Journal of Al-Ma’rifa for Humanities

This study is based on revealing the pattern of the past tense sentence in which the past tense of the passive voice is built in lbn al-Arabiś book Ahkam al-Quran, the verses on transactions and personal status, as a model, and linking the meanings of this the pattern with the jurisprudential rulings that included it. We relied in our analysis on the most important grammatical books and tafsir books, and after inventorying these verses it became clear that this pattern was mentioned four times according to different contexts and various jurisprudential rulings such as wills, maintenance, and marriage rulings, and we will come to a study. These verses are detailed.

This study is based on revealing the pattern of the past tense sentence in which the past tense of the passive voice is built in lbn al-Arabiś book Ahkam al-Quran, the verses on transactions and personal status, as a model, and linking the meanings of this the pattern with the jurisprudential rulings that included it. We relied in our analysis on the most important grammatical books and tafsir books, and after inventorying these verses it became clear that this pattern was mentioned four times according to different contexts and various jurisprudential rulings such as wills, maintenance, and marriage rulings, and we will come to a study. These verses are detailed.

A name can have various meanings, including the infinitive meaning, which refers to the event itself. Scholars generally agree that infinitives cannot be pluralized unless their types differ, they denote a specific number, or they end with a marker for a single occurrence. Through a study of the Qur’an, we identified 53 instances of plurals not used for infinitives, distributed across the sound feminine plural and the broken plural (both paucity and abundance forms), for the reasons mentioned. This study examines the meanings of infinitives and their plural forms, their differences, the Qur’anic purposes for these plurals, and their contexts. It is divided into an introduction and two sections: the first addresses the sound feminine plural, while the second discusses broken plurals, which are more prevalent in the Qur’an. The conclusion summarizes the key findings, followed by a list of sources and references.

The research examines selected applications of morphological topics based on a phonetic approach in Dr. Abd al-Sabour Shahin\'s book, \"The Phonetic Method of Arabic Structure.\" This method is primarily derived from the French orientalist Henri Fleisch\'s work, \"Classical Arabic,\" which utilized phonetic data to explain the formation of Arabic structures at their most standard level.
This highlights the importance of intellectual exchange in renewing linguistic research, especially given that the two scholars come from different cultural backgrounds.
The selected morphological topics serve as the main foundations for clarifying, justifying, and interpreting the phonetic changes that have occurred in Classical Arabic structures.
By applying the phonetic method, it is confirmed that the formation of Arabic structures, whether nominal or verbal, follows strict phonetic laws. What may initially appear to deviate from these norms is, in fact, a shift to another standard permitted by the rules and principles of the language.

The present research, entitled \"Joy and Its Interpretation in the Holy Qur’an: A Semantic Study,\" examines the Qur\'anic terms interpreted as denoting joy, beginning with their lexical meanings and then analyzing their meanings within Qur\'anic context. The study highlights the semantic differences between the original Arabic usage and the Qur\'anic usage of these terms. Although many of these words may appear synonymous, the research demonstrates meaningful distinctions between them. In fact, the meaning of a single root can vary depending on the context in which it appears. After thorough investigation, it became clear that these words are similar in meaning but not truly synonymous, as will be shown when discussing “joy” “surur”. Furthermore, the meaning of one word may stem from another; for instance, “mirth” “Marah” can be seen as a result of intense “happiness” “farah” . The terms indicating joy were sourced from books on synonymous and analogous expressions in the Qur’an, such as Al-Mufradāt by Al-Rāghib. After compiling and examining these terms, the key lexical items studied were: faraḥ “happiness” and its derivatives, istabshara “to be glad”, saʿida/ saʿīd “to be happy”, maraḥ “mirth”, as well as surūr “joy” and its derivatives, such as masrūr “joyful” and al-sarrā “ease

The semantic effectiveness of letters of meaning is of a great significance in all texts to orientate and determine the meaning. This research attempts to shed light on the semantic effectiveness of letters of meaning employed by the poet in his single poem to know its end and the meaning lies in the poetic lines. The Arabic letter is the third part in Arabic speech, which is the most grappling and various part. This letter is limited to studying to the letters related to literality, examining working and nonworking letters in the elegiac poem and explaining its effect and effectiveness in orientating the meaning. Therefore, the research consists of an introduction to explore the concept of the semantic effectiveness and the significance of letters of meaning. The poem is divided into nine sections according to the subjects tackled in the poem. Each section is separately analyzed, connecting the parts which examine self-elegy specially approached by Malik bin AlRayb.

