Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

The kinetic study of drug release is an essential requirement to examine the ability of the drug formulation to
modulate the typical drug release profile. In the present work, the Weibull model and other traditional drug
release models are selected to investigate the release of tablets prepared using different drying techniques in a
simulated abdominal solution. These tablets are prepared using electromagnetic microwave irradiation tablet
(MVT), convective drying tablet (CVT), freeze drying tablet (FRT), vacuum drying tablet (VAT), and without any
drying process tablet (NDT). This study aims to compare Weibull models with other conventional drug release
models in inspecting the kinetics of drug release in all tablets. These models are Zero-Order, Higuchi, First-Order,
Hixson-Crowell, and Korsmeyer-Peppas. This work delves into the best kinetic model that defines the tablets’
release mechanisms, including the new multicomponent tablets (MVT), to ensure their release is in appropriate
behavior. The results show that the Weibull model is the best model to present the release profile of all tablets
except for MVT and VAT, while Higuchi is the optimal model for. Among the conventional models, Higuchi,
Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixon-Crowell are the best conventional models to fit all types of tablets. Based on the
Weibull model factor, non-Fickian diffusion is the dominant release mechanism for NDT and VAT. Although
Fick diffusion controls the drug release mechanism of FTR, CVT, and MVT tablets. Additionally, three modified
models were created and found to be more convenient to denote the release of the formulated tablets with very
high accuracy

The design of educational building has become increasingly important concurrently due to the needs interactive
and engaging spaces for improved students’ academic performance. Conventional design of educational spaces
invariably lack design aspects that facilitate engagement. Therefore, it has become the aim of this research to
evaluate the spatial configuration a veterinary institute, based on the space syntax analysis from the spectrum
of the level of wayfinding and permeability. The case study of this research is Cornell University College of
Veterinary Medicine an institutional building that is a globally renowned in the veterinary industry. Being at
the forefront of research into animal well-being and the prevention of infectious diseases, the building’s design
emphasises providing cutting-edge educational spaces and fostering innovative curricula for educating future
practitioners and researchers while also extending vital support to communities worldwide. The study uses the
justified graph and visual graph analysis (VGA) based on DepthMapX software to identify the level of permeability
and wayfinding of the designed spaces. The analysis demonstrates that a majority of the areas covered in the
case study building have moderate integration levels and between high and moderate connectivity levels. Highly
integrated and connected spaces are important in spatial design of educational institutions in providing allowing
for cross-disciplinary collaboration and outstanding students’ engagement. In essence, the outcome of the study
demonstrates the selected building typology case study building has a well-designed spatial configuration that
emphasises the building’s main user

The performance of functionally graded materials is much better than materials with unchanged properties and
compositions. Al-Cr-Fe alloys with different Cr concentrations were proposed for this work. Potential applications
for these materials include automotive pistons. FGM was fabricated by successive stages of the sequential casting
method with mechanical vibration during the solidification. FGM sample consists of two alloys with different
chemical composition (Al-8Si-2Fe), and (Al-2Cr-2Fe). Two types of samples were studied and compared, with
and without mold vibration. The method of mechanical mold vibration, which in turn reduces the segregation
and pores in the cast and refines the microstructure. The results of the XRD showed the presence of α − Al
phase, Al80Cr13.5Fe6.5,Al13Cr2 and Al13Fe4 compounds that enhance the strength of the alloy. Optical microscope
images showed a difference in the microstructure on both sides of the interface between the two alloys. There is
variation in the hardness values due to the difference in the chemical composition of the alloys. The recorded
improvement in the tensile strength was 17%, and the decrease in Compression by 1.5%.

The performance of functionally graded materials is much better than materials with unchanged properties and
compositions. Al-Cr-Fe alloys with different Cr concentrations were proposed for this work. Potential applications
for these materials include automotive pistons. FGM was fabricated by successive stages of the sequential casting
method with mechanical vibration during the solidification. FGM sample consists of two alloys with different
chemical composition (Al-8Si-2Fe), and (Al-2Cr-2Fe). Two types of samples were studied and compared, with
and without mold vibration. The method of mechanical mold vibration, which in turn reduces the segregation
and pores in the cast and refines the microstructure. The results of the XRD showed the presence of α − Al
phase, Al80Cr13.5Fe6.5,Al13Cr2 and Al13Fe4 compounds that enhance the strength of the alloy. Optical microscope
images showed a difference in the microstructure on both sides of the interface between the two alloys. There is
variation in the hardness values due to the difference in the chemical composition of the alloys. The recorded
improvement in the tensile strength was 17%, and the decrease in Compression by 1.5%.

