University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science

The goal of this study wastoisolatebacteria that produce amylase from soil samples that were taken from Al-Chibayish Marsh, which is located south of the Thi-Qar Governorate in Iraq.Using plating andrepeated dilution techniques, isolation was accomplished. From the gathered soil samples, eighteen bacteria were identified. Using the starch agar plate method, all isolates were tested for starch activity. Of the 18 bacterial isolates, only 6 were able to make amylase; the two isolates with the highest production efficiency were chosen.Bacillus cereus was determined to be the source of the two isolates (the putative strain) by molecular, biochemical, and microscopic tests. The 48-hour incubation time, pHof 5, temperature of 37°C, starch concentration of 2%, and the use of dextrose as a carbon source and meat extract as a nitrogen source produced the highest levels of enzyme activity. Theresults of the present study showed that B. cereus isolates were capable of producing amylase enzyme, and the results indicated that nutrients and medium characteristics played a pivotal role in amylase enzyme production.

The transport characteristics of the ferrocene trimer molecule and its reaction to temperature changes were investigated theoretically Here, we have conducted a theoretical comparison of the thermoelectric and electrical characteristics of four distinct ferrocene trimer topologies. Our findings show that the bonding type and connectivity between ferrocene trimer units significantly affect the regulation of quantum interference (QI) and the enhancement of thermoelectric characteristics indicating that these structures are excellent candidates to serve as materials for numerous thermoelectric applications and as thermoelectric enhancers such as Cooling/heating, power generation, and heat flux sensors.

Diabetic kidney disease, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is a serious complication that affects around 40% of individuals with diabetes. It stands as the primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on a global scale. There is an urgent need for widespread innovation to improve health outcomes for patients with diabetic kidney disease, and this will involve predicting the prevalence of renal impairment in diabetic patients.800 patients (312 males and 488 females) with Diabetes Mellitus Type II were enrolled in this cross-sectional study age range from (30-65). All patients were asked to fast for 8-12 hours, and All routine investigating assays (FBG, lipid profile, RFT, HBA1c). eGFR determined by calculator program. The eGFR was classified according to National Kidney Found. The study indicates that hyperglycemia does not affect serum urea levels, so it may not be useful in evaluating renal function for DM. The decline in eGFR is linearly linked with an increased risk of Kidney disease (End Stage. Once the progressive eGFR reduction has commenced, it is crucial to effectively manage the disease process driving this decline. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) serves as the cornerstone for many of the kidney's regulatory functions and is widely regarded as the most comprehensive indicator of renal function. We recommended that every request for blood creatinine concentration be computed, and an eGFR should be provided using the (CKD-EPI) method.

From a toxicological perspective, particles with diameters less than 10 micrometers are referred to as inhalable particles. These particles possess the capability to penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, resulting in severe health consequences such as lung and respiratory diseases. Exposure to suspended particles has been associated with mortality, heart conditions, and respiratory ailments, particularly among children and the elderly. the study extended over the period of work from September 2022 to February 2023. two construction sites were conducted, each of the construction sites is located in Baghdad. According to the suggested national ambient air quality standards in Iraq (Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Iraq 2011) all the average values for PM2.5 exceed the World Health Organization (15μg/m3) and the Iraqi limit standard (35 μg/m3). PM10 also exceeds the standard limits of WHO (45 μg/m3) and the Iraqi limits (150 μg/m3) The study on Iraqi tile and marble dust particle diameters as physical properties provides valuable insights into the characteristics of these materials. By analyzing the particle sizes, researchers gain a deeper understanding of their behavior, dispersion, and potential applications. The investigation involves some measurements and statistical analysis to establish correlations between particle dimensions and its health impact on tile setters.

Polycysticovariansyndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-related condition that is world's leading cause of infertility affects women of reproductive age. The current study set out to investigate the effect of mTOR functions on PCOS women and its relation to fertility hormones. Total of 62 blood samples were collected, 42 of them were gathered from those who had recently been diagnosed with PCOS and 20 samples were collected from healthy women. The levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were measured using the (ELISA) technique while prolactin and testosterone were measured by Cobas e411. The study found a significant decrease in mTOR levels and a significant increase in prolactin and testosterone levels in women with PCOS compared to healthy women. Regarding age and BMI groups, no discernible variations were detected. This study concluded that dysregulation of mTOR is linked with PCOS, in addition, mTOR has a negative relationship with prolactin.

