AL-AMEED JOURNAL

The Quranic expression was distinguished by the eloquence
of its structures and the abundance of its meanings;
perceiving subtle meanings and solemn purposes without ambiguity.
The balance between its composition and the possible
alternatives leads us to the strengths of the style and the
sublime meaning. The interpreters try to trace the Quranic
structures that stand behind each expression. One of them is
"the technique of repelling illusion" as the Quranic composition
intends to repel the corrupt meaning that may come to
mind by means of a linguistic technique. So the noble system
comes in a way that prevents this corrupt meaning from being
represented in the mind from the first sight.
The eluded meaning: It is a corrupt meaning that may occur
in the mind of the recipient at first sight without looking at the
clues that reveal the intended meaning. It is a rejected meaning
that may not need a synthetic presumption that sometimes
prevents it, as we find in many corrupt meanings whose corruption
is inferred by verbal and contextual evidences.
It is noticed that Aba Al-Saud takes a great care in tracing
these techniques and their impact on the Quranic structure,
so he was one of the interpreters who pay attention to such an
angle. Abi Al-Saud brought a set of linguistic means to refute
the illusion of meaning through: inversion, repetition, objection,
being explicit when it should be implicit and vice versa,
restriction, indefinitization, singularization and pluralization.

After reviewing the details of the story related to this
part of it, our research, is marked with: "Yusuf and the
Wife of `Aziz between Accusing Him and Bearing Witness
to His Innocence" to show that the wife of Al-Aziz
has two attitudes, the first was clear by accusing him of
assaulting her in front of her husband, even though she
was the one who almost approached him and tempted
him. Such was the accusation motivated by instinctive
motives, and he was imprisoned as a result of this unjust
prison for a few years.
The second appeared before the king after the women
bore witness that they knew the evil. Here, the wife
of Aziz summoned her human courage and confessed
before the king the truth in that she was the one who
almost wanted Yusuf and tempted him. Here was the of
the new Aziz to Egypt.

Arabic grammar is one of the sciences of Arabic closely
related to the text, on which the miraculous linguistic
transformations of the structures and methods of the
Glorious Quran were taken from it. In Arabic, there are
two types of appreciation, especially in the field of syntax
and guidance: Linguistic Explication of Quran.
These two scales are of importance in interpreting the
Arabic sentence and analyzing it into its basic elements.
Appreciation is one of the foundations upon which
grammar is built, due to its connection with the Book
of Allah on the one hand, and with the words of the eloquent
Arabs and its presence in poetry, proverbs and
aphorisms on the other hand.

This study is an attempt to shed light on the Euphrates
wall, a historical study, as this study relied on several
aspects, the most important of which are religious,
linguistic, historical, and geographical sources, as well as
maps drawn from GIS. Upon tracking the variables and
transformations of the Euphrates river course through
the ages, it became clear that there are branches that
became clear over time, which are the main stream. The
Soura River was one of those examples that this study focused
on, because it was considered a main branch and
later became the original course and head of the Euphrates.
The importance of the Euphrates River lies in the fact
that it is one of the most important branches of the original
Euphrates, sometimes due to its length and at other
times depending on the regions it passes through; successive
historical eras, and thus its name by the Euphrates
River was inherent to this course despite the changes
in several other names throughout ages.
This research came to monitor the nomenclature and
its implications and shed light on the geographical location,
in addition to the importance of irrigation, as it
passes through many cities where agricultural lands are available. It is noted that
it has other uses not less important than the main use: it is used for transporting
travelers and commercial goods.
This research also touched on the urban aspect; Sura Bridge that was mentioned
in most historical and geographical sources, whose importance lies in being
the link between the two banks of the river. At the end of the research, there
is a table of maps representing the Euphrates River and its branches in general
and the Euphrates Surat River in particular.

The topic of divine attributes is one of the basic topics
in the science of Islamic theology, as there has been
a controversy and disagreement among theologians in
interpreting these attributes and explaining their relationship
to the divine essence. The current study is to
monitor the philosophical foundations and their impact
on shaping the theological vision of such a subject, as it
appeared in the thought of the scientist Al-Hilli.
The scholars of theology, who carried the banner of
defending beliefs with evidences and argumentations,
were keen to use rational evidence and delve deeper
into their analysis. Indeed, some of them showed unparalleled
ingenuity in the field of rationalities, especially in
the late stages of theology, in which philosophical and
rhetorical structures intertwined in one fabric to form
the inferential system of philosophical theology.
This research sheds light on the philosophical points
to prove the existence of Allah Almighty and analyzes the
relationship of His attributes and actions to Himself, the
Almighty, according to the demonstrative and philosophical
rules.

This paper attempts to study German Orientalism; its beginnings
and evolution with a focus on an important and effective
model in the development of the work of this Orientalist
school. So it required us to shed light on two of the most
prominent Orientalist societies in Germany which, in turn, attracted
us to review the most prominent academic and intellectual
output of German Orientalists during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries.
The present paper includes, an introduction and two
sections. The first section deals with the beginnings; the
Academy of German Orientalism to address the circumstances
of the establishment of the German Oriental Society
(Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft) and the resulting
academic and well written studies on the East and its
various societies. Moreover, the political conditions, that
had a clear impact on the course of development of this association
in particular, and Orientalist studies in Germany in
general, are touched upon.
The second section handles the German Orient Society
(Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft), which was mainly concerned
with the field of research in archeology, with a comparison of
what had already been achieved by the rest of the most prominent
European schools of Orientalism, especially the French
and English ones, to conclude the most important goals and
achievements of the German Orient Society. The active role
it played in the development of archaeological excavations in
the East is also explored by the paper.