The book (Ara\'is Al-Adab) by Ibn Saeed Al-Andalusi (d. 685 AH) includes poetry selections, most of which are by Andalusian writers. These selections reflect the historical value of a book that is a new literary discovery and an added effect to the Andalusian library, and this is what we are trying to review in this research. This includes showing the importance of the book in terms of the novelty of the title among Ibn Saeed\'s works, shedding light on the predominant literary material in the book, and highlighting the book\'s historical class methodology in terms of its distinction from the methodological divisions followed in Ibn Saeed\'s other works, in addition to researching the poetry selections and biographies of writers in several aspects that will enable historical and literary studies to benefit from this research, as well as literary mentioning the Andalusian families.

Prison and captivity poetry is a type of emotional poetry that depicts the prisoner's experience of his ordeal. This type spread during periods of political turmoil, whether in the East or in Andalusia. This poetry is characterized by sincere emotion, deep sadness, and longing for freedom. It combines psychological reflections and tragic images of the place. All of this is evident in the literary production of every society, as long as literature shares many elements with other arts. This sharing is considered as a mirror of society, as it reflects the culture, values, and challenges facing man. They meet - literature and other arts - in the effectiveness of their means through the points of convergence between them all, which are represented by (expression of humanity, cultural interaction, transfer of ideas and feelings, diversity in media). As for the mutual influence between literature and the arts, it is represented by (quotation, adaptation, and stylistic influence). From here comes the study of the scene in the poem as an integrated whole, which relies on multiple techniques, including: (description, dialogue, narration, Drama), to be a narrative artistic unit used to embody a specific moment within the text, which contains: (event, character, dialogue, time, place), and it is very similar to a scene from a movie; because it transports the reader to a live experience in front of him, whether dramatic, dialogic, or descriptive.

The research is a serious attempt that started from the realm of Andalusian poetry to study (the poetry of gifts between thematic formation and artistic formation (selected Andalusian models). Our choice of this research is due to the fact that gifts were common in Andalusian society in their various types and multiple forms, which was reflected in their poetic productions. The importance of the research is highlighted in anticipating the poetry of gifts in Andalusian poetry and studying its objective and artistic formation and the techniques that were deposited in it. The research plan required that it be divided into an introduction and two sections. The introduction included fifth demands. The first demand dealt with (the gift at the linguistic and technical level), the second demand revealed (formation, subject and art as a single unit), the third demand mentioned (formation as a descriptive compound), the fourth demand dealt with (the overlap of the term, and the fifth demand concluded (the types of gifts in Andalusian poetry). The first section came and dealt with material gifts in Andalusian poetry, and the second section mentioned moral gifts in poetry Andalusian, and the research ended with the results that resulted from it. The research encountered difficulties in anticipating the poetry of gifts in the collections of Andalusian poets, as they included poetry of gifts in their productions, which necessitated referring to them and reading them in a scrutinizing manner.

The concept of place in Arabic poetry has been given considerable attention due to its direct impact on the structure of the poetic text on one hand, and its role in expressing the poet's inner attitudes on the other hand . Accordingly, this research aims to uncover the patterns of place in Ahmad Shawqi's "Al-Hamziyya al-Nabawiyya" and its role in revealing the poet's vision that stimulates the reader to determine the meaning (signification). The nature of the topic and its material necessitated dividing it into two sections: The first section defines the concept of place and its importance, followed by an introduction to the poet Ahmad Shawqi, his life, upbringing, and poetry. The second section entitled "Patterns of Place," includes two parts: Firstly, the real places, which encompass natural settings (such as the sky, sun, earth, desert, rocks, and streams), the artificial places (such as the home and cradle), religious places (such as the pulpit, Hijaz, the Cave of Hira, and Sinai), the historical places (such as Ukaz), the cultural places (such as the Nile Valley), and open places (such as war). Secondly, the metaphorical places which include (the garden, spring, sea, sun, earth, prison, and corner).

This research studies the dimensions of the feminine cultural system through a reading of the poetry of Tarafa bin Al-Abd, the dimensions that reflect the status of women in the shadow of the culture of the pre-Islamic era, to reveal the conflict between their centrality once and the search for their identity in front of the male authority and its dominance over them, while revealing in other texts their marginality and inferiority in front of the authority of the hero, through internalizing the poetic texts and reading them on the apparent and implicit levels. The research adopted the procedural approach of cultural criticism that goes beyond the superficiality of the text to a reading that confirms the manifestations of aesthetics from the cultural inspirations of the text. The research included an introduction to reading the title of the research and two chapters distributed in the study between the centered female and the submissive female by clarifying the implications of the system to conclude the research with the most important results reached by the study.