The 5G multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip antenna with isolation enhancement that is tiny and based on a BandPass metamaterial (BPM) is presented in this study. The expectation of higher data rates drove the development of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication networks. The performance of a two-element microstrip antenna array with and without bandpass metamaterial is compared in this work. The antenna consists of two parts, with its radiators positioned to report the parallel direction. The array antenna's overall dimensions are small, measuring 40 × 72 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed isolated double patch parallel antenna produces bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 11GHz and less than -30dB at a frequency range from 1.5 to 6GHz, respectively, while the rectangular microstrip patch antenna array produces these values at 14.80 GHz and -55.94dB. When compared to the double microstrip parallel antenna, the double microstrip parallel antenna with BPM is superior in terms of mutual coupling. This increasing demand for faster data speeds in the rapidly changing field of mobile communication technologies is met by this creative antenna.

Mushrif Formation is one of the major geological formations in southern Iraq because of its petro-physical characteristics and geographical extensions, which makes it an excellent oil reserve in that region. The present investigation identified the petro-physical characteristics of the Nasiriyah Oilfield's Mushrif Formation by interpreting the geophysical data of three wells (NS-1, NS-3, and NS-5).This study was carried out by the software (Techlog software 15.3). The study relied on quantitative and qualitative analyses of the borehole probe data. The lithology of Mushrif Formation was determined by knowing the response of the GR, Spontaneous potential, resistivity, neutron probe, and density, as well as from the analysis of the probe values from the cross plot, as most of the values for this analysis fell in the range of limestone rocks, some of them in the range of dolomite rocks, and a few of them in the range of sandstone.The petro-physical results of the current study showed that Mushrif Formation in the three wells has four distinct units, each of which has petro-physical properties that distinguish it from others. These units were labeled MB2, MB1, CR11, mA, and Mushrif. We used electrical probes, porosity probes, and GR probes to identify the upper (mA) and lower (mB) units. These two units are separated by barrier shales (CR11, Mushrif). mB1 and mB2 are the main reservoir units in the formation, characterized by their high hydrocarbon content and high proportions of mobile hydrocarbons compared to the remaining hydrocarbons. The mB1 unit is characterized by good petro-physical properties in terms of high porosity and low water saturation, which gives evidence of the presence of good quantities of crude oil in this range. It also showed that the MB1 unit in the Al Mushrif Formation has good characteristics, including high porosity (0.040) and permeability (6.683 mDa) with low water saturation values (0.180), making it suitable for oil accumulation.

The analysis and identification of the chemical composition of the aqueous and ethanolic Mentha spicata L. extract by means of gaz chromatography and mass spectroscopy was realized in this paper. In addition, their antimicrobial activity was screened. From the leaf M. spicata, were separated, and determined their composition. The main components of ethanolic extract were Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (12.46%), Pentadecanoic acid (15.94%), Octadecanoic acid (6.11%), Methyl stearate (1.84%) and Phytol (28.06%). In Aquatic extract, the main components were Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (32.41%), Pentadecanoic acid (26.33%), Methyl stearate (12.33%) and Octadecanoic acid (7.58%). Furthermore, screening of the M. spicata extract for their antimicrobial activities reveals the highest activity of M. spicata alcoholic extract against Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone 15.8 ± 0.28 in 100% concentration and the highest activity of M. spicata aqueous extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an inhibition zone 14.0 ± 1.00 in 25% concentration. However, more research on the factors influencing the biosynthesis and bioactivity of chemical composition is needed as aqueous and ethanolic extract have gained important applications in food and pharmaceuticals industry.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a gradual decline of kidneys that results in kidney failure. This disease compromises the body's immune system, elevating susceptibility to infections. One of the serious risk factors for CKD is urinary tract infections (UTIs), which may also be the most common infectious disease associated with CKD patients. Recently, antibiotic resistance has become the biggest problem facing specialists in the field of treating infections; thus, probiotics could be an alternative solution for fighting pathogenic attacks, especially bacterial ones. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of probiotic effect against CKD-isolateduropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) . From October 2023 to April 2024, 300 urine samples were collected from patients aged ≥ 18 years with suspected chronic kidney disease (CKD), and only 44 of the urine samples gave positive results for cultures. Uropathogenic (E.col) isolates which were double diagnosed by vitek-2 system showed almost high resistance results to 16 used antibiotics, and it showed that Ampicillin, Cefuroxime, and Cefurxime Axetil had the highest resistance results. The biofilm formation profile for 44 tested isolates showed 0% of non-formation, 0% of weak formation, 45.4% of moderate formation, and 54.6% of strong formation respectively. It was detected that only the bacteriocin concentrations of 125×103 µg/ml and 62.500 µg/ml showed the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for highly resistant bacterial isolates, and the broth microdilution method (BMD) was the best choice for this detection.