The world is facing significant climate challenges that demand immediate action. Sustainable practices in architecture are essential for addressing these challenges by enhancing energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and
promoting environmental resilience. Green education has gained considerable attention as a means of embedding
sustainability principles into architectural practices. This research identifies a critical gap in existing literature
regarding the clear definition of characteristics, principles, and frameworks for green education in architecture.
Through the analysis of existing curricula and prior research, this study pinpoints key trends in green education
that support sustainable architectural practices. The findings reveal a variety of green education approaches, incorporating diverse tools and practical strategies essential for preparing students to effectively adopt and implement
sustainable practices across different levels of architectural development.

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems are extensively employed for space heating and cooling, especially
in multi-story buildings where outdoor units are concealed behind aluminum louvers for architectural reasons.
However, this common practice can compromise system performance, leading to inadequate heat dissipation,
high suction temperatures, increased energy consumption, and a reduced coefficient of system performance.
This numerical analysis study investigates the impact of louver tilt angle and opening ratio factors on VRF air
conditioner performance when installed on building balconies. The study aims to optimize louver designs for
concealing condensing units, enhancing performance, and minimizing power consumption. Two proposed louver
designs with varying tilt angles and opening ratios were analyzed and compared with the existing design. Key
findings underscore the importance of efficient heat dissipation for optimal refrigerant condensation and system
efficiency. The study identifies the unintended ßtuck effect¨ın the current design, proposing optimal louvers with a
20° angle and a 60% opening ratio to minimize turbulent thermal plumes. Additionally, increasing the louver
opening ratio to 80% is shown to effectively reduce air recirculation, optimizing overall VRF system performance.
Comparisons with previous studies highlight local climate variations and operational differences, emphasizing
the need for tailored louver designs for specific environmental conditions

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems are extensively employed for space heating and cooling, especially
in multi-story buildings where outdoor units are concealed behind aluminum louvers for architectural reasons.
However, this common practice can compromise system performance, leading to inadequate heat dissipation,
high suction temperatures, increased energy consumption, and a reduced coefficient of system performance.
This numerical analysis study investigates the impact of louver tilt angle and opening ratio factors on VRF air
conditioner performance when installed on building balconies. The study aims to optimize louver designs for
concealing condensing units, enhancing performance, and minimizing power consumption. Two proposed louver
designs with varying tilt angles and opening ratios were analyzed and compared with the existing design. Key
findings underscore the importance of efficient heat dissipation for optimal refrigerant condensation and system
efficiency. The study identifies the unintended ßtuck effect¨ın the current design, proposing optimal louvers with a
20° angle and a 60% opening ratio to minimize turbulent thermal plumes. Additionally, increasing the louver
opening ratio to 80% is shown to effectively reduce air recirculation, optimizing overall VRF system performance.
Comparisons with previous studies highlight local climate variations and operational differences, emphasizing
the need for tailored louver designs for specific environmental conditions

Metal plates with different cutout shapes are commonly used in various engineering applications. Cutouts are
unavoidable in structural design as they are needed for practical reasons, such as reducing the structure’s weight
and providing access to other parts. This paper investigates the stress concentration induced in Al-2024 T3 plate
with an elliptical cutout under a tensile load, experimentally and numerically. Practical tensile test and strain
gauge results measure the generated stress concentration in Al-2024 T3 plate. A finite element model is created to
analyze the stress concentration factor (SCF) in Al 2024 T3 plate under uniaxial loading. The numerical model is
validated against the experimental and analytical results. The influence of the elliptical cutout orientation angle
(φ) on SCF was investigated. The results showed that SCF increases with increasing elliptical cutout orientation
angle (φ = 0°) to (φ= 90°). However, adding auxiliary holes around the central elliptical cutout enhances the stress
distribution and reduces SCF in the range (1.9 to 25%). Surrogated-based optimization is used to build response
surface models for predicting optimal SCF and removal mass (RM). Multi-objective optimization is formulated to
minimize SCF and maximize RM. The results show that increasing AH diameter leads to minimizing SCF and
maximizing RM for the plate with an elliptical cutout that is restrained to be greater than or equal to 45 (φ ≥ 45°).
Pareto frontier offers reliable, optimal solutions of SCF and RM based on input design parameters, including the
orientation angle and auxiliary hole diameters

The intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) that support non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and using
beamforming techniques in free space optical (FSO), are systematically reviewed in this study. The IRS improves
the spectral efficiency and connection by guiding channel users more efficiently through reconfigurable reflecting
elements. This enhancement makes it easier to apply NOMA even when the original channels are not aligned.
The study emphasizes how hardware limitations like phase shifters with poor precision affect performance. A
thorough analysis of previous studies on IRS varieties, beamforming strategies, and multiple access strategies is
given. Additionally, the research gaps and potential future paths are also detailed. Background information on IRS
types is one of the key contributions. Another major contribution is highlighting the advantages of combining
IRS with beamforming and multiple access strategies in FSO communication systems.