Arabic poetry has always been and remained the domain of Arabic rhetoric. It is the most fertile field for studying and investigating after the Holy Qur'an. Rhetoric, including the science of rhetoric, is based on discovering the elements of beauty in Arabic poetry through its three sciences. These sciences allow researchers to be creative and delve into its hidden meanings, reveal its sources of quality, and highlight its beauty and brilliance.
From this perspective, we chose the research topic, entitled "The Rhetoric of Counterpoint among Poets of the Single Poem." We chose this research topic for its novelty, as it has not been studied—to the best of our knowledge—and because this group of poets has not received its due in rhetorical study.
We divided our research into two sections: the first (the binary counterpoint) and the second (the triple counterpoint), preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion.
In our study of the rhetoric of counterpoint among poets of the single poem, we followed an analytical and applied approach through an analytical rhetorical study.

Walid Al-Sarraf is a contemporary Iraqi poet, considered as one of the most prominent poets of the classical poetry in the modern era. His poetry is characterized by the richness of language, the strength of construction, and the depth of meanings, which made me stop at his poetry in his collection entitled “Memory of the Deposed King,” which demonstrates his eloquence. After reading, I found that the methods of requesting composition constitute a prominent phenomenon in it, which prompted me to investigate and demonstrate its eloquence. The research came with an introduction followed by two sections, the first of which included the concept of construction in language and terminology and its types. As for the second topic, it included a presentation of the methods of request construction in terms of their definition, tools, and purposes. The question, its tools, and purposes were at the forefront of those construction methods, then the call, its tools, and purposes, then the command, its forms, and purposes, then the prohibition, its tools, and purposes. At the end of the construction methods came the wish, its tools and purposes, followed by the research results and its prominent role in revealing the psychological dimension in the poetry of the poet Walid Al-Sarraf, followed by a list of sources and references.

Borrowing is considered one of the exciting and influential rhetorical techniques in the Arabic language, serving as an excellent means of expressing emotions and ideas in an innovative and aesthetic manner. It also helps enhance visual imagery and emotional impact in literary texts. As for my choice of the poem "Who Are You, My Soul?" by Mikhail Naimy, this poem attracted me with its refined and expressive style and its excellent use of borrowing to express human and spiritual experience. I found in this poem an amazing balance between words and emotions that influenced and aroused my admiration. The research consists of an introduction, two chapters, and a set of conclusions. The introduction addressed the term "borrowing" through studying its lexical and terminological dimensions. The first chapter was titled "The Structural Dimension of Borrowing," while the second chapter was entitled "The Semantic Dimension of the Concept of Borrowing in the Poem 'Who Are You, My Soul?' by Mikhail Naimy." In the conclusions, I mentioned a set of points that summarize what I reached through this study.Regarding the research methodology, it is the descriptive-semantic approach, achieved through providing a theoretical framework for the concept of borrowing, defining its semantic dimensions, presenting a brief biography of the poet, examining the impact of borrowing on the meanings and significance of the poetic text, analyzing the rhetorical dimensions, and exploring the relationship between borrowing and philosophical ideas in the text.The problem that the research attempts to address is how the poet Mikhail Naimy employed borrowing in his poem to construct semantic meaning through rhetorical analysis of the poem to convey the deep philosophical visions that characterize his distinctive style.

This study starts in the light that duality is a living fact in the reality of creation and existence. It is also a year of life created by God Almighty on the face of the earth. The aim of this study is to read the Qur'anic dualities reading in the light of intellectual influences through the integrated cognitive methodology of the Holy Quran in monitoring and analyzing the central dualities in the Holy Book and focusing on drawing the verses of God Almighty for the subject of the concept of reform and corruption and the fact of cognitive and intellectual overlap and the specificity of intellectual influences.

The research talked about a scholar of the hadith scholars of Mosul, namely Al-Hafiz Al-Mu'afa bin Imran Al-Azdi. The researcher presented his pursuit of knowledge, and how he was insatiable for knowledge and a prolific traveler. He lived for knowledge, learning, teaching, and working. I explained his scientific status among other scholars of his time, while fulfilling his social duties and mixing with people through advice and guidance. I explained that he was not satisfied with teaching, but he would check on his students and brothers and fill their gaps, and be kind to them from the beginning. He did not prefer idleness on the battlefields, in order to elevate the word of God and His religion. The research showed that Al-Mu'afa was known as a hadith scholar more than a jurist, and the truth is that he was a jurist and fatwa-issuing scholar. The research presented the moral and spiritual sides as well as the subtle piety that tongue from the evils of speech, which is astonishing. The matter of the afterlife overwhelmed him and he preferred to be preoccupied with himself, following the path of the ascetic worshippers, which is apparent from his translation and the turning point in his life in his last years