Investigate the polymorphism of the IL-6 and IL-10 genes in COVID-19 patients was the goal of this study. Fifty COVID-19 patients and 50 samples as control used in this study on 7/12/2023. The results recorded that a significantly relation (P= 0.03) of rs34224237 (AAAAAAAAA SNP) was detected in the studied samples (COVID-19) and control, that variation of A nucleotide in position 22726806. While, the results of this study showed a high significantly relationship (P= 0.0007) of rs1800871 (A>G) in position 206773289. In conclusion, This study showed the polymorphism of IL-10 (rs1800871, A>G SNP) was a highly significantly associated with COVID-19 infection, which could be employed as a diagnostic marker for COVID-19 infections

Although, Doxorubicin an effective chemotherapeutic agent, has been associated with significant neurotoxic effects, impacting the nervous system. This neurotoxicity can lead to various neurological complications, including cognitive impairments, neuropathic pain, and motor dysfunction. The neurotoxic effects of Doxorubicin are attributed to several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, neuroinflammation and apoptosis of neuronal cells. These pathways become even more complex when multiple drugs are used simultaneously or in a fixed sequence, which is often the case in combination chemotherapy brain damage. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity and explore potential protective agents. In addition, studies focusing on long-term neurological outcomes in cancer survivors treated with doxorubicin are warranted. Developing neuroprotective agents or alternative treatment regimens or using nanocomposites that reduce the neurotoxic effects while maintaining the efficacy of doxorubicin is a very important area for future investigation.

This study aimed to determine the most effective solvent for extracting antimicrobial compounds from powdered leaves of Conocarpus species. The powdered leaves were extracted separately using petroleum ether, aqueous methanol (80%), and chloroform. The antimicrobial activity of each crude extract was tested against several pathogenic microorganisms at various concentrations. The aqueous methanol extract demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Escherichia coli compared to the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varied for each solvent; for instance, E. coli was inhibited by all extracts at 5 µg/ml, whereas at 1000 µg/ml, none of the extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Additionally, S. mutans and C. albicans were inhibited by the aqueous methanol extract at 1000 µg/ml, while the same concentration of petroleum ether and chloroform extracts did not affect the growth of S. mutans. Furthermore, concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 µg/ml of all extracts inhibited Klebsiella species. Phytochemical tests indicated that the petroleum ether extract contains alkaloids and terpenoids, while the chloroform extract contains terpenoids only. In contrast, the aqueous methanol extract contained terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified various compounds in all extracts, highlighting similarities and differences in retention times (RTs) and peak areas.

This study examines carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and their health effects on individuals with respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD, and bronchitis. CO sources include biomass burning, industrial processes, and vehicle exhaust, with CO's high hemoglobin affinity impairing oxygen transport. The current study aimed to assess CO emissions' impact on respiratory health in Al-Muthanna Governorate. From November 2023 to July 2024, CO levels were measured in high-emission areas, including a cement factory, oil refineries, and seven fuel stations, using Drager X am 5000 devices. Two control areas, Hay Al Hussein and Al Doha Residential Compound, were used for comparison.
The study involved 120 participants: 60 fuel station workers, 20 refinery residents, and 40 controls. The highest CO concentration was from the cement plant (48.98 ppm), with the lowest 100 meters from station S5 (1.67 ppm). Control areas had no detectable CO (0.00 ppm). Health assessments included blood (WBC, Lym, Neu, Eos), lung function (FVC, FEV, PEF), and immunological markers (IgE). Findings showed high CO levels near sources, exceeding global limits. Affected individuals aged 30–50 had increased eosinophils (7.60–9.90%), reduced lung function (FVC 54–81%, FEV 27.33–49.75%, PEF 16–26.75%), and elevated IgE (170.5–518.3 U/mL), with bronchial allergies more common than asthma.

Degenerative joint disease usually results from articular cartilage deterioration and gradual loss. Degenerative joint disease usually results from articular cartilage deterioration and gradual loss. It is especially prevalent in older men and women. Primary and secondary osteoarthritis are the two types that can affect the knee. This study measured C-reactive protein, ghrelin hormone, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in order to assess serum ghrelin in female patients with osteoarthritis in the knee. Samples of blood were taken from (48). Women with KOA were split into two age-based groups: twenty-four older patients (ages 51–70) and twenty-four other patients (ages 30–50). A control group of forty-eight healthy women was also included. Additionally, individuals were split into two age-based groups: (24) There are elderly women (ages 51–70) and others (ages 30–50) in this group.
Findings: Compared to the control group, all patient groups with osteoarthritis in the knee had significantly higher levels of the hormone ghrelin, CRP, and ESR.

