Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

Mercury is an extremely toxic metal that causes many health problems for Organisms even if it is present in small concentrations. There for It is necessary to detect its levels in water, manage and control mercury levels in water with a simple and fast analytical device there for this paper present a class of microfluidic devices, which is locally manufactured. Microfluidic chip made of PMMA emerged with dithizone which was used as a chromogenic agent with high sensitivity for low concentration of the metal ion, the method enhanced with colorimetric analysis using image J software.

Medullary thyroid cancer accounts for 5% of all cases of thyroid cancer. It develops from the C-cells of the thyroid. Thus, in addition to its destructive impact on our health, cancer also significantly increases the overall healthcare burden. C-cells manufacture the hormone calcitonin, which plays a somewhat modest part in the process of bone development as well as blood calcium levels. That is because it holds the role of a poor substitute excreted if the thyroid is removed, the effect of calcitonin is weaker than that of thyroid hormone. Luckily, serum calcitonin concentrations that are higher than normal can help make a diagnosis and find out about a thyroid cancer recurrence. In contrast to almost all other thyroid type cancers, medullary thyroid cancer does not assimilate RAI and so the best way of saving the patient's life is to have the surgery done just in time when the tumour has not yet spread over the body. The greatest risk factor for medullary thyroid cancer is the occurrence of medullary thyroid cancer or MEN syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes) in families, up to 20% of cases carry a genetic flaw. Among other things, the patient screening for the eponymous mutation of the RET proto-oncogene should be given first priority. There are two forms of MEN syndrome. MEN 2A when the tumours develop in the medulla of the thyroid, adrenal and parathyroid glands. MEN 2B when it contains medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and multiple ganglioneuromas of the autonomic nervous system.

It is known that the green method is one of the environmentally friendly methods which attracted great attention by many researchers. So, our study focusing on the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from stock solutions of silver nitrate, AgNO3 (0.001 M) of two aqueous solutions of extracted leaves of Prosopis Juliflora and Mentha Piperita. The structure, geometry, and sizes of the synthesised silver nanoparticles were identified by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by the presence of a strong characteristic peak in the UV-Vis spectrum at around 425 nm. The FTIR showed the important functional groups. The synthesized silver nanoparticles have spherical shapes, individually ranging from 6.67-13.9 and 6.10-15.5 nm for Prosopis Juliflora (P. Juliflora) and Mentha Piperita (Mentha P.) extracts. The antioxidant activity of the obtained AgNPs was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. It was found that they showed very powerful potent antioxidants.

Pyridinium salts(namely 4-(2-(3-phenylallylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido)-1-propylpyridin-1-ium bromide, A1; 3-(2-(4-(dimethylamino) benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido)-1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide, A2; 3-(2-(4-(dimethylamino) benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido)-1-propylpyridin-1-ium bromide, A3 were successfully preparedin advance, and in this study, they were examined theoretically to determine their effectiveness and efficiency as powerful mild steel corrosion inhibitors. The weight loss method was used to evaluate corrosion inhibition of these salts in 1M H2SO4media which carried out for 24 hours at room temperature. At a variety of pyridinium salt concentrations, the inhibitory efficiency results for all these salts (A1, A2, and A3) were high. The rate of corrosion is known to decrease with increasing inhibitor concentration, while at the same time, surface degree of coverage and inhibition efficiency are rising. The physisorption effects for these prepared compounds (A1, A2, and A3) were indicated by the adsorption results. For the three inhibitors under study, semi-empirical molecular orbital computations and the molecular mechanics approach were used to examine the relationship between experimental and theoretical data. To comprehend the nature of the interaction between the organic inhibitor molecules with the metal surface, theoretical simulations were performed.

Nowadays, there is no singular solution to all environmental issues; however, green chemistry, also referred to as clean chemistry, represents a fundamental strategy for pollution prevention. This approach offers a transformative perspective on various challenges associated with industrial chemical activities. Historically, industrialists and chemists have focused on minimizing exposure to hazards by managing toxic substances at every stage of the process, including usage, treatment, and disposal. The primary objective of green chemistry is to develop innovative processes that provide economic advantages over traditional methods, thereby encouraging their adoption within the industry. This discipline addresses the challenges of sustainable development by promoting practices that protect the environment and conserve natural resources. Ultimately, while green chemistry does not resolve all environmental problems, it remains a crucial approach for fostering a cleaner environment and ensuring the sustainability of our planet's resources.

