The International and Political Journal

Today, the human civilization is witnessing a tremendous development in the technical field that is expected to cast its shadow on human life, namely artificial intelligence, which represents an unprecedented evolutionary leap that enables machines to simulate the way of human thinking, but they are more focused and are not exposed to the stress that afflicts humans. They reduce the time period required for transformation and modernization processes, in addition to the speed of developments and the density of information flowing from various sources, which constitutes an additional burden on countries to catch up in light of fierce competition in leading artificial intelligence systems and its applications based on the idea that whoever possesses leadership in this field will ensure dominance or at least will find a place for himself in the central countries of the international system.
تاريخ الستلام : 8 / 11 0202 تاريخ القبول: / 6 / 2 / 5 0205 /6/ 020 تاريخ النشر: 1
أ.د فلاح خمف كاظم
أ.د عبد الجبار عيسى عبد العال
أ.م.د سعد عمي حسين
أ.م.د حيدر عبد جساس
3
ال ثار القتصادية لمذكاء الصطناعي
It can be said that artificial intelligence is one of the tools that will be able to bring about a major change not only in the international system but in human life as a whole, but this change will be sweeping as artificial intelligence will be part of all discovered technologies from industry, agriculture, armament, medicine, engineering and other sciences, which will change the rules of the international game and put countries that rely on their traditional strength outside the leadership system and reshape a new international system. With regard to the economic aspect, it can be said that artificial intelligence has had a direct impact on economic life, especially in the field of productivity and employment, and even traditional economic business models, as it is a new technological revolution that works to change the fields of industry, agriculture, health, education, business and the economy in general.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is the main driving force shaping the 21st century. Its integration into the political realm has had the most significant impact on society, as it has permeated every stage of the electoral process to ensure efficiency, accuracy, and speed. In recent years, elections have been a fertile ground for introducing new technologies, and countries have successfully tested and implemented new voting methods and systems to manage their electoral processes. Iraq is among the countries that have recently started using these technologies in parliamentary elections. Technically, the Iraqi parliamentary elections in 2014, 2018, 2021, and most recently in the provincial council elections in December 2023 have seen the use of technological tools, including biometric applications for voter registration, biometric devices for verifying voter identity on election day, electronic counting machines to expedite results, devices for electronically transmitting election results, and electronic monitoring through surveillance cameras at polling centres and stations. The study results show that the introduction of technology—despite the use of electronic devices in various stages of the Iraqi elections—represents a significant development towards improving the efficiency and transparency of the electoral process. However, several challenges have arisen that have impeded the application of these technologies and ensured electoral conditions, which have led to significant problems from the start of the process to the announcement of results. Examples include malfunctions of voter verification and voting devices, delays in opening some polling stations due to technical issues, and suspicions from political parties and entities regarding election result manipulation both inside and outside Iraq.

This research explores the balance between powers and responsibilities of the Prime Minister in Iraq and Lebanon in the context of public policy implementation. The political systems of both countries are analyzed, with a focus on the powers of the Prime Minister and the challenges faced in executing public policies. The study reveals that Iraq's political system, marked by political pluralism and sectarian divisions, and Lebanon's sectarian power-sharing model both create difficulties in coordinating between the executive and legislative branches. Additionally, corruption and weak institutions play a significant role in hindering the government's ability to effectively implement policies.
The research recommends strengthening coordination between authorities, reforming government institutions, reducing sectarian influence, and reforming the electoral system in both countries. It also highlights the importance of activating accountability and oversight mechanisms to ensure transparency and achieve success in public policy implementation.

The limited growth prospects for the Palestinian economy have restricted its ability to meet local market demands for good and services. Consequently, a new reality of forced economic dependency on Israel has emerged, where the market gap in Palestinian territories is filled by Israel’s economic policies in the occupied Palestinian territories have deprived the West Bank and Gaza of any opportunity to export their surplus to neighboring Arab or Islamic countries. At the same time, these polices have obstructed the import of essential production equipment, machinery, and raw materials.