This study explores the field of two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric semiconductor materials, offering an in-depth analysis of their distinctive properties, synthesis techniques, and practical applications. Piezoelectricity, the generation of electric charge in response to mechanical stress is well-documented in bulk materials but has recently gained renewed attention with the development of 2D materials. These semiconductors exhibit unique characteristics, including exceptional mechanical flexibility, tunable electrical properties, and nanoscale control, which position them as promising candidates for advanced technologies. The paper examines the principles and mathematical models governing piezoelectric behavior, focusing on the distinctions between in-plane and out-of-plane effects in 2D systems. It further evaluates their potential applications in areas such as sensors, energy harvesting devices, and nanoelectronics. By synthesizing recent advancements, this study provides critical insights into the opportunities and challenges within this dynamic field, paving the way for the design of innovative devices and technologies.

Heavy elements are one of the three causes of cancer. Heavy elements in cancerous tissues from certain organs (breast, thyroid, and uterus) are measured. 36 samples were collected from malignant and benign tumors divided into three groups, 12 samples for each one (breast, thyroid, and uterus), consisting of six affected samples and six healthy samples. Measurements were conducted using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) device for heavy metals such as Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr, Mn, and Mo. The current study recorded the highest concentration of strontium in breast cancer patients and the lowest cobalt concentration. It was found that there was a decrease in bismuth, cobalt, and nickel in cancerous tissues compared to benign tissues. At the same time, all other elements increased in cancerous tissues compared to healthy tissues. In the thyroid, the highest concentration was Sr , and the lowest was Ni. It was found that Bi, Cr, and Sr had low values in affected tissues compared to healthy tissues, while all other elements increased in cancerous tissues compared to healthy ones. In the uterus, the highest concentration was also strontium , and the lowest was molybdenum. There was a decrease in bismuth and copper in cancerous tissues compared to healthy ones, while all other elements increased at a value of p < 0.05.

The mass attenuation coefficient (μm), linear attenuation coefficients (μ), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), total atomic cross section (ACS), total electronic cross section (ECS), and effective atomic number (Zeff) are determined in this research because they are the most important radiation attenuation coefficients and play a significant role in the fields of radiography, radiotherapy, and prevention of ionizing radiation.
Gamma ray shielding properties of silicate glasses (10B2O3-10CaO-20Na2O-(60- x) SiO2- x BaSO4) with (0 ≤ x ≤40 wt%) have been achieved. The attenuation coefficients for gamma rays were calculated theoretically with the help of the Phy-x program, and then these values were compared with the results obtained using the XMuDat program. Variations of shielding parameters are discussed for the effect of BaSO4 addition into the glasses and photon energy of range from (0.003-3) MeV including the radioactive sources 22Na, 60Co, 131I, and 137Cs.
Glass with the highest doping concentration achieved the optimum values for μm, μ, and Zeff. The lowest values of MFP and HVL for the glasses were observed for intermediate energies of gamma photons.
The computed values of various attenuation coefficients for gamma rays like μm, μ, HVL MFP, ACS, ECS, and Zeff derived from the XMuDat program were in good agreement with the theoretical values resultant using the Phy-X program. The proposed glass system of the form (10B2O3-10CaO-20Na2O-20SiO2-40BaSO4) may be useful for many shielding applications.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder-affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular ovulation, and metabolic disturbances. The variability in estrogen and progesterone levels plays a crucial role in reproductive health. The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of Estradiol-E2, progesterone (P4), and their effect on pregnancy rates in women with PCOS. It also covers the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Additionally, metabolic markers such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin, body mass index (BMI), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). This study was conducted on 120 women aged 18-45 years, categorized into two age groups (18-30 and 31-45 years) to ensure balanced representation (60 with PCOS and 60 healthy controls). Serum hormone levels were measured using ELFA techniques, and metabolic parameters were evaluated using standard biochemical assays. PCOS patients exhibited significantly higher levels of (E2), LH, AMH, and testosterone, while progesterone and FSH were significantly lower compared to the control group (P < 0.05). HOMA-IR levels were significantly higher in PCOS patients, indicating an increased prevalence of insulin resistance. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between HOMA-IR and Estradiol-E2 (r = 0.558, ** P < 0.05) and a strong negative correlation with progesterone (r = -0.654, ** P < 0.05). The hormonal and metabolic dysregulations in PCOS negatively affect pregnancy rates, with Estradiol-E2, progesterone, and insulin resistance playing key roles. Understanding these associations can enhance treatment strategies to improve fertility outcomes in PCOS.