The purpose of this study was to assess the biological mechanisms underlying the effects of Moringa on blood sugar levels. Because of its many health benefits, moringa is crucial for effectively treating diabetes. The information was gathered by doing a comprehensive analysis of earlier research on the effects of moringa on insulin and blood sugar levels. An analysis of its impact on blood sugar levels was conducted using data from clinical studies. According to the findings, moringa lowers blood sugar, improves insulin sensitivity, enhances insulin levels, and lessens the liver's synthesis of glucose. The significance of endorsing moringa as a secure natural remedy for diabetics is underscored by our findings, which show it has the potential to be a successful supplemental medication to enhance blood sugar regulation.

Herbal composites, or polyherbal formulations, have been used in traditional medicine practices such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda, leveraging the synergistic interactions among multiple plant species to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on herbal composites, exploring their mechanisms of action, potential benefits, and challenges associated with their development and clinical validation. The results highlight the synergistic interactions among herbs, including pharmacokinetic interactions where one herb influences the absorption or metabolism of another, and pharmacodynamic interactions where compounds target different biological pathways, leading to improved efficacy and bioavailability, as well as enhanced safety profiles. In conclusion, despite their potential, herbal composites face significant challenges, including the standardization of phytochemical profiles and concerns regarding herb-drug interactions. Therefore, it is recommended that rigorous clinical validation through larger, multi-center randomized controlled trials is essential to confirm the safety and efficacy of herbal composites, and that standardization of phytochemical profiles and careful evaluation of herb-drug interactions are also crucial to enhance the reliability of these formulations, ultimately allowing herbal composites to become a more integral part of modern medicine, offering new treatment options for patients.

The most crucial public health achievement of humanity is vaccination. Conversely, a significant portion of the population remains hesitant regarding vaccines. The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence and the reasons that affect the rate of vaccination against COVID-19, which is caused byvirus namedSARS-CoV-2, in Duhok City.Across-sectional survey was conductedonline from(November to January2022), about 2015 participants were enrolled. The data were collected through a designated online questionnaire using Google Forms. The study results showed that females were more accessible to the vaccine (50.8%) than males(44.5%). More than half of the participants (n= 1147, 56.9%) were aged between 20–29 years. The majority of participants were from Duhok (n= 799, 39.7%), followed by Zakho (n= 691, 34.3%), and fewer from Bardarash (n= 30, 1.5%). Moreover, the study revealed that the acceptance of the vaccine was more associated with young people, female gender, those with high educational levels, healthcare workers, and residents of Batifa district. To conclude, more than half of enrolled research individuals rejected to have the vaccine for COVID-19,Thus, we recommend integrating health and psychological care into vaccination plans to help increase the uptake rate during potential subsequent pandemics. Also, Psychologists can provide awareness messages, counselling seminars, online mentoring, or telemental health outreach. Furthermore, Governments must progress announcements also raising confidence concerning to health problems through the dispersion of scientific culture and improve educational programs in society

Head lice eggs, called nits, cling to the hair base. Nit removal has become important in head lice treatment because main insecticides are not 100% nitcidal. The aim of this study is to provide a new method for controlling and treating head lice by inhibiting the development of embryo in their nits (eggs) and nit shell degradation through the use of He-Ne and Nd: YAG laser beams. For this purpose, seventy five nits (ova) of P. humanus capitis were collected from children's hair then all nits were divided on three clean Petri dish, two Petri dish were exposed to He-Ne and Nd: YAG laser then put in incubator at 23±2C° for about a week then followed up the nit hatching rate on daily basis. Results indicate that both types of laser having a powerful role in the inhibition of the head lice nits. The number of hatched nit is equal to 4/25 nits (16%) among Nd-YAG laser exposited nits while the number of hatched nit is equal to 0/25nits (0%) among Gas laser, He-Ne Laser exposited nits in comparing to the control sample, number of hatching egg is equal to 14/25 nits (56%). Chi square association (P. value =0.037) confirmed that the He-Ne laser beam slightly having a stronger effect on the degradation of the head lice nit shell while it is strongly depending on the period of nit exposure.

