out to identify several important parameters including chemical hardness (η), electronic chemical potential (μ), electrophilicity (ω), and energy gap (ΔE gap) for both molecular orbitals (LUMO and HOMO). These parameters are used as efficient descriptors for evaluating the interactions for the selected molecules and their reactivity. The results revealed that the triazole derivative (5c) is found to be more reactive than the other derivatives (5a and 5b).

Keywords

1 2 3 Dipolar cycloaddition 3-Triazole Azid DFT studies

33

Synthesis of novel 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives as anti-esophageal cancer: In-vitro cytotoxic evaluation

Sabreen Mahdi Hassan, Ahmed Majeed Jassem

Pages: 481-499 English

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Abstract

In this work, an efficient protocol address a facile procedure employing safer and commercially available starting materials to afford the target products that are 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-c) in satisfactory yields with elevated purities. To elucidate these derivatives, their chemical structures were unambiguously confirmed by using different spectroscopic tools including FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C), Mass spectra, and melting points. The enantiomers of the synthesized derivatives were checked by enantioselective HPLC analysis and NMR study which showed these derivatives obtained as racemates. With the aim to identify in vitro potency of these derivatives, MTT method has been applied to explore and evaluate their antiproliferative efficacy against esophageal cells (SKGT-4). The cell viability testing via MTT assay revealed that these derivatives displayed potent in vitro activity, showing IC50 values with a range of potential inhibition in comparison to the selected drug as a standard reference. The biological activity present in this work showed the synthesized derivatives offer significant antiproliferative efficacy with safer chemotherapeutic leads in medicinal chemistry to explorations for esophageal cancer treatment.

Keywords

1 3 4-Oxadiazole Esophageal Cancer In-vitro cytotoxicity

34

Synthesis, Luminescence ,Absorption , Corrosion Properties and Study of Ionic Conductance in Solution for a (4-Hydroxy-3- Amino-1,8- Naphthalic Anhydride)

Khawla Sabeeh Burgal, Roza Al-Aqar

Pages: 500-521 English

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Abstract

In this paper, the compound of (4-hydroxy-3-amino-1,8-naphthalic anhydride) and the dopant material (4-hydroxy-m-benzene-disulfonic acid) were synthesized. The UV- Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the compound were recorded, the compound 4- hydroxy-m- benzene-disulfonic acid was synthesized, the compound was characterized by the FT-IR spectroscopy. The absorption band is sensitive to the polarity of the solvent, for example in 1-butanol, showing only a slight red shift from 338 nm in 1-butanol to 340 nm in DMSO ( = 2 nm). The fluorescence spectra of this compound were sensitive to the polarity of the solvent, the compound showed a structured emission band displaying a slight red-shift from 375 nm in ethanol to 378 nm in DMSO, upon increasing the polarity of the solvent ( = 3 nm). The effect of the dopant material on the conductivities (ionic and specific) of the compound was studied, the ionic conductance was increased as the weight of the dopant material increases. The bathochromic shifts in absorption due to the polarity of the solvent were observed, for example, in ethanol, the compound had a λmax value at 338 nm and a red shift for the polar solvent at 340 nm, in DMSO solvent. The fluorescence was showed ca. 6 nm red shift on moving from 1-butanol to DMSO. Evaluation of the synthesized compound as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel alloy C1010. (4-hydroxy -3- amino -1,8-naphthalic anhydride) as anti-corrosion agents for the C1010 alloy of carbon steel was studied.

Keywords

Bathochromic shifts Conductance emission Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Solvent polarity

35

Estimation and study of some Elements and Hormones in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage

Hanan M. Obaid, Fatima S. Sabah, Adil A. Al-Fregi

Pages: 522-536 English

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Abstract

Introduction : Recurrent miscarriage is defined as the loss of pregnancy due to more than one successive pregnancy, one after the other, before the twentieth week of pregnancy. Miscarriage is considered one of the complications of pregnancy. The reasons for miscarriage are wide-ranging, and among these reasons that are the focus of this study are (hormonal disturbances, nutritional factors, pollution, and the environment).
Methods: The case-control study included 50 sick women suffering from primary and recurrent miscarriage and 40 healthy women with no history of miscarriage in Basra Governorate. Some trace elements (iron, zinc, and magnesium) were measured from blood serum, and a colorimetric technique was used using a spectrophotometer to study the extent to which a decrease in these elements affects the success of pregnancy. The level of some hormones, including thyroid hormones (TSh, progesterone, and testosterone), were also measured using the fluorescent immunoassay technique.
Results: In this study, there was a decrease in the levels of trace elements (Fe, Mg, Zn) that were measured for women with first and recurrent miscarriages compared to the control group. The results for aborted women who lived in the district areas were found to be lower than in the city center areas, and they obtained Statistically significant P values = 0.000. As for hormones, progesterone levels were at low levels for the aborted womencompared to the control group, while TSH and testosterone levels were high among the aborted women for both the city center and the district compared to the control groups. P values were = 0.000.
Conclusions: A deficiency in the elements iron, zinc and magnesium has a negative effect on the success of pregnancy, and it also has an effect on the hormones TSH, progesterone and testosterone, so the nutrients must be preserved to have a successful pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child

Keywords

Progesterone Recurrent Miscarrriage Testosterone hormones trace elements TSH

36

Synthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant study of some Bivalent Metal complexes by N2O2 -donor crown macrocyclic ligand.

