AL-AMEED JOURNAL

Ahalalbayt, peace be upon them, were present in the
sermons and hadiths of Imam al-Hasan, peace be upon
him, as the elite chosen by Allah, glory be to Him, and purified
to be an example for Muslims. Imam Hassan's references
- peace be upon him - to the Ahalalbayt - peace be
upon them- were one of the means of his response to the
adversaries who disputed his right to the caliphate, just as
they did disputed his father- peace be upon him - before.
All in all, he wanted to bring back those people who were
confused about the truth to the path of righteousness, and
to enlighten those who were taken by worldly ambitions
to a path other than that which Allah Almighty enacted.
So, these signs came full of meanings and indications that
we can interpret from our reading according to a methodology
behind the apparent meanings, through the use of
the connotations carried by the central words in the texts
performed by social use and in accordance with what is in
harmony with the context in which they appear.
Based on this, the research will be organized into certain
topics, which will be simplified for us by the interpretive
reading that we adopt here; as it will open specific aspects
of knowledge that we believe that they are serious
and crucial. Because the people of the house ordered us
to ponder over the implications of their sayings, for they
are the masters of speech. Imam Ali, peace be upon them,
says: We are the princes of speech, and in us its veins grow,
and on us its branches fall.

The research is based on the philosophy of the name
within the Quranic parameters of naming to investigate
the manifestations of naming in terms of the relationship
between the name and the named first and the repercussions
of the name on the behavior of the named.
The research believes that the titles of the imams and
their nicknames, including Imam al-Hassan al-Mujtaba,
ther chosen derive their reference from their cognitive
and scientific documents that are able to foresee the relationship
of good naming and the extent of its suitability
for the named in the future. Here it confirms, through
the cognitive dimension of naming, there is an important
aspect of the sciences of Ahalalbayt and the consequent
systematic and behavioral effects of these sciences. The
article is keen on holding these definitions that try to introduce
us to the reality of the beautiful manifestation
from the viewpoints of the imams. From what was mentioned
here or there, in the past or in the present, because
it is clear from the reality of the Imamate knowledge
for naming .The research traces the extension of
this truth in the very soul of Imam al-Hasan, peace be
upon him, and in his doctrinal, social and political behavior.
In light of this, a kind of comparison between Al-Hassan
the chosen and Quranic reference, with its prophetic
evidence, is raised to reveal the good Quranic behavior,
especially with regard to the righteousness of Imam Hassan,
peace be upon him.

The main objective of the argumentative text is to
guide the recipient to be convinced of the proposed
idea, it is the only goal that the orator intends when he
presents an idea. Therefore, the discourse techniques
that would lead the minds to accept the theses presented
to them are studied. Or to increase the degree of that
approval, for the language is pure argumentation, the
argumentative discourse is distinguished from the rest
of the other discourses in that it is a structured discourse
oriented and purposeful Imam al-Hasan (peace be upon
him) had an influential role in, as manifested through the
study of the stylistic arguments, since he aims to transcend
the linguistic mechanism. To highlight the values
of the linguistic sign, it sometimes comes through the
direct meaning, and at other times through suggestive
meaning and indirectness, seizing the necessary meaning,
and influencing its recipient. So such a matter was
accomplished when being used by certain tools appropriately,
taking into account the position that obliges
him to choose the suggestive letter, and the appropriate
influential word.

The problem of this research is to reveal the level of the
relationship between the “reverse thinking” and “academic
motivational goals” among the postgraduate students (Ss.)
at the universities of Karbalaa, Kufa, Alqadisiah, and Babylon.
The importance of this research comes from the importance
of its two variables (reverse thinking and academic motivational
goals), the two scales, population, sample, findings,
recommendations and suggestions. The aims of the research
were to identify the following:
1- The level of the “Reverse Thinking” among the Ss. at the
universities of Karbalaa, Kufa, Alqadisiah, and Babylon.
2-The statistically significant differences among the Ss. in
“reverse thinking’, according to their gender(male-female)
and study fields (Scientific-Humanities) variables.
3- The level of the “academic motivational goals” of the Ss.
4- The statistically significant differences among the Ss. in
academic motivational goals (mastery, performance and avoid
failure) according to their gender (male-female) and study
fields (Scientific-Humanities) variables.
5-The level of the relationship between the reverse thinking
and the academic motivational goals among the Ss. of this
research.
6-The extent to which the reverse thinking contributes to
academic motivational goals among the Ss. of this research