The pattern of Saudi–Iranian relations has not been consistent; rather, it is a complex mix of conflict, relative convergence of interests, and cautious consensus. To understand the nature of this relationship, it is essential to examine the various factors shaping it. Sectarian conflict is not the sole determinant. Cultural heritage—rooted in historical experiences that shaped national identities plays a significant role, alongside political factors that influence the nature of political systems and their relationship with ruling elites. Additionally, geopolitical dynamics have made the Arabian Gulf a focal point for global power competition, while ideological orientations continue to influence political decision-making.
Following Iraq’s exit from the regional balance of power equation in 2003 a role it had traditionally played Iran capitalized on the American occupation to expand its political influence, supporting the formation of an Iraqi government aligned with its interests. This shift created a power imbalance in Iran’s favor, prompting concern in Saudi Arabia. In response, Riyadh has sought to enhance its military and economic capacities, potentially initiating an arms race and fostering counter-alliances, thereby increasing the likelihood of confrontation between the two states.
Although there have been attempts by both sides to improve bilateral relations, the primary factors influencing these shifts are international and regional dynamics, rather than the political elites themselves, who play only a secondary role. The recent agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran, brokered by China, remains under observation. While it may not resolve deep-rooted and complex regional disputes, it does reflect a mutual desire to pursue dialogue and diplomacy as mechanisms for addressing their differences.

In our research entitled (The Strategic Framework Agreement between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America), we discussed the historical roots of Iraqi relations with the United States of America, as well as the early beginnings of the Strategic Framework Agreement between the two countries, defining the agreement and the most prominent principles on which it is based, and we addressed the mechanisms for implementing this agreement in the political, economic, security and military aspects, in addition to stating the most prominent obstacles to implementing the agreement, especially internal obstacles from disagreements between internal political forces regarding the implementation of the agreement and the lack of agreement on its legality, and external obstacles from regional and international powers such as terrorism and developments in the war in Gaza in 2023 AD cannot be ignored, in addition to the interests of international powers such as China and the Russian Federation.

Religion plays a prominent role in directing the policy of countries at the internal and external levels, as religion helps at the internal level to achieve social stability, especially if countries guarantee in their constitutions freedom of belief and practice, and translate this on the ground, and with regard to Russia, religion was one of the factors on which it relied in its position To words its citizens who do not believe in the religion of the ruling authority (Muslims), as dealing with them varied according to the orientations of the political authority, they were persecuted in periods of the rule of the Tsars as well as the case during the rule of the Marxists (Soviet Union), but after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia emphasized the importance of diversity within its territory and considered it a factor of strength rather than weakness employed in its policies and relations with other countries.

Energy security has a significant political priority and major component of national security for any country in the world. Accordingly, protecting energy security has no less importance than protecting the vital interests and goals of any country. This has prompted major countries - such as the United States, China, Russia, and Japan to develop clear strategies to achieve energy security in strategic regions, including the Middle East, which is one of the most important productions regions in the world.

Objectives: Biometrics refers to the use of an individual's unique biological characteristics, such as fingerprints, face, iris, or even voice, to identify an individual. Therefore, the study aims to review the most prominent contemporary technologies in the field of employing artificial intelligence in the field of biometric verification. Biometrics provides a powerful and effective means to enhance cybersecurity for countries by taking advantage of unique physiological and behavioral characteristics. Biometric verification provides enhanced security for the government database and an advanced technical experience for all its users.
Methodology: The study follows the analytical approach that includes an explanation of the most prominent technical challenges associated with employing artificial intelligence technologies in the field of implementing (Biometric security) biometric security and biometric verification.
Results: The results shows that implementing (Biometric security) biometric security requires careful study of appropriate methods, ensuring data security, integration with (Two-factor authentication for biometric verification), and regular system maintenance. In the overall evaluation, the results also shows that identification devices face recognition is highly demanded and recommended by the General Directorate of Narcotics Control

Criminalization is coupled with the idea of punishment. The punishment are to be discussed in this study has an international character and does not pertain to an internal system, but rather pertains to the international system and the idea of imposing international punishment on countries, and this may intersect with the idea of sovereignty, which is one of the constants of the international system. This makes research into the punishment for criminal acts of an international nature given the virtue international relations between developing and central countries in the international system.