To demonstrate leadership in its noblest and most magnificent forms, I will explore in these humble papers our mothers and wives of our Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and the truth behind their lives and the greatness they attained in the House of Prophethood, making them a pioneering example and a unique role model throughout the ages.
Let us shed light on their pioneering role in building and serving the nation, and the trust and responsibility they bore - may God be pleased with them - in conveying the great portion of the Prophetic Sunnah from within their homes, foremost among them being our Lady Khadija the Great, may God be pleased with her, and after her our Lady Aisha the Pure, may God be pleased with her, and the rest of the pure wives - may God Almighty be pleased with them.

Graf is a French theologian born in (1230 AH / 1815 AD), and one of the scholars who contributed to the forming of the four sources theory, and left an unforgettable mark in constructing this theory to great extent that its name is linked to his together with three other scholars – Royce, Quinn and Wellhausen, but there are those who belittle the value of Graf's scientific efforts in the theory of the four sources; because they see that Graf's research is based on the efforts of scholars who precede him, so in their opinions his research depends on others’ efforts , and has nothing new in the theory of the four sources; therefore, it is not appropriate to consider him one of the scholars of the theory. In fact, Graf's research, although based on the studies of his predecessors and that no new trends can be seen in his research, rests on the research of his predecessors in various ways, combining their opinions thus removing the contradictions between them. He sought to create a comprehensive vision of the history of ancient Israel, which became clearer to Wellhausen, who benefited from Graf's research. Graf also had the merit of introducing the opinions of some scholars, as his research, which spread among critics, played a role in introducing the efforts of his predecessors.

Relations between the Turks and Bulgarians began about 500 years ago. The relationship developed after World War I, following the defeat of Bulgarian and the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Bulgaria signed the Armistice of Salonika on September 29th , 1918, with the Entente powers, and the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on October 30th , 1918, with the Entente powers. The Allies forced the two countries to sever official relations. Cooperation took place between the Turks and Bulgarians in Western Thrace against the Greeks, with Bulgaria supporting and assisting the Turks in Western Thrace, and coordination between the Turks and Bulgarians against the Greeks. Diplomatic relations between the two sides were paved with contacts between Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Bulgarian Prime Minister Alexander Stamboliyski, despite the severance of official relations. Bulgaria pursued a policy of building good relations with both Turkey and the Turkish population in Bulgaria during this period. Turkish officials also closely monitored Bulgarian policy, seeking a potential alliance during this period. Because the Turkish authorities were seeking to achieve success in Thrace in order to keep Eastern Thrace within the Turkish borders, in addition, the Greek occupation of Western Thrace also provoked reactions among Bulgarian public opinion, which enabled Bulgaria and Turkey to come closer in an alliance after World War I with the aim of distancing Eastern and Western Thrace from the Greeks.

The innovative challenges facing educational systems worldwide necessitate the exploration of effective mechanisms that contribute to improving pedagogical performance and produce an educational system rich in creative capabilities that meet the developmental needs of the Arab world. The foundation of this development is human capital and the care it requires for its psychological orientations and the rationalization of its ambitions toward broad innovative horizons.To confront the challenges and constraints of development, educational systems rely on a set of instructional approaches that attempt to bridge the gap between skill quality and the pragmatism of educational achievement. The concern for skills-based teaching forms a pivotal point aimed at building a new relationship between the learner and knowledge and learning. Skills represent a world of meaningful and purposeful guidance processes aimed at changing the pattern of pedagogical communication and focusing on one goal: producing an innovative accompaniment mechanism and making it the main channel for multiple treatments of learning activities.Therefore, the focus on the system of skill strategies stems from their ability to connect the cognitive and mental energy of the learner with the accomplished forms of pedagogical action according to a constructive vision. These strategies are characterized as structures that organize knowledge from ordinary levels to representational levels, through the employment of transformative rhythms of positional skills.

The research aimed to identify the level of social responsibility among middle school female students, and to examine the differences in social responsibility among middle school female students according to the variables of academic branch and grade. The research sample consisted of (700) female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a social responsibility scale, and the scale's psychometric properties were extracted. The apparent validity and construct validity of the items were verified, while reliability was calculated using the split-half and internal consistency methods. The data were statistically processed using the statistical program (SPSS). The results showed an increase in the level of social responsibility among middle school female students, and no differences in the level of social responsibility according to the variables of academic branch and grade. The researcher recommended incorporating concepts, values, and activities related to social responsibility into general education curricula, activating the role of youth clubs that employ students during the summer vacation, and leveraging the role of the media and social networking sites in disseminating youth initiatives on issues related to social responsibility.