Poetic images in general and poetic graphic images represented
in simile, metaphor and metonymy in particular have
enjoyed a special place in critical and rhetorical studies. It is
considered the essence of poetry, according to the researchers.
The aspects of development and renewal in Palestinian
resistance poetry after the setback of 1967 are crystallized
from the stylistic aspects, especially in its graphic poetic
forms. From this point of view, the following article aims to
study the poetic graphic images in the Palestinian resistance
poetry after the setback of 1967 AD from a stylistic perspective
and to reveal the realization of the role of these images on
the semantic and rhetorical levels. The study applied the descriptive-
analytical and statistical method. The sample of the
study consisted of five books that monitor the most important
events of the setback period, 1967 AD and beyond: resistance.
What the article found is that metaphor is one of the most
important artistic means employed by the set-back poets to
express the issues they live with, with a percentage of 59.5%,
followed by simile at 25%, and then metonymy at 15.5%. Most
of the metaphorical images in the poetry of the setback tend
towards the material and the sensual. With regard to the semantic
aspect of these images, the poet of the setback has

The research dealt with the effect of climatic elements
on the water needs (water rating) for the wheat crop;
it was found that the general trend line of the climatic
elements is moving towards the rise during the wheat
cultivation season, represented by, actual solar radiation,
temperatures, wind speed. Thus it leads to high evaporation
and transpiration. This helped to increase the water
consumption for the two methods of the surface irrigation
and sprinkler irrigation in the region, in addition,
there is a trend towards an increase in the water deficit
and the amount of rain is little that cannot be relied on
to replenish the water needs. All of this was negatively
reflected in the variation in the net water rate according
to the two methods of the wheat crop growth stages,
where the germination stage was recorded at (76, 106.5
mm), and it was few in this first stage of the crop growth
due to evaporation from the soil only, and then it started
to rise in the growth and flowering stage by (89.2, 123.9
mm) and the maturity stage by (142.4, 192.9 mm). As
a result of evaporation from the soil and transpiration
from the crop, the water loss increases. This shows that
the best irrigation method, sprinkler irrigation, was used,
through a multiple linear regression model, a (t,f) test
was conducted with a significant level (99%), the value
of R2 of climatic factors has the most influence on the
dependent variable in the region by (99%).

The major countries are characterized by reading all the
circumstances surrounding them, whether regional or global,
and take into account all the issues of Political Geography
and geopolitics, which gives them to develop a correct
perception in the adoption of long-term strategic plans and
deep details. Especially as these plans relate to temporary
interests and a strategic nature. All these things are excluded
from small countries that do not depend on any kind of
planning, for many reasons, the most important of which is
the lack of leadership that contributes to the development of
the concepts of the state with its correct dimensions, and its
continued dependence on the major countries. As a great and
dominant power on the international scene, America is trying
to preserve the status which that ensures its domination of
the world and the removal of competitors, especially Russia.
The conflict in Syria and Ukraine will shape the polar policies
of the world, Russia is trying to be one of the poles of the
world, and that the conflict in Syria is closely linked to the conflict
in Ukraine, and that the two files combine is a US-European
conflict on the one hand and Russian on the other, There
is limited attraction in Syria and dissonance in Ukraine, with
demographic and geographic differences and to the extent of
Russian, American and European interests. American interest
is a great concern in Syria and Ukraine; It will not allow Russia
to achieve full success and victory in these two sites. Fragmentation
of combat groups in Ukraine and exhaustion of Syrians
in all vital areas.