This Study, which has the title ( The imamate theory in Ibadi political thought ), presents the intellectual and political starting points of ibadi imamate theory and to indicate the extent of the contribution made by this theory in preserving the existence of the Ibadi and their continued survival until now . As a result, this required dividing this study into introduction, five sections and conclusion. The first section is about the emergence of the Ibadi and the extent of their connection with the kharitijites . The second section shows the concept of the imamate ,its necessity , as well as, the evidence for its obligation among the Ibadi . The third section presents the conditions for the imam and the methods of appointing him. The fourth section is about the issue of deposing the imam and rebelling against him . Finally, the fifth section presents the types of imamate “paths of religion" among the Ibadhiya . As a result, the study reached a set of findings and conclusions

The Middle East region has a great importance in the calculations of many countries in the world, and the United States of America is at the forefront, as this region is one of the regions where the vital American interests are concentrated that could not be dispensed with. In fact, the United States of America is fully prepared to use its military force in the event that any of its interests in the Middle East are threatened. Especially with regard to Iraq, given the strategic importance of Iraq in the American strategic perception, with its important and influential geographical location and natural resources, we find that the United States of America has directed its strategic planning towards Iraq since the beginning of the implementation of its global strategic plans after World War II, but that orientation was limited to the economic aspect, especially oil. However, since the seventies of the last century, Iraq has become a clear threat to American strategic interests, which prompted its strategic decision-making circles to plan for the purpose of containing Iraq, as it considered it a serious threat to its vital interests in the region and to the security of (Israel), in addition to the issue of oil, which we will shed light on in this study.

Each institution follows a specific strategy to achieve its national interests and national security, which naturally belongs to international conditions and balances. China, which has seen a significant rise in its rise as a major power, is due to the lack of energy due to its dependence on large imports of oil imports from the Middle East. Since 2003, China has used soft power in Iraq, taking advantage of the oil route links to strengthen it in the Gaza Strip, and investing in reconstruction projects. Therefore, China contributes to strengthening it economically through economic cooperation, and Iraq stands out in the Chinese diversified strategy as a source of this in addition to its important geographical location, which is what attracts economic development opportunities and Iraq should address the problems that may hinder it.

The balance of power between states of emergency and human rights is a challenge in the Middle East, with Iraq being a prominent example. Historically, governments have used states of emergency to suppress opposition, resulting in widespread human rights violations. Exceptional laws are often interpreted in favor of the regime rather than the national interest, increasing political and economic pressures. To ensure protection, effective mechanisms of oversight and monitoring, including the establishment of independent committees and regular reporting on human rights violations, must be in place.

After 2003, Iraq witnessed a period of oversight and oversight by oversight and administration. Public workers, the absence of targeted groups, and the prevalence of party and partisan favoritism led to a fertile environment for the growth of networks, primarily within the state. This creativity manifested itself in various forms, including the waste of public funds, fictitious contracts, and the politicization of employment, in addition to the penetration of joint influence within various political and administrative parties. This does not only mean the lack of internal oversight, but also direct investment in national sovereignty, as it contributed to the emergence of the state and the collapse of confidence in governing institutions. This led to an interest in intervening in Iraqi affairs and the ability to lead nationally through networks of political and economic influence. On the other hand, it contributed to achieving economic development,

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is one of the most prominent international judicial institutions aimed at holding perpetrators of international crimes accountable, including genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Despite its declared objectives of achieving international justice, the ICC's work has sparked widespread controversy among both member and non-member states. This debate is particularly evident in the positions of non-member states toward the Court's decisions, especially those targeting prominent political figures such as Russian President Vladimir Putin and former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.This study examines the stance of non-member states on the ICC's decisions aimed at holding war criminals accountable, focusing on the cases of Vladimir Putin and Benjamin Netanyahu.