Leishmaniasis ranks as the second deadliest parasitic disease globally, following malaria. Recognized by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease, leishmaniasis continues to pose a major public health challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Direct Agglutination Test as a diagnostic tool for leishmaniasis. A total of 666 dried blood samples were collected between March 7 and June 21, 2024. These included606 samples from suspected visceral leishmaniasis cases, 63 from cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, 66 from healthy individuals as controls, and 63 from individuals with other medical conditions. The study focused on three main objectives: evaluating the Direct Agglutination Test using locally prepared Leishmania antigens (L. donovani, L. tropica, and L. major), identifying sandfly species, and monitoring their seasonal population densities. The Leishmania antigens were prepared using mercapto-ethanol and glutaraldehyde. The direct agglutination test demonstrated 100% sensitivity in confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis when using the L. donovani antigen, and 93% sensitivity in clinically suspected cases. For cutaneous leishmaniasis, the L. tropica antigen also achieved 100% sensitivity. In contrast, traditional diagnostic methods—such as smears and cultures—yielded lower positivity rates, at 60.16% and 69.46% respectively. Among the antigens tested, L. tropica showed the highest specificity at 96.19%, followed by L. donovani at 87.68%. Cross-reactivity with sera from individuals with other diseases was minimal. Visceral leishmaniasis was most prevalent among children under five years old, while cutaneous cases were more common in the 6–30 age group. Males were more frequently affected in both forms of the disease. Visceral leishmaniasis cases were predominantly reported in rural areas, whereas cutaneous cases were more common in urban settings. Most cutaneous lesions (96.6%) were single and primarily located on the face and upper limbs. The direct agglutination test outperformed the indirect method in sensitivity and specificity, proving its effectiveness for diagnosing leishmaniasis,

One frequent chronic autoimmune illness that affects many people is asthma. The current study examined the relationship between the genetic polymorphisms of interleukin 20 (rs2981572) and asthma chronic disorder among Iraqi patients who had Streptococcus pneumoniain both controls and cases. For the current study, 300 participants were split into two groups: a case group and a control group. In regard to patients, the blood and sputum specimens were collected together, while for the control group, only blood samples were collected. Each participant in the current work was given 8 ml of venous blood, which was then divided into two parts: 4 ml was immediately transferred into EDTA tubes for DNA extraction and detection of the rs2981572 polymorphism, and the remaining 4 ml of blood was put in a gel tube and left to clot for serum separation by centrifuge. To estimate IL-20, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent test was employed. IL-20 and rs2981572 were detected using the tetra-primers amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction assay. According to the findings of the rs2981572 polymorphism, the genotypes TT (OR = 0.07; 95% CI = 0.04-0.12) were found to have highly significant protective factors (P= 0.0000). For the TG genotype, the P-value is highly significant, OR=9.54, 95% CI= 5.49–16.58, so the results suggested the TG genotypes are highly significant etiological factors and are associated with asthma disease as a risk factor. IL-20 levels in study population sera were found to be significantly higher in cases (P=0.0001) than in controls (1389.92 ± 31.84 vs. 797.67 ± 31.11 pg/ml) respectively.

Infrared (IR) thermography has recently become an important tool for medical diagnoses. IR thermographic images are acquired directly from a targeted area of the human body. There are some limitations in protecting IR detectors from germ contamination through thermography which is vital to avoid contamination to from affected person to other healthy person. Other limitation is in weight-bearing thermal images. Both of these limitations require finding some material to cover IR detector or to localized between the IR detector and the detecting area, should be transparent to low-power IR emitted by human to avoid losing thermal information. This work aims to test some infrared (IR) transparent materials to find their transparency for low power IR electromagnetic radiations that are emitted from the human body in the range of 8–14 nm for the purpose of medical applications. An IR detector from Sensor Technology, model (iHA417W) with a detecting range of 8–14 microns has been used in this study by localizing several materials between IR source (human body source, and after that gas lighter flame source) and the IR detector to find the material transparency for IR emitted from the body by comparing IR temperature measurements before and after localizing these materials. The results show that among all the tested materials, only graphene (1-layer thickness of 35μm) can transmit IR emitted from the human body at a percentage of 0.67 of the emitted radiation compared to 0.13 of the IR emitted from gas lighter flame. These results conclude that graphene could be used as a cover to protect IR detectors from contamination, but it is not applicable for weight-bearing IR thermography applications because it can’t bear the weight of the body without tearing.

In the present research, the buildup factors were assessed for samples made of composite materials from epoxy as the basis material and reinforcing materials as metal oxides, BeO, MgO, TeO3, and Bi2O3 in different weight ratios, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. These samples are cylindrical in shape with a diameter of 2.5 cm and a height of 2 cm, that is the same thickness for all samples and irradiation by energy equal to 0.662 MeV from cesium radioactive sources Cs-137, which have the activity 9.49 μci. The obtained buildup factors were used 2"×2" Thallium-doped Sodium Iodide NaI(Tl) detector for sample analysis and measurement. Study results show that buildup factors decreased while concentrations in the reinforcing materials increased, and an inverse relationship between the density or atomic number of the material and the buildup factor.