Noor S. Khdair, Sattar S. Ibrahim, Ali K. A. Al-Naseeri

Pages: 537-556 English

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Abstract

The synthesis prepared of 2,2"-[Ethane-1,2-dylbis(oxy)]dibenzaldehyde (N) is covered in the paper .The metal complexes of its were synthesized from the reaction of O-phenlyene diamine with the ligand . The N process of preparation was completed. underwent two phases in which the Na2CO3 intermediate in DMF reacted with two matching salicylic aldehydes. One 1,2-dibromoethane equivalent was then added. And then the ligand N was introduced, dissolved. Five novel compounds were prepared in DMF using a molar ratio of (0.5M:N:O - phenylene diamine). Physicochemical techniques (FTIR, electron spectroscopy, mass and 1HNMR. 13C-NMR susceptibility, and molar conductivity) were used to confirm the isolated compositional entity of the produced compounds. Based on characterization data, octahedral compounds exhibiting the chemical formula [MLC12] . Where ( M = Co(ll), Ni(ll), Cu(ll), Zn (ll)and Cd(ll)) the antimicrobial activity of the title compounds (ligand and complexes) was tested as an antioxidant. The data obtained revealed that the mineral complexes became less active than Ligand.

Keywords

antioxidant complexes ligand Macrocyclic

37

Examine the Impact of Partial Replacement of Nickel for Mercury on the Structural Properties

Samah H. Tartoosh, Haider MJ. Haider

Pages: 557-563 English

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Abstract

In this study, the compound superconductors Hgx-1NixBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ were created by substituting with concentrations of by Hg using the solid state reaction method and sintering it at 820˚ C for 24 hours. Enhancement of Structural characteristics for composition substations was studied. Following the completion of the x-ray scattering tests, By examining the results, the set-up and lattice parameters (a, b, and c) of each cell unit were determined. Each sample has crystals with a tetragonal structure, as demonstrated by x-ray diffraction

Keywords

AFM Solid state reaction technology X-Ray diffraction

38

The influence of additions on the electrodeposition of the alloy of Co - Zn from a new eutectic deep solvent

Shymaa Hussien Al-Said, Azhar Y.M. Al-Murshedi

Pages: 564-579 English

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Abstract

E-coating deposition of Co-Zn alloys presents a promising approach for creating multifunctional coatings that simultaneously enhance mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this study, a novel eutectic deep solvent (DES) composed of lithium chloride and 1,3-propanediol was developed and maintained at 80°C. This solvent was utilized for electrodepositing Co-Zn alloy coatings onto copper substrates. The coatings' composition, phase structure, and morphology were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical properties were assessed through cyclic voltammetry (CV) to investigate the effects of deposition temperature on composition and structural changes. Co-deposition of zinc and cobalt was achieved under galvanostatic conditions, resulting in high-quality Co-Zn alloy coatings with a compact morphology and a single phase when deposited at 80°C, with a current density of 0.012 mA/cm² over a duration of 2 hours. Additionally, the efficiency of the electrodeposition process improved with the incorporation of additives, specifically 10% H2O, TX100, and TW20.

Keywords

1 3-Propanediol Additives an eutectic deep solvent (DES) Co - Zn alloy coatings electrochemical properties electrodeposition lithium chloride Surface morphology

39

Antimicrobial and Anti-Breast Cancer Activity of Hawthorn Extracts

Fatima S. Sabah1, Hala Sabry Al-Atbi1

Pages: 580-591 English

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Abstract

The existence of many active components in plants, including flavonoids, make the herbal medicine an effective treatment for many diseases that are resistant to conventional medicine. Flavonoids, a diverse class of naturally occurring chemicals, have received substantial research due to their potent biological effects. Hawthorn (Crataegus) is an extensively utilized plant by many populations worldwide due to its varied medical benefits. The study looks at the antimicrobial and anti-breast cancer (Mcf7) properties of flavonoid extracts isolated from leaves, fruit and seed of hawthorn. The activity of the extracts was evaluated for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida tropical using agar well diffusion assay. Based on the findings, the extracts recorded a good activity towards the selected microorganisms in concentration 0.03 g /mL and the bacteria strains were more sensitive to the flavonoid extracts with inhibition zones ranged between (20-27mm) than fungus strain which recorded (0-15mm). The activity against Mcf7 cell line by MTT assay exhibited that the flavonoid extract of fruit was more effective in inhibiting breast cancer in concentration (1000)μg/mL with activity 37.90% compared to other flavonoid extracts. Therefore, according to the results and after requiring in vivo experiments, hawthorn flavonoid extracts can be used as antibiotics and anti-breast cancer agents.