Despite of the remarkable and rapid development in all fields of science and knowledge which, increases human well-being and a comfortable life on this planet. There are always still some challenges that distort the picture and limit the results of this unprecedented development. Climate change is one of the phenomena that represent the greatest challenge. For humanity during the twenty-first century, with implicit problems related to the escalation of global warming, energy production, water scarcity, its impact on agricultural production, problems of environmental pollution, conflicts and wars over land, resources, water and food, the problem of extinction and loss of biodiversity, deforestation, as well as the elimination of lungs. Land, fish wealth, overfishing, waste management, as well as recycling. It is noted that the impact of climate change in its entirety has a negative impact on all economic and social aspects related to human life and existence on the surface of this planet and that these changes have a major impact on Iraqi water security and there are also human challenges. It contributes to the impact on Iraqi water security, including external challenges, increasing population, in addition to the lack of water rationalization.

The Russian-Ukrainian war has added a new dimension to international relations over the past three decades, especially after the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, as is evident in the extent of the entanglements and overlaps that include many international issues and files, whether they are in direct or indirect contact with the sub-regions, most notably the Middle East region. This situation has prompted many to talk about the possibility of reproducing the “Cold War era”, the most prominent manifestations of which are the increase in “military mobilizations” and the adoption of a policy of “flexible alliances”, and strategies of “deterring opponents” in addition to a state of “political and diplomatic deadlock” in resolving the crisis, as well as the “international division” into two axes, each of which seeks to achieve the greatest possible benefit from the current crises. Moreover, the developments witnessed by the twenty-first century in all its political, economic, social and cultural aspects have placed the Middle East region at the forefront of global strategies, thanks to the region’s wealth, resources, and wealth and energy sources. The region has become the focus of attention and competition of global power, and accordingly, the need arose for the United States of America to change its strategies towards the Middle East region because of the variables, especially the Russian Ukrainian war.

Most governments in the international system seek to establish a defensive force to prevent external interference in their internal affairs. The situation for Israel is somewhat different. Being surrounded by enemies from all sides, it requires to be a superior power by possessing defensive capabilities that are greater than the countries of the region, and this would not have been achieved without the support of the great powers, such as the United States of America, the countries of the European Union, as well as the former Soviet Union, as it searches ( Israel) strives to possess nuclear weapons and monopolize them only in the Middle East region to enable it to excel in military capabilities over the countries of the region, and due to the support of European countries such as France, it possessed the nuclear bomb, and despite the dependence of the countries of the North, or what are known as the Central Powers, on the oil of the (developing) South countries. Arab-American relations were not equal to American-Israeli relations, and in addition to electronic power and cyber power, it worked to develop its capabilities in cyberspace, and all of these developments it achieved in the field of defense capabilities had an impact on the Middle East, in all fields.

France aims to maintain its influence in the African continent in general and the Sahel countries in particular, by supporting these countries with weapons to fight terrorists and supporting leaders loyal to it with international legitimacy, which makes it the destiny in these countries, and despite French efforts, it meets the expansion of the influence of other countries such as the United States of America, China and other countries, which puts France in a test in order to achieve its goal.

Turkey emerged as a prominent regional power during the Gulf crisis, playing a vital role in the Gulf region. It tries to mediate the crisis from its inception, with the Turkish president sending a delegation in early June 2017 to meet with officials in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. This effort yielded no notable results, and Ankara was quickly surprised by the blockade and severance of ties with Qatar on June 5, 2017. This has prompted the Turkish government, which had signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Qatar in 2014 to urgently request parliamentary ratification of the agreement and to begin intensive efforts to activate the Turkish military base in Qatar. Ankara also quickly launched a large-scale airlift operation to provide food supplies to the Qatari market, whose supplies were affected by the blockade measures and the closure of Qatar's only land crossing with Saudi Arabia.

Panchayats are an essential part of the Indo-Yemeni system, representing the local level of government and contributing to the management of local affairs. They were originally established under the Constitution of 1973 and formally implemented in 1992 to promote political participation and democracy at the grassroots level. The aim was to empower people from different social groups through the Panchayat system, enabling broader participation in the democratic process and promoting local accountability, justice, and inclusive representation.
By directly involving citizens in decision-making, Panchayats enhance the value of democracy within the community. They also contribute to the provision of essential services, such as healthcare, by creating platforms for addressing local issues and holding officials accountable for their performance and political engagement.
A certain percentage of Panchayat seats are reserved for women, which has strengthened their political voice and encouraged greater community participation. Through the involvement of citizens in planning and implementation, Panchayats have increased political awareness and played a significant role in executing local development projects. This has improved living standards and strengthened the relationship between the government and citizens.
However, Panchayats face challenges, including weak administrative capacity, external political interference, and resistance to change from some traditional institutions. Despite these obstacles, the Panchayat system in India serves as a model for effective political participation and democratic strengthening at the local level. The continued success of this model depends on sustained support and development of local authorities to address these ongoing challenges.