This research included the study of the book, Al-
Mu`saal AL-Mushakala, known as Al-Baghdadiya, that
does not receive enough attention and care, although
its author was one of the most famous figures in the Arabic
linguistic field in the fourth century AH; AL-Hssan
Bin Ahmad Bin Abid Al-Ghaffar Al-Fasawi, known as Abu
Ali Al-Farsi, the Grammarian (d. 377 AH). The research
was titled (The Methods of Abu Ali Al-Farsi in Al-Mu`saal
AL-Mushakala Known as Al-Baghdadiyat. The research
focused on the most three essential features of this book
and the approaches used in it. First, it tackles the biography
of the author; birth, life, writings and other aspects
of Abu Ali Al-Farsi’s life. Second, it is concerned with describing
the form and the number of pages, its editions,
investigations, etc. The third part falls on the method of
Abu Ali in the book and its material; the sources and references,
on which the author relied in writing his book.
In this part, the author explains the method he used to
collect the parts of his book and how he reverted into
a variety of different kinds of resources to write it. The
resources varied in its kinds; Qur’anic verses, verses of
poetry and proverbs, and verses of the Prophet.
At the end of the research, the author explained some
separated issues that were scattered among the details
of the book used to form some of the features of the
methodology that Abu Ali adopted in presenting the ma-
terial of his book. These issues were from the method of his questioning, such
ashypothetical questions and the abundance of explanations. The author had his
style of dealing with these titles. Even if his style was not considered a method,
it would be a special way of dealing with the issues in question.
The research was concluded with the most important findings of the study, Al-
Mu`saal AL-Mushakala Known as Al-Baghdadiyat and its author’s approach with
a list of the sources and references.

The adoption of a mechanism to continuously evaluate
curricula to address negative aspects and support
the positive aspects of these curricula is quite efficient
and effective in meeting the current and future needs of
students. Failing to evaluate the curricula will be reflected
negatively on it, stagnate and then collapse to cause
waste in the financial and administrative capabilities and
scientific energies of students and confuse the educational
process. Therefore, this research was interested
in studying, the computer subject for the fifth preparatory
grade based on the viewpoint of its teachers, and
included four chapters: the first deals with the research
problem. the researcher adopted such a problem to be
the aim of the research to determine the compatibility
between teachers ’opinions and analyze the content in
the computer curriculum.
As for the second, it included the theoretical framework
and previous studies, and the researcher discussed
in the third chapter the research procedures; the study
community that consists of computer teachers for the
fifth preparatory grade for the academic year 2017-2018
in the General Directorate of Education in Karbala Governorate.
For the purpose of the research, the researcher
used a tool he prepared and developed. There are many
findings suitable for students.

Preparing the child and enabling him to be ready for reading
is one of the contemporary issues that the developed
countries are interested to achieve progress as this process
has its positive impact on the cultural and scientific level of
the child in general and the academic level in particular. Knowing
that the early childhood stage provides the child with an
opportunity to acquire sufficient skills and experience to develop
the use of language in an accurate and proper manner.
Therefore, any failure at this stage will negatively affect language
learning in the later stages, and consequently will require
necessary measures to avoid this problem. Hence the
idea of conducting this study aims to identify the difficulties in
reading among kindergarten children, and to identify the difference
in reading readiness difficulties among kindergarten
children according to the gender variable, males and females.
To achieve the purposes of this research, the researcher prepared
a scale consisted of (28) items to identify the difficulties
in reading readiness. The researcher applied the scale to the
research sample that was chosen randomly, 100 boys and girls
from kindergarten children who are registered in the state
kindergartens, in the city of Baghdad, for the academic year
(2021-2022). After verifying the psychometric properties of
credibility, stability and distinguishing all items, the researcher
analyzed the responses of the sample members statistically
using the t-test for two independent and equal samples, while
Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s stability coefficient
and in the t-test was applied to one sample. Finally, the
study reached the certain results: difficulties in reading and
the males suffer difficulties in preparing for reading at a higher
rate than females.

The present study investigates the relationship between
pragmatics, as the study of the intended meaning of the speaker,
and translation, as the process of transferring texts from a
source language to a target language. It shows how pragmatic
meaning is outstanding in the process of translation, particularly
the translation of speech acts in Arabic religious texts. It is an
attempt to highlight the role of pragmatics in translating speech
acts and to show how syntax and semantics are not enough
to preserve the real intended meaning. Moreover, it demonstrates
that translating religious texts is not only a matter of
following the common linguistic categories of morphology, syntax,
lexis, and semantics, but it is also a matter of pragmatic
meaning where the intended meaning in a particular context is
an essential factor that preserves real meaning. Thus, the aim
is to address an important level of translation, namely the pragmatic
level. In accordance with this aim, it is hypothesized that
translating Arabic religious texts involves problems at the pragmatic
level where there are hurdles that should be overcome
in the area of speech acts. These include the following as far
as the topic and the data of the study are concerned: (1) the
illocutionary force of some utterances is mistranslated, (2) no
clear distinction is drawn between isolated and group speech
acts, and (3) a speech act of one class is translated as another
speech act belonging to another class; in other words, there
is sometimes indeterminacy in translating speech acts and this
indeterminacy can be resolved by reference to the global organization
of the text. To this end, extracts from some translated
Arabic religious texts are selected and the problems, as regard
speech acts, are specified and analyzed. Then, the extracts
are translated according to the suggested pragmatic approach
which is more essential than the semantic approach