Keywords

antimicrobial crataegus MCF7 plant

40

The development of green chemistry and its numerous effects, a Review

Jihan Hameed Abdulameer, Maha Jassim Manshad, Ala\'a H. Al-ogaili

Pages: 592-614 English

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Abstract

The acceleration of industrialization was a turning point in the development of the global economy. Social movements have revolutionized green chemistry since the 1940s and brought about changes in industrial positions and sustainable processes with breakthroughs in environmental effect and population and company awareness. The 12 principles of Green Chemistry were proposed by Paul Anastas and John Warner in the 1990s. These principles center on the reduction or elimination of harmful solvents from chemical analyses and processes, as well as the avoidance of residue production. The creation of analytical techniques, which gave rise to the field known as "Green Analytical Chemistry," is one of the most active areas of research and development in green chemistry. This paper describes the multifaceted effects of green chemistry on pharmaceutical analysts, the environment, the public, analysts, and companies. Every decision and mindset have an impact on the finished product as well as everything around it. This work also considers the future of green chemistry, our future, and the environment.

Keywords

Green Analytical Chemistry. Green chemistry Sustainable Chemistry

41

A Study of The Stability And Kinetics of The Azithromycin Drug For Five Different Companies & Shelf Life Determine

Farah Jabbar Ali, Inam Joudah Radhi, Noorhan Ali Hamza, Nooralhuda Mohammed Abdulhussein, Ayat Abidalkareem

Pages: 631-646 English

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Abstract

In this study, the stability of azithromycin, which is considered one of the most important macrolide antibiotics, was identified; which means that it is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The stability of the drug azithromycin was studied for five different companies: (Jamjoem Pharma, LDP Laboratories, Torlan S.A. Ajanta Pharma Ltd, GET and Brawn), and the decomposition of the drug was studied at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70) Celsius; and the Shelf Leaf value was calculated. The reaction rate constant for the drug was determined using the Arrhenius equation and the first-order reaction equation for each drug manufacturing company ;It was found that LDP is considered the best among the five companies for the drug azithromycin in resisting temperature during storage and can be stored for a longer period than the drug belonging to other companies; while ZAHA showed the reduction. The lowest resistance to change at high temperature and greater decomposition of the drug, in addition to its lack of resistance to heat and its stability when stored for a certain period.

Keywords

Azithromycin dehydrate Azithromycin solubility chemical kinetics chemical stability expiry date shelf life stability studies Temperature effects.

42

Chemical Process to Removal Heavy Metals from Soil: A review

Rusul Alabada, Ekhlas A. Abdulkareem, Hiba B. Deab

Pages: 647-664 English

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Abstract

Over the past few decades, one of the most significant challenges that the globe has encountered is the pollution of soil with heavy metal ions. This contamination is a consequence of fast industrialization, and human irresponsibility. Heavy metal ions are extremely poisonous, even when present in low concentrations, and they are, by their very nature, non-biodegradable. It is their accumulation of biomaterials in the human body is responsible for several persistent and chronic disorders, including lung cancer, breakdown of the neurological system, respiratory issues, kidney impairment, and other conditions are examples. Moreover, aside from the increasing concentration of these metal ions in the soil, which is above the allowable limits, is what makes this situation problematic. The unsuitable soil for future use in agricultural production. Because of this, we need to keep an eye on the concentration of the presence of these metal ions in the soil and put in place some more advanced technology to eliminate them. As a result of the literature review, it was discovered that there are many methods for removing heavy metal ions from metal-contaminated soil. The elimination of these metals was the primary goal of these strategies so that the metal ions are changed into less harmful and toxic forms. The technique used depends on a number of factors, including the applicability of the method, the treatment mechanism used, the type and form of pollutants, the soil composition, the soil type, etc. For the purpose of this review paper, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the use of chemical techniques for the removal of heavy metals fromcontaminated soils and their application mechanism, in addition to mentioning their advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords

Chemical process contamination heavy metals soil

43

Hemorrhagic Fever history, Diagnosis and Treatment: review article

Rana Kareem Mohammed, Hanan Adnan Shaker Al-Naymi, Rawah Radhwan Abdulbari, Salah Mohammed Fezea

Pages: 665-672 English

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Abstract

Hemorrhagic fever viruses are risks to public health around the world because they can cause very deadly diseases to emerge and reappear. The viruses causing viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) typically produce acute febrile illness, coagulation problems, and widespread bleeding, which can lead to potentially fatal organ failure. Four virus families are responsible for viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), one of which is Filoviridae. The Filoviridae family includes the Ebola virus , is responsible for the current VHF outbreak in West Africa. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) occur in various regions around the world, yet traditional diagnostic testing for these diseases has typically been conducted in major reference laboratories located in Europe and the United States. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) and examine the progress in developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for these infections.