Water pollution and scarcity are problems of the current time due to the industrial and biological wastes that
are thrown into the aquatic environment, especially the water produced from petroleum refineries, because it
contains organic and inorganic pollutants. In this study, work was done to reduce the chemical oxygen demand
(COD), which represents some major pollutants such as organic materials in real wastewater collected from the
Najaf refinery in Iraq, using successive electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) processes. Graphite
and aluminum (Al) electrodes were used as the anode and a stainless-steel electrode (SS) as the cathode. The
Box-Behnken design (BBD) of experiments was used. Starting from COD (1250 ppm), the effect of current
density 10,15 and 20 (mA/cm2
), time 2,3.5 and 5 h, NaCl concentration 0,1.5 and 3 (g/l), and pH 4,7 and 10 on
the removal efficiency was studied. The results indicate that the removal efficiency is directly proportional to the
increase in current density, time, and NaCl conc, whereas it is inversely proportional to the increase in pH, as the
optimal conditions for removal were at current density (15mA/cm2
), time (5 h), NaCl concentration 1.5 (g/l),
and pH (4) in this case. Conditions: About 97.5% COD removal was achieved. Through the results of the ANOVA
analysis, it was found that current density and time have a high effect on removal, while NaCl concentration and
pH have a lower effect on removal

Benzidine, a class A carcinogen, poses a significant threat in textile industry wastewater as it is a key intermediate in
dye production. The promising adsorption technology using agricultural waste has proven to be an effective solution
for water pollution. This study explores the potential of pineapple peels (the agricultural waste of little interest) as
a low-cost adsorbent. Pineapple peels, typically discarded in massive quantities annually, exhibited a remarkable
91.064% maximum adsorption efficiency in a batch-type unit. This result was achieved at a pH, agitation speed,
initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and particle size of 1450 rpm, 8 ppm, 3 g, 150 min,
20C°, and 88 µm, respectively. Morphological studies elucidated a surface area of 48.627 m
2/g, retaining 11.25%
post-treatment. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) tests highlighted various functional groups on the peel’s
surface, undergoing alterations upon contact with benzidine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations
confirmed structural modifications post-adsorption. The adsorption process demonstrated spontaneity, low entropy,
and exothermic behavior. Kinetic modeling revealed that the intraparticle diffusion model best represented the
adsorption data. The isothermal behavior of adsorption was aptly described by the Langmuir model. The pineapple
peels waste was tested to be a cheap rodenticide for laboratory rats and was found to be beneficial in disposing
of these toxic residues. The results show a very good ability to eliminate the rodent with half the lethal dose,
identical to that recorded in the literature. Thus, the study offers an economically viable and eco-friendly approach,
aligning with the ethos of achieving zero-residue levels in waste management

Dominance in architecture is defined as the superiority and predominance of an element or group of elements over
the rest in the composition, which causes its attractiveness to the recipient/viewer. The dominant elements often
include the basic idea of the architectural work and carry a set of design characteristics. The research assumes that
the monumentality in the works of the architect (Louis Kahn) is achieved through the realization of certain values
in the characteristics of dominance. Thus, the aim was to reveal the presence of these characteristics in some
of his selected projects practically and through the relationship extracted from the literature that the presence
of dominance characteristics in designs is a reason for their monumentality. The research adopted a descriptive
approach by using a questionnaire for architects. The results showed the presence of dominance on both whole
and partial levels of design in his projects due to the types of basic shapes, because of their constant presence in
the mind and their large size. At the partial level, the dominance was achieved by the complete repetition of the
elements and their important functions.

Electric storage systems like solar systems and electric vehicles use batteries for storing electricity due to their
simplicity, efficiency, considerably small size, and dispatchability. These batteries operate on the principle of
charging/discharging and require equalization for voltage balance, especially in series-connected batteries. In
this research, a novel technique is presented for enhancing batteries’ voltage equalization, which is based on
the variable duty cycle, D, of pulse width modulation (PWM) in the dynamic capacitor technique. This method
controls two energy storage elements: an inductor and a dynamic capacitor via a variable D of PWM. The presented
technique was implemented on lead-acid batteries connected in series using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation
results showed that increasing D to 80% can reduce the equalizing process time from 500 seconds to just 125
seconds, with voltage differences decreasing from 800mV to just 2.2mV, equalized by 99.98%. For comparison,
a well-known fixed switched-capacitor technique was used, and results showed that the variation of D had no
effect even after 500 seconds of the equalizing process, and the batteries’ terminal difference voltages still were
above 220mV (less than 72% equalizing). Thus, the presented technique demonstrates superior performance,
highlighting the significant contribution of variable duty cycle PWM in balancing batteries’ terminal voltages.