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and
peace be upon his faithful Messenger Muhammad and
his kind, clean and kind family.
Undoubtedly, “The words of the seal of the Prophet,
may God’s prayers be upon him, are shining light from
God, strong and conclusive proof, and his argument is upheld,
and his speech is supportive and what is said about
the passion is that it is only a revelation.”The research
in the words of the Prophet (may God’s prayers be upon
him) is a research with a special scientific pleasure, especially
as I am from the words of God the Almighty , and
from his words the blessed sermon of betrayal.The auspicious
altruism, which abounds in a very large amount of
linguistic knowledge, preferably linguistic, which tried to
reap some of its fruits through this study, so the choice
was on (the explanatory patterns in the betrayal betrayal
- a semantic study –).
So I calculated the explanatory patterns mentioned in
the blessed sermon, and then classified them, in addition
to indicating their significance in the texts contained
therein; and the large number of explanatory patterns
on the one hand, and the difficulty of restricting them
in this research on the other hand, that the researcher
selects them, not exclusively.

Language is a means of communication through which one
can transmit one’s ideas and thoughts. The way of handing
over convincing ideas can be adhered to through the use of
specific strategies in certain genres. preaching is an example
of these genres where speeches are presented to influence
people on a particular occasion with the aim of convincing
them to accept or abandon an idea or a course of action;
expressly to exhort in an officious or tiresome manner. This
specific issue, i.e. persuading people through preaching has
not been given enough scholarly investigative attention from
a pragmatic perspective. Thus, this study attempts to bridge
this gap in the literature. To do so, it scrutinizes the preaches
delivered by one of the infallible people in the Islamic culture,
namely: Imam Al-Hassan (peace be upon him),who used to
utilize various strategies in his preaches to persuade populace
to accept moral issues that they can take benefit of in their life
to gain salvation.
This study attempts to identify the pragmatic persuasive
strategies used by Imam Al-Hassan (peace be upon him). in
his preaches, among which are the pragma-rhetorical devices
used to convince people to accept ideas and arguments discussed
by him.

The sermon of Fatima Al-Zahra on her confiscated inheritance
is characterized by a highly elevated language. Moreover,
it bears religious, political and moral implications. The
choice of words and the way messages composed usually affect
how they are conveyed and received. The more proper
the words and structures are, the more effective the message
is. However, it is not true that the sermon did not change anything
after being delivered. The power of this sermon, nevertheless,
is constantly everlasting for all people in all ages.
Here lies the rationale behind scrutinizing it in terms of the
linguistic perspectives.
Accordingly, this study sets for itself the task of answering
the following question: What are the linguistic features that
characterize this sermon of Al-Zahra (peace be upon her)?
The aim is to identify the different linguistic levels of this
piece of discourse in terms of semantics, pragmatics, stylistics
and rhetorics. It is hypothesized that this sermon is coherent
and eloquent due to the distinct linguistic tools employed by
Al-Zahra (peace be upon her). This research paper hinges on
the various levels of linguistic description utilizing some relevant
linguistic theories. The findings of the analysis verify the
set hypothesis. It is hoped that this study is valuable to those
interested in pragmatics, stylistics, rhetorics and those concerned
with oratory and religious studies.

Politeness is a social phenomenon that can be investigated in
each language withinside the world. Every language has its own
way of expressing through the speakers relying on their tradition
and consequently politeness principle suffers from shortcomings
that decrease its performance in the analysis of the act
of communication. For example, the term 'universalism' is not
illustrated properly through Brown and Levinson, similarly to
Leech who confines himself to cope with particular speech acts.
It is hypothesized that politeness strategy used is positive
politeness whilst the negative is not used right here withinside
the coming data, and it could be considered as a type of etiquette
which is not the same as one society to another.
The current study examines the strategies of politeness in Al-
Sistani 's advice & Guidance to the Fighters in the Jihad arenas.
There are two types of politeness strategies (positive and
negative). Both types of politeness strategies contain preserving
and readdressing the social distance among the speaker
and the hearer.
The goal of the study is to analyze the types of politeness
strategies might be proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987),
the use of discourse analysis which is found out that politeness
is used in lots of approaches to construct and maintain
the friendly mood.
The outcomes proved that the positive politeness is the
most effective method used and the negative strategy is not
employed at all.