In this study, copper oxide nanostructures were created using argon plasma jets. Many methodsincludeX-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. The XRD pattern of the prepared CuO NPs, and the peaks obtained from CuO nanoparticles were detected at (2Ѳ= 32.69°, 35.73°, 38.92°, 46.49°, 49.06°, 51.62°, and 53.71°) 58.66°, 61.86°, 66.12°, 66.74°, 68.50°, 72.93°, and 75.40°for levels (110) (111−) (111) (112−) (202−) (112) (020) (202) (113−) (022) (311−) (220) (311) (004). These obtainedpeaks correspond to thecrystal structure monoclinic type with lattice constants (a = 4.6350, b = 3.4100, and c = 5.1080 A°), space group (C 12/C 1 no. 15), and crystalline angles (α= γ= 90ᵒ, β= 99.48ᵒ) that closely matched the standard data (JCPDS 96-101-1149). The obtained XRD results of prepared CuO nanoparticlesconfirmed that the typical crystalline size of CuO nanoparticles is about(24.36 nm).FTIR spectrum showed the main vibration characteristic peaks at 424, 574, 1635, 2352 and 3268????????−1of the synthesized CuO NPs. The obtained broad bands referred to the structures of copper oxides consisting of nanocrystals. The detected CuO nanostructures' UV-Vis findings showed a wide peak of absorption within the wavelengthextendingfrom300cm-1to 400 cm-1, and calculated band gap energy equal to(1.4 eV).

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in newborns, defined by increased bilirubin levels usually manifested as jaundice. In the present review, the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and its risk factors will be discussed in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A cross-sectional study was done on 100 full-term neonates admitted into three hospitals from January to April 2023. The analysis identified maternal factors such as age, mode of delivery, and type of anesthesia in relation to neonatal factors of mode of feeding, gestational age, and blood type. In this regard, the mode of feeding and type of anesthesia used at birth showed a strong association with hyperbilirubinemia but not with maternal age, blood group, and Rh factor. In particular, this will be crucial in avoiding serious consequences, especially for prematurely born infants. Further investigations are recommended with larger sample sizes in order to study other possible risk factors. In conclusion, the study shows that feeding habits and delivery anesthetics strongly influence newborn hyperbilirubinemia. Although maternal age, educational level, and Rh factor were not statistically significant, and the need of early screening and focused therapy to minimize poor outcomes, especially in high-risk neonates such preterm newborns. To identify more risk variables and improve newborn care, bigger studies are necessary.

E-learning has become widespread in the educational community, especially due to recent advances in information technology and communications and the integration of technology into our daily lives. Still, most major e-learning platforms are generalized and not tailored to a specific subject. In this paper, we address this issue by developing a prototype of a web-based e-learning platform specifically tailored for the study of ancient Iraqi civilizations. This will raise awareness about the major contributions of Iraq’s civilizations to the rest of the world, such as the invention of writing, urbanization, timekeeping, and farming techniques. The proposed platform leverages modern web technologies to provide an engaging and immersive learning experience to the students, and it offers a responsive design for cross-device displays. Key features for the teachers include managing civilizations and lessons, supporting multimedia files, managing a question bank, and a dynamic testing system for the students with real-time feedback for both students and teachers. This prototype represents a groundwork, as it is built with future scalability in mind, such as integrating artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and augmented reality, to enrich the study of Iraq’s civilizations.

This paper addresses the challenge of accurate edge detection in complex and noisy image environments by proposing a hybrid approach that integrates classical image processing with machine learning (ML). First, an optimized Canny edge detection algorithmis applied, where adaptive thresholding and a bilateral filter are used to enhance edge precision by reducing noise and preserving edge continuity. Next, the Hough Transformis employed to detect geometric structures, particularly lines, ensuring robustness against distortions and irregularities. To further refine the detected edges, XG Boost is trained on extracted edge features, learning patterns to differentiate between true and false edges. The hybrid approach leverages the strengths of traditional edge detection while enhancing adaptability through ML. Experimental results on 50 images from BSD dataset show that the proposed hybrid method surpasses standalone techniques, achieving an accuracy of 88.47%, a precision of 29.79%, a recall of 38.55%, and an AUC of 0.80 using XG Boost. This combination of classical image processing methods and ML demonstrates significant improvements in edge extraction performance, making it a reliable solution for edge detection in diverse and noisy image datasets.

In this paper we introduce the concepts higher ⋆-left (accordingly right) centralizer, Jordan higher ⋆-left (accordingly right)centralizer. We prove Any JH⋆L(AR) Con prime ring R has characteristic different from 2 with involution is H⋆L(AR) Con R.