This study examines the accuracy performance of GNSS receivers when connected to the continuous reference
station (CORS) network managed by Thailand’s Department of Lands (DOL) and the Royal Thai Survey Department (RTSD), focusing on the impact of inserting SIM cards between the receiver and controller. Three
GNSS receivers were tested: two from the same brand but different models, and one from a different brand. The
research investigates how the CORS network’s effectiveness and the method of SIM card insertion influence the
data accuracy and receiver stability. The results show that data stability improves when connected to the RTSD’s
CORS network, with more consistent and reliable performance observed when SIM cards are inserted directly
into the receiver. In contrast, inserting the SIM card into the controller led to significant instability in the GNSS
data. These findings highlight the importance of both network choice and proper SIM card placement for optimal
GNSS performance

In this numerical investigation, the effectiveness of utilizing advanced helical coiled wires (HCWs) as a tube insert
for heat transfer and turbulence enhancement under turbulent flow conditions (Reynolds numbers: 3000-11000)
was examined. HCW followed a helical guide path instead of a straight one in a typical coiled wire case, resulting
in increased flow complexity. Circular and equilateral triangular wires, maintaining equal cross-sectional areas,
were tested, with pitch ratios (P/D) being 1, 1.5, and 2. Simulation was performed using ANSYS Fluent 22, and
the working fluid considered throughout the study was air. Results indicated increased Nusselt number (Nu)
and friction factor (f) compared to a plain tube. The thermal performance factor was found to have an inverse
relationship with both pitch ratio and Reynolds number separately. The study reported that the circular insert
at (P/D) = 1 and Re = 3000 exhibited the maximum thermal performance factor of 1.379, while the highest
enhancement ratio for Nusselt number of 4.14 was recorded in the case of the triangular insert at the same Reynolds
number. Additionally, the maximum friction factor increases up to 40.4 at the Re=11000 of the triangular model

Electric vehicles (EVs) are known for their power efficiency and lower pollution levels compared to traditional
vehicles. The design of dual-motor EV systems, utilizing planetary gear trains, is a significant area of research.
The impact of power circulation on losses in novel and patented planetary gear mechanisms has not been
extensively explored in previous configuration design studies, despite its importance as a key component of the
mechanism. Accurately understanding the power distribution in a dual-motor system seems to be crucial for fully
comprehending an invention. This paper explores the positive aspects and drawbacks of PGT configuration, with
a focus on efficiency, which may affect competitiveness in real-world applications. If power flow estimation is
not possible or if operating constraints prevent it, it is likely that the patent was not thoroughly examined or the
inventor lacked experience in the subject matter. A nomograph is a graphical tool used to analyze the relationships
between variables in power-split systems, including power flow and efficiency. A systematic approach is proposed
for evaluating the performance and power loss of PGTs. Analytical formulas for powers, losses, and efficiency
are derived. A parametric study on a wheel hub motor reveals that a higher gear ratio enhances efficiency and
performance, with power flow analysis indicating power circulation and amplification. Controlling gear ratios
precisely can change power flow direction, enhancing efficiency. Criteria for no power circulation are established,
leading to a new configuration

The rising demand for renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, has surged in recent years as a sustainable
solution to global energy challenges. Solar power inverters show a crucial part in transforming solar-generated
direct current (DC) into usable alternating current (AC), which is required for a number of applications across
residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. This paper provides a concise overview ofkey aspects related
to solar power inverters, highlighting their importance in the solar energy ecosystem. Specifically, this paper
focuses on the design of Solar Inverter, which is needed to run AC loads and is primarily utilized for consumable
purposes.Moreover, it delves into the principles and functioning of two widely-used inverter topologies: Push-Pull
and H-Bridge, with a detailed focus on the Push-Pull inverter, which is employed in practical circuit. The Push-Pull
topology is highlighted for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency in low-power applications.To validate
the system, the circuit model is implemented on hardware, confirming its practicality. The developed inverter has
a 100W power output, a 12V input voltage, and a 220V output with a 50Hz square wave output.