Keywords

diagnosis Hemorrhagic fever VHF viruses.

44

Study of The Chemical Composition and Heavy Metals Levels Determination in The Muscles of Local Cows in Shirqat City

Dina Hameed Zaidan, Raghad Khalid Khammas, Fatin Zuher Abd AL-Kareem

Pages: 673-683 English

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Abstract

The researchers looked at the heavy metals (copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc) and the amounts of moisture, protein, fat, and ash in the muscles (femoral muscle, liver, dorsal muscle, and kidney) of male and female cows bought at Shirqat city markets between February 10, 2023, and March 2, 2023.
The findings indicated that the liver of male cows exhibited the highest moisture content at 74.83%, whereas the kidneys of male cows displayed the lowest moisture content at 70.12%. The femoral muscle in both male and female cows had the highest protein levels, recorded at 19.83% and 19.87%, respectively, while the liver of male and female cows showed lower protein levels at 12.92% and 12.04%, respectively.
The fat percentage reached its peak at 11.84% in the dorsal muscle of male cows, whereas the lowest fat percentage was recorded at 4.82% in the liver of male cows.
The ash levels exhibited no significant differences, with the highest value (1.10%) observed in the female femoral muscle. There was also a significant (p<0.05) effect on the heavy metal levels in the femoral muscle, liver, dorsal muscle, and kidney of both male and female cows when the three study factors interacted with each other.The study indicates a significant effect of sex and muscle location on copper levels, with the highest copper concentration (2.72 ppm) found in the livers of male cows. On the other hand, sex did not have a big effect on the low levels of lead found in all samples, and there were also no significant differences in the amounts of any element found in the meat muscles across all samples.
Zinc levels were elevated in all meat samples, with the maximum concentration of 112.55 ppm found in the liver of female cows, above the allowed limit of 50 ppm.

Keywords

cadmium heavy metals Muscles of cows

45

Studying Analytical Methods for Monitoring of Antibiotics in Environmental Waters, A review

Jasim M. S. Jamur, Shaymaa K. Ghati, Nawar Jamal Abdulrada, Shaimaa A. Jadoo

Pages: 684-697 English

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Abstract

In recent years, there has been a rise in interest in the study of antibiotic occurrence in the aquatic environment due to the negative consequences of prolonged exposure and the potential for bacterial antibiotic resistance. Most antibiotic residues from treated wastewater end up in the aquatic environment as they are not eliminated in facilities that treat wastewater. Antibiotics must be identified in influent and effluent wastewater using reliable analytical techniques for several reasons. Firstly, monitoring antibiotic presence in aquatic environments. Secondly, assessing environmental risks, computing wastewater treatment plant removal efficiencies, and estimating antibiotic consumption. Therefore, this work aims to provide an overview of existing approaches for determining antibiotics in complicated matrices including wastewater. Because it is currently the most effective and often used analytical method for determining antibiotic residue, liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry was chosen.

Keywords

Analytical Methods Antibiotics Environmental waters Review

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The Impact of Physicochemical Descriptors on the Biological Activity of 5-Fluorouracil Analogs

Falah Shareef Abed Suhail

Pages: 698-707 English

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47

Preparation, Diagnosis and Study of the Effect of the Biological Activity of Multi Dentate Azo- Schiff Ligand and Cu(II), Zn(II) Complexes

Zaman Hatem Mohammed, Shatha Abd-alameer Jawad

Pages: 615-630 English

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Abstract

The new azo-Schiff ligand was prepared through two paths. The first path is the reaction of the primary aromatic amine( 4-ethoxyaniline) with benzaldehyde to form the azo compound. The second path included condensation of the resulting compound with the aliphatic amine ethylenediamine and the addition of two drops of glacial acetic acid to prepare the azo-Schiff ligand. The ligand was characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, proton nuclear resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (C.H.N.). Solid metal complexes were prepared for the ligand prepared with the metal ions Cu(II), Zn(II), and the complexes were characterized by the above techniques, except for mass spectrometry and 1HMNR measurements for the ligand only. As for the study of the molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility of the metal complexes prepared and dissolved in ethanol at room temperature and at a concentration of (1×10-3)M proposed the geometric shape of the prepared complexes, all of which were octahedral, The last path includes studying the extent to which the biological activity of the azo-Schiff ligand and its complexes affects for two types of bacteria, for both Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus , at two concentrations( 250ppm) and (500 ppm).

Keywords

4-ethoxy aniline benzaldehyde biological activity ethylene diamine measurements of spectra