This research focuses on the role of religious authority among Shiite Muslims in confronting the Israeli entity, particularly through the issuance of religious fatwas aimed at educating Muslims about the dangers of normalizing relations with the State of Israel and emphasizing the Palestinian cause as a central issue. It also highlights the injustices endured by the Palestinian people, shedding light on the oppression and suffering they face. The study discusses the positions of prominent Shiite authorities worldwide, including Sayyid Ali al-Sistani, the leading figure of the religious seminary in Iraq, and Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Nowadays, the world is witnessing many transformations and changes in all fields, as a result of the tremendous technological development, especially in information and communications, which has led to the creation of a new environment for interaction between individuals and societies on the one hand and countries on the other hand in an environment full of risks, threats and conflict and which has constituted a serious threat to society and the state, as the concepts of power, conflict, and war have changed and their nature has been linked to cyber security. The threats resulting from it have emerged as a new form of threat that depends on the use of modern digital technologies to achieve multiple goals. Many international actors have become a source of danger that threatens the security of societies by spreading their ideas and values on social media networks. By recruiting the largest possible number of individuals and teaching them how to hack websites and other electronic crimes such as infiltration and spying on sensitive networks and sending threatening messages to countries to accept them, so countries worked, in order to protect their national security, by establishing many civil and military bodies and institutions, and developing their own strategies. Enacting legal legislation to confront cyber security threats , as well as strengthening regional and international cooperation to protect countries from cyber-attacks.

This research presents a comparative study of three Arab developing countries Iraq, Algeria, and Egypt to analyze the impact of electoral systems on government formation and political stability. The study explores the legal and historical background of each electoral system, the mechanisms of forming executive power, as well as, the level of political stability resulting from each system within its national context. The findings of the study reveal that the electoral systems in developing countries influence not only the type of political representation but also the overall stability of governments. In Iraq, proportional representation ensured inclusiveness but led to fragile coalition governments. In Algeria, the closed-list proportional system provided apparent stability under a dominant ruling party. Egypt experienced multiple electoral reforms that produced varying patterns of representation and stability, shifting from pluralism to authoritarian consolidation.
The study concludes that the effectiveness of electoral systems in supporting stable governance depends on their design and compatibility with the political and social context. It recommends adopting mixed systems that balance representation with governability and fostering a culture of political consensus.

This study examines the political and social dimensions of Turkish-Israeli relations in the period following 2014, a time characterized by profound regional and international transformations that significantly altered the dynamics between Ankara and Tel Aviv. Throughout this period, bilateral relations followed an unstable path, marked by alternating phases of tension and rapprochement. These fluctuations were largely driven by regional developments such as the Syrian civil war, the emergence of the Islamic State, the wave of Arab normalization with Israel, as well as critical events like the relocation of the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem, escalations in Gaza, and disputes over Eastern Mediterranean gas resources. The research aims to unpack these complexities by analyzing how domestic political shifts in both Turkey and Israel intersect with broader regional dynamics. It further explores the reciprocal influence between political actions and social perceptions particularly through official rhetoric, public opinion, media narratives, and cultural interactions. Employing an interpretive analytical framework supported by historical and descriptive methodologies, the study dissects key milestones in the evolution of Turkish-Israeli political and social relations since 2014. Case studies including "Operation Protective Edge," the 2016 Normalization Agreement, and the 2018 Jerusalem Crisis serve as focal points for understanding the structure of bilateral ties in both internal and external contexts. Moreover, the research investigates how these events have shaped societal attitudes, mutual perceptions, and the future trajectory of relations, with a specific emphasis on the dialectical relationship between state-level and grassroots, political and societal forces within this complex and dynamic relationship.