This study aims at studying and exploring the evolution of the meanings of certain words; revolution, freedom, terrorism, citizenship, equality, Justice poverty, humanitarianism, race and immigration. This evolution happens in significantly response to the historical events and social movements. It depends on using a combination of semantic change analysis, historical context analysis, and corpus linguistics techniques. This study traces back how these words have evolved from their original meanings to incorporate respectively broader political, social, and economic dimensions. Findings of this study show clearly how the meanings of considered words have expanded, reshaped, and redefined within the context of revolutions, wars, decolonization, civil rights movements as well as the rise of human rights and inequality. The study shows clearly the pivotal relationship between language and history. So, words not only echo societal changes but they affect the line of both the social and the political movements. The challenges that faced the researchers are such the non-availability of data, subjectivity in interpreting semantic shifts as well as the exclusion of non-textual sources. Again, the findings show valuable insights into how historical events can shape language and its usage. In brief, the study suggests an expansion of data sources, the integration of interdisciplinary approaches, and the incorporation of qualitative analysis to future studies.

Abstract
This study aims at analyzing Milo Minderbinder’s speech in Catch-22 using a stylo-transitivity approach. Heller criticizes capitalism satirically where war profiteering, and bureaucratic absurdity were the most common within the most important institutions the US army. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and transitivity analysis were used eclectically to examine Heller’s linguistic choices shaping Milo's character ideologically. Each of the transitivity processes; material, mental, relational, existential, behavioral, and verbal types, has reflected different aspects of action, cognition, and relationships. The study reveals that these processes help construct power dynamics and ideological positions. They position Milo as a caricature of unchecked capitalism. Also, it discusses linguistic characterization in satire and economic absurdity in wartime fiction. It concludes Heller’s use of transitivity reinforces the novel's critique of war as an inCatch-22, Milo Minderbinder, transitivity analysis, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), satire, war capitalism
stitution driven by profit, bureaucracy, and paradoxical reasoning. As for analysis, the study finds that Material Processes (32.3%) dominate Milo’s speech, stressing his economic agency, while Relational (23.1%) and Verbal (19.2%) Processes assure self-branding and rhetorical strategies. Mental (11.5%) and Existential (7.7%) Processes show Milo’s deterministic view of capitalism, and the low presence of Behavioral Processes (6.2%) suggests his detachment from moral concerns.

This study is a try to examine the discourse between the former U.S. President Donald Trump and the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. Heavily, it concentrates on analyzing their discourse and how it constructs ideological power asymmetry and diplomatic dependency using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), specifically, Fairclough's (1995) three-dimensional model. This model examines the linguistic features, discourse production and circulation, as well as the sociocultural context of the interaction. The study focuses on the linguistic choices chosen of both leaders. For Trump, he uses assertive pronouns and conditional aid.Unlike Trump, Zelensky uses heavily expressions of gratitude and diplomatic caution .Also, the study reveals how these strategies shape power dynamics. Concerning findings, the study reveals that Trump’s discourse asserts strategically the U.S. dominance represented by aid as conditional. His emphasis assures his authority through the use of “I” and “we” pronouns. Contrastively, Zelensky balances carefully the expressions of gratitude. He reflects Ukraine’s dependency on U.S. support. The incorporation of AI-assisted discourse analysis provides a complementary tool for the identification of rhetorical strategies and patterns in the speech. The AI offers new insights into political language. In brief, the research contributes to the broader understanding of political discourse and how power shapes dynamics of diplomacy globally the study recommends future research opportunities, especially in exploring the role of AI in political discourse analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created the largest disruption education systems in human history, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 200 countries. Closures of schools, institutions and other learning spaces have impacted more than 94% of the world's student population. This has brought far-reaching changes in all aspects of our lives. Social distancing and restrictive movement policies have significantly disturbed traditional educational practices. Reopening of schools after relaxation of restriction is Another challenge with many new standard operating procedures put in place. Within a short span of the COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have shared their works on literary works in different ways. theater, poetry, Plastic arts, music, film, and other literary genres have all been impacted by the artists' ceaseless and prolific artistic output. The content of their works, which are like a mirror, albeit fictional, of the historical and epochal event that people are compelled to live through, reflects the changes brought about by the pandemic experience. The theme of the Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to literary endeavors; These endeavors are ongoing and will continue to amaze us by encapsulating the several phases of a momentous historical moment event. event. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on those who are interested in documenting them Literary works and how they treat isolation.