In this study, gamma spectroscopy with NaI(Tl) was used to measure the specific activity of natural radio nuclides uranium, thorium, uranium potassium, radium equivalent, annual effective dose, and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of truffles from the north of Iraq to the south and from the east to the west, as well as samples that were brought in from other countries. The average concentrations of 226Ra, 238U, 232Th, and 40K were 1.32±0.089 Bq/kg, 1.37±0.092 Bq/kg, 1.56±0.119 Bq/kg, and 23.31±0.958 Bq/kg, respectively. It was found that the gamma ray hazard scores and the extra lifetime cancer risk were about the same as the world average.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the bacterial species that colonize the respiratory system, and it causes many respiratory diseases, including pneumonia. Sputum specimens were collected from 270 patients of all ages suffering from respiratory diseases at the Consultants Clinic for Respiratory and Chest Diseases, Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, and Public Health Laboratory in Thi-Qar Governorate during the period from October 2024 to March 2025.The aim in this study is the isolation and identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and morphological and (conventional and advanced) biochemical tests were performed. Results showed that Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates that cause respiratory diseases were (3.72%). Streptococcus pneumoniae had high rates of resistance to some antibiotics.This study showed that vancomycin is the best to treat Streptococcus pneumoniae, but S. pneumoniae is characterized by high resistance to tetracycline.

A ferrimagnetic mixed-spin simple cubic system consisting of spin-3/2 and spin-9/2 constituents on two interpenetrating sublattices was investigated using the molecular mean-field approximation based on the Blume-Capel Ising model. The influence of crystal fields and external magnetic fields on magnetic ordering was systematically analyzed by solving the coupled self-consistent equations for sublattice magnetizations. Crystal field anisotropy significantly modifies the magnetic exchange interactions, where specific values of DA/|J| = -13.5 and DB/|J| = -6.75 induce compensation phenomena through differential thermal responses of the sublattices. At these critical values, the system exhibits zero net magnetization while maintaining long-range ferrimagnetic order (mA = -mB ≠ 0). The application of external magnetic fields generates distinct hysteresis behaviors, including multi-step magnetization processes with triple-loop configurations that systematically transform with increasing temperature. These hysteresis patterns undergo progressive changes from multi-loop structures to singular central loops before complete dissipation at higher temperatures, reflecting the complex interplay between crystal field anisotropy, exchange interactions, and thermal fluctuations. The results demonstrate how crystallographic anisotropy parameters can be tuned to control both compensation temperatures and hysteresis characteristics in mixed-spin ferrimagnetic systems.

Because of the huge industrial development and the high dependency on fossil fuel leading to high air pollution which causes a variety diseases such as respiratory diseases and disaster of global warming all these severe results encourage the researchers to figure out an alternative fuel which has a low environmental impact, the promised one is the bioethanol. The basic process to produce bioethanol is the fermentation for biomass, the most challenging of this process is the separation of bioethanol. This work concerns with modification of bioethanol separation from simulation aqueous solution of the fermentation by adsorption method. The study assesses different types of the feedstock of the fermentation as adsorbents based on the selectivity and capacity. The capacity values via water for yellow corn, wheat bran, rice straw and wheat straw were 0.24, 0.28, 0.15 and 0.14 respectively, and the selectivity values via water were 4, 2, 3, and 2.2 respectively. The first ethanol separation stage of adsorption (after the fermenter) used sepabeads207 to purify ethanol from 10 wt% to 50 wt% used in previous study. In this study, the second separation stage was established including crushed y-corn and wheat bran giving ethanol purity of ~60wt%. The third separation step used y-corn and rice straw to introduce a bioethanol ratio for ~70wt%.

Environmental pollution is one of the most prominent problems that facing the world at the present time. The current study was conducted on the Euphrates River in the center of Nasiriyah city during the period time from September 2023 to Marsh 2024. Three locations were used in this study. The length of the river and some physical and chemical parameters of the water were studied. The temperature of the water and air was measured, in addition to the distribution of four heavy metals in fish. The current results were showed that the air temperature increased significantly in the third water position, and decreased significantly in the other water position, the water temperature increased significantly in the first water position, while decreased significantly in the other water positions. In contrast, the level of Neutrophil increased significantly in the second water position and decreased in the first water position at p. value < 0.05. The current results were showed a significant increase in the level of both Cd and Pb in muscle compared with gills, while the level of both Zn and Cu decreased significantly in muscle compared with gills. The study also recorded a significant difference at p. value < 0.05 in the level of trace elements between muscles and gills of fish during summer. The current results showed a significant increase in the level of all involved trace elements (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) in gills of fish comparing with muscles of fish during winter, and showed a significant difference at p. value < 0.05, between gills and muscles.

Pesticide resistance is an escalating global challenge that threatens agricultural productivity, food security, and the sustainability of pest control methods. Over 600 insect species have developed resistance, compromising the effectiveness of chemical controls and exacerbating pest outbreaks. Species such as Helicoverpa armigera and Bemisia tabaci serve as prominent examples of pests displaying this growing resistance problem. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of pesticide resistance in key agricultural pests, identify the major contributing factors, assess the effectiveness of current management strategies, and examine potential future tools and technologies for combating resistance. The study integrates data from global case studies, specifically focusing on Helicoverpa armigera in India and Bemisia tabaci in China. It also synthesizes information on various resistance mechanisms, including metabolic, target-site, penetration, and behavioral processes. Several resistance management strategies, such as pesticide rotation, integrated pest management (IPM), and refuge policies, are evaluated for their effectiveness. Metabolic and target-site resistance mechanisms are particularly prevalent in resistant insect populations. Contributing factors include overuse of single pesticide classes, sub-lethal dosages, inadequate treatment regimens, and monoculture farming. IPM and pesticide rotation employing different modes of action are among the most effective current strategies. Emerging technologies, such us RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR gene editing , offer promising new approaches. Addressing pesticide resistance requires a comprehensive, multi-faceted strategy that incorporates genetic tools, real-time monitoring, biopesticide development, and stronger regulatory frameworks. International cooperation, farmer education, and scientifically informed policies will be critical to future success.

The use of the microbial keratinase enzyme to remediate keratinous waste is an attractive approach in green processing and biotechnology, aiming to eliminate waste accumulation in the environment and recycle it into economical or nutritional products. This study aims to enhance the environmental and nutritional conditions of the growth medium for a keratinolytic bacterium isolated from the soil of a poultry farm in Basrah Province, Iraq, to increase its keratinase production. Subsequently, the keratinase will be used to convert feathers into a poultry feed supplement (feather meal). In the present study, the bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 19E2. The optimal conditions for keratinase enzyme production were determined by evaluating various factors, including temperature, pH, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and inoculum size. The keratinase activity before optimizing the environmental and nutritional conditions was measured at 42.1 U, after applying the best at 37°C, pH 8, tryptone as the preferred nitrogen source, glucose as the preferred carbon source, and an inoculum size of 1 ml during a 48-hour incubation period, the keratinase activity increased to 129.3 U. This Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 19E2 was then utilized to convert 25 g of feathers into 8 g of feather meal, which was tested by FTIR and found to be a rich source of amino acids and short peptides for use as a nutritional supplement.

Strain engineering is a technique of tuning a material's properties by modifying its mechanical or structural characteristics. Using first-principles calculations, the strain impact on the electronic structure of layered HfSe2 nanosheets has been studied to examine the sensing capabilities of the layered HfSe2 nanosheets to three SF6 decomposition compounds (SO2, SO2F2, and SOF2). With biaxial strain, the band gap of the surfaces under discussion expands with tensile up to 1% and gradually decreases for strains between −1% and −5%. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that biaxial strains have a significant impact on the electronic characteristics, adsorption energy (Ead), and desorption time of SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 adsorbed HfSe2 systems. The highest adsorption impact of SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 on the bilayer of HfSe2 occurred at a compressive strain of −5%, with the Ead determined as −1.34, −1.27, and −1.31 eV, respectively. These external factors are widely preferred and offer a workable solution for tunable HfSe2-based gas sensors and electrical devices under biaxial compressive strain.

Respiratory infections including Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the most common worldwide infections, Respiratory syncytial virus’s (RSV) and hMPV considers a public health concern among all countries since they are sharing same clinical presentation, these viruses have the potential to unleash as the global pandemic has already laid a strong foundation. While the similarities with RSV are clear, patient needs to follow a concrete approach including continuous administration of antibiotics or antivirals to fight these viruses. Mild to severe complications with hMPV demand more research covering both hMPV and RSV concurrently. This review attempts to improve knowledge of the pathogen and frequency of hMPV as a possible transmission vector by aggregating present data. Examining its possible effects and clinical differences among the human population will also help us to better understand hMPV and suggest ways of prevention. In conclusion, we seek to emphasize findings from prior research while generating empirical evidence to support our claims. Moreover, it is anticipated that by 2025, hMPV may present a global health risk.

Globally, one of the leading causes of death is cardiovascular disease (CVD). The plasma levels of homocysteine rise after myocardial ischemia and are involved in numerous methylation processes. This study aimed to evaluate homocysteine levels and their relationship with vitamin B12 and folic acid (vitamin B9) in patients with cardiovascular disease and early-stage heart disease due to hypertension, lipidemia, etc. The present study included 120 participants aged between 30 to 70 years and was divided into three groups. Forty patients with acute myocardial infarction (G1), forty patients with early-stage heart disease (G2), and forty healthy participants (G3). Quantitative determination of homocysteine, vitamin B12, and vitamin B9 is measured based on the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology. Acute myocardial infarction and early-stage heart disease patients also had their total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels examined. The study showed that raised homocysteine levels are linked with deficiencies in vitamin B9 and vitamin B12 (P ≤0.0001). A highly significant positive correlation between homocysteine and lipid profile between G1 and G3, and G2 and G3 (P-value≤0.0001). Also, a significant positive correlation exists between homocysteine and triglyceride between G2 and G3 (P-value=0.012). A negative correlation between homocysteine, vitamin B9, and vitamin B12 at G1, G2, and G3 groups (P-value≤0.0001). The study\'s findings indicated that increased homocysteine levels, which are caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 and vitamin B9, raise the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized as the main cause of nosocomial infections. The study aimed to investigate biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from various clinical samples from 12 to 70 ages. Methodology: This study included 120 samples obtained from Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, Al-Nasiriya Teaching Hospital, Al-Haboubi Teaching Hospital, and Mohammed Al-Mousawi Children's Hospital in Nasiriya from January 2023 to June 2023. The samples included 56 wound swabs from cancer patients, 27 burn swabs from burn patients, 18 sputa, 14 ear swabs, and 5 bronchial-aspirate samples. The ages of the patients ranged between 12 and 70 years, and both sexes were represented. The drug susceptibility pattern and biofilm formation were performed for all the isolates. Results: After the final diagnosis, 80 samples (67%) were confirmed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were obtained from 61 males (76.25%) and 19 females (23.75%). The highest resistance of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics was against the antibiotics Cefepime (96.25%), Amikacin (91.25%), Gentamicin (81.25%), and resistance to Ciprofloxacin was (76.25%), Ceftazidime (66.25%), Piperacillin (48.8%), and Aztreonam (47.5%). On the other hand, the lowest resistance reported in the present study was towards Colistin Sulphate (1.25%), followed by Imipenem (3.75%) and Meropenem (5%). In addition, the results of biofilm formation showed that 57 (71.25%) were non-biofilm producers, 10 (12.5%) were weak biofilm producers, 11 (13.75%) were moderate biofilm producers, and 2 (2.5%) were strong biofilm producers. Conclusion: no correlation was found between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation.

This paper aims to study the seismicity of Baghdad and Basra and compare the responses of structures in both cities. Basra and other Iraqi provinces or cities, mainly the cities that lie near or adjacent to the Iranian border to the east, experience light to moderate earthquakes from time to time. Therefore, the buildings and other structures should have enough resistance to the earthquake. This comparative study is important to know the impact of location on the structures. One of the analysis methods is called nonlinear static analysis (Pushover Analysis); in this method, the building is analyzed and then evaluated to know its performance against seismic force. In this work, pushover analysis depends on ATC 40 capacity spectrum to analyze and evaluate the G+5 floors RC building by choosing two different locations in Iraq, Basra, and Baghdad, which lie in zone 1 and zone 3, respectively, according to the UBC 70 code using SAP 2000 software. The results showed that the base shear of the building in Baghdad is 19% more than the base shear of the building in Basra whereas the target displacement of the building in Baghdad is 73% more than the target displacement of the building in Basra. The performance level of the building in Basra was immediate occupancy which means the building had light damage In contrast; the performance level of the building in Baghdad was life safety, which means the building had moderate damage. It is suggested to redo this work using another code to check how realistic these results are.

To obtain pure water free from pollutants that are harmful to humans, Nano silver was placed on circular paper filters and clay filters to filter polluted water through these filters. Clay filters are manufactured by drying the clay filter at a temperature of 200 0C and then burning it at a temperature of 1000 0C. Also, another clay filter was taken and burned at a temperature of 1000 0C. This filter was broken breaks after filtration due to the sudden rise in temperature. If the drying and thermal gradation of the clay filter is completed, the filter becomes better and stronger than the plasticized filter. Also, a circular membrane paper was taken and a layer was removed from it, and we also took filter paper, all in a circular shape. Filtration is done by a filtration device. We noticed that the removal rate of paper filters ranges between (45% to 87%) due to the speed of emptying the polluted water and allowing some pollutants to pass through them. As for clay filters, the removal efficiency are not less than 95% and the water passage is slow and did not allow pollutants to pass through them.

Asthma is a persistent inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and intermittent dyspnea, as well as a sensation of chest tightness. The relationship between interleukin-27 (IL-27) and asthma is not precisely known yet. This study attempted to estimate the serum level of IL-27 and its relationship with immunological and inflammatory markers in patients suffering from asthma. The demographic characteristics of this study were analyzed statistically. The serum levels of IL-27 were evaluated by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CRP and Total IgE were evaluated by Cobas C111 and Cobas E411, respectively. The study showed a highly significant difference in IL-27, CRP, and total IgE when we compared between the patient group (62.12 ± 16.58 pg/ml, 11.2 ± 6.29 mg/l, and 297.26 ± 86.6 IU/ml), and the healthy control group (39.32 ± 3.576 pg/ml, 2.49 ± 1.1 mg/l, and 93 ± 18.3 IU/ml) respectively. ROC analysis of the studied biomarkers showed high sensitivity and specificity. That observation of elevation in all studied biomarker levels in asthma patients indicates a strong evidence in the diagnosis of asthma, as well as in the differentiation between acute and chronic cases, and in determining the severity of asthma.

Two designs of methyldopa-selective electrodes were compared: electrode A, which was copper-coated and electrode B, which was a coated graphite electrode (CGE) based on the ion-exchanger complex of methyldopa- Phosphotungstic acid (MeD-PTA). With a detection limit of 3.2×10-6 M and a Nernstian slope of 54.97 mV/decade, Electrode A exhibits a wide linear dynamic range to detected a concentration of MeD which was equals to 5.1×10-6 - 1.0×10-2 M. The limit of detection of 1.4×10-6 M and a Nernstian slope of 57.12 mV/decade, Electrode B showed linearity over the range of concentrations of 4.0×10-8 to 1.0×10-2 .Methyldopa (MeD) exhibited a good selectivity over a wide range of inorganic cations, starch, and glucose, according to selectivity coefficients calculated using the separate solution method (SSM). The MeD in tablet samples was ascertained using the calibration curve method and potentiometric measurement. using the suggested sensors, excellent percentage recovery was one of the outcomes, which were adequate and occasionally better than those from other standard assay procedures. Because of its appealing qualities, the CGE is more suited for commercialization.

The research focused on identifying the polysaccharide composition of Cladophora algae species collected from the Tigris River for carrageenan, agar and alginate analysis. The biochemical diversity of Cladophora green algae was demonstrated through the discovery of compounds traditionally linked to red and brown marine algae. HPLC analysis provided detailed information about polysaccharide distribution through its measurement of polysaccharide content.
The analysis of Cladophora revealed that carrageenan and agar existed at 1.21% and 1.25% levels while alginate reached 1.46%. The discovery of carrageenan in green algae contradicts the common belief that this substance exists only within rhodophyta species. The polysaccharide synthesis and accumulation process in the Tigris River appears to be influenced by the river's unique freshwater environment together with its low salinity and fluctuating nutrient levels and seasonal temperature changes. The main polysaccharide identified in the sample was agar which suggested conserved biosynthetic pathways and alginate presented industrial value despite its minimal concentration. The two unknown polysaccharide peaks at positions 3 and 10 played a crucial role in establishing the biochemical profile of the sample.
The research shows how environmental conditions together with methodological approaches affect polysaccharide production. The minimal amounts of carrageenan, agar and alginate suggest that Cladophora could serve as a supplementary resource instead of the primary one. The discovery of different unknown polysaccharides creates new research opportunities for industry to explore potential new compounds. The research reveals fresh perspectives about freshwater algae polysaccharide resources in Tigris River ecosystems while establishing new opportunities for algae-derived biomolecules in non-marine regions.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex, remains one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases. Immune response mechanisms play a critical role in both resistance and pathogenesis of VL.. This study included 32 VL patients (19 females, 13 males, 2 months to 5 years old) and 30 healthy controls (1 month to 11 years old). Blood samples were obtained from the Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL). The serum was isolated by centrifuging blood samples at 1000g for 5 minutes. Human IL-27 levels were quantified using an ELISA kit (Elabscience Biotechnology Inc., USA; catalog No. E-EL-H2338) following the manufacturer's protocol. This study found significantly higher IL-27 levels in visceral leishmaniasis patients (54.120 pg/ml) compared to the control group (28.745 pg/ml). There was a significant difference between the median levels of IL-27 in patients and the control group, where the p-value was 0.03.
IL-27 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis. Its potential as a biomarker for active disease and for monitoring treatment response warrants further investigation, irrespective of the causative agent or geographic location.