Al-Esraa university college journal for social and humanity sciences

There is no escape from the fact that the Internet has become an integral part
of our daily lives. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that it has come to shape and
formulate the features of our current world. While the original goal of the Internet\'s
creators was the dissemination of human knowledge and the ease of communication
between people of different races and cultures, it is clear that things have deviated
from this noble goal, and the negative side of the Internet has begun to appear with
the emergence of what is known as digital crimes. Digital drug use is a new deviant
practice associated with cybercrime. It has spread significantly in some Western
societies, to the point where it has become a problem that threatens the security
and safety of society. With its introduction into a number of Arab societies-albeit
to a lesser extent so far-it has become increasingly important to attempt to
understand the nature of this practice, its origins and development, the cultural
dimensions associated with it, and the risks and harms it may pose to the security of
our Arab society. We have decided to devote this research to defining the nature of
digital drugs and presenting the scientific opinions expressed by relevant specialists
regarding the extent to which the description of a drug applies to this type. We
also discuss the adequacy of current criminal texts that address traditional drugs to
criminalize digital drugs, or whether there is an urgent need to reformulate terms
and concepts, such as drug possession, drug importation, drug use, drug trafficking,
and other terms. Although these terms align with the stereotypical image of drugs,
they are limited and lack precision, and need to be developed to keep pace with
the changes in the concept of \"drugs,\" which are no longer limited to drugs that
are material in essence and composition. Rather, there are now forms and types
of drugs that do not have a physical entity (such as a piece of music, for example).

This study aims to highlight the role of target costing in improving the quality
of banking services by analyzing the extent to which this accounting method
contributes to enhancing operational efficiency and delivering high-quality services
at an appropriate cost. The study found that the application of target costing
contributes to improving service quality by reducing resource waste and achieving
a balance between cost and quality, which leads to increased customer satisfaction.
The study also recommended the need to raise awareness among banking
management about the importance of this approach and to provide the necessary
technical and training support to effectively implement it within the banking work
environment.

This analytical study aims to examine the geographical distribution of poverty
in Iraq during the period from 2009 to 2018. The study seeks to identify the areas with
the highest concentrations of poverty and the least affected areas, and to analyze
the spatial patterns of this distribution. Furthermore, the study attempts to uncover
the potential causal factors that may contribute to explaining this distribution. In
addition to analyzing spatial and statistical data, the study seeks to provide a deeper
understanding of regional disparities in poverty levels and offer insights that may be
useful in guiding development policies aimed at reducing poverty and addressing
spatial disparities in the country.

The study dealt in some detail with the reality of Iraqi museums and the
contributions they made or the challenges they experienced during a period of time.
We can say that it was an unstable period between wars, economic siege and others
that passed through the country and affected all its aspects, whether economic,
social or cultural, and certainly it was for museums Iraq and its administrations are
not immune to these conditions, but despite these challenges, the Iraqi museums,
whether they are archeology or natural history museums or others, continued to
work under those circumstances to reflect an Iraqi civilized, historical and heritage
reality that was and still is one of the most important cultural footprints, Arab and
global before, during and after the period throughout this Research extending from

1980 to 2003.

This research aims to examine the role of sustainable education in promoting
diversity and inclusion in universities, as a pivotal tool for achieving fair and balanced
educational environments. The research addresses the concept of sustainable
education and its relationship to diversity and inclusion, as well as analyzing the
challenges facing its implementation in university institutions. It also reviews the
most effective strategies and practices that can be employed to ensure a more
inclusive and equitable educational environment.
The research relies on a descriptive-analytical approach through a review of
the literature and previous studies, in addition to examining the role of technology
and interactive curricula in supporting sustainable education and promoting
diversity and inclusion. It also seeks to evaluate the impact of sustainable education
initiatives on the level of diversity within universities and propose mechanisms for
developing more sustainable educational policies. The research was tested at Al-
Mustansiriya University after identifying a sample of (74) officials, whose opinions
were collected using a research questionnaire. The questionnaire was analyzed
using the statistical system (SPSS) to determine the sample's level of awareness of
the variables and the degree of dispersion of responses among its members. The
research concluded that sustainable education is a fundamental pillar for promoting
diversity and inclusion in universities.

One of the most important basic matters that the civil judge relies on in
resolving the disputes that arise before him is the methods of judicial proof, which
is the evidence that the parties present before the court to prove their rights.
Since a right that is devoid of its evidence in the event of a dispute becomes like
nothingness, since it is impossible to impose its respect by the judiciary on those
who deny it. The oath is considered one of the most important evidences that prove
the existence of these rights. I consider the oath to be one of the unusual methods
of proof. It is the evidence from which the meaning of the fact that is required to be
proven is deduced, making it proven even if it is not proven with certainty. It is one
of the methods of proof that has a clear and productive effect in daily applications
of disputes brought before the courts. There is no disagreement that the oath is
one of the most important pieces of evidence stipulated by law. Rather, it is the last
safety valve that opponents resort to when they are unable to prove their claim,
because the oath carries a religious, devotional meaning.
Perhaps we would not be exaggerating if we said that the oath was at one
time the basic pillar of judicial proof, as testimony was the first piece of evidence
and required the witness to swear an oath. Thus, the oath was the basis of the
testimony that the plaintiff relied on to prove his claim, and at the same time, it was
what the defendant relied on to deny the alleged fact.

World War II (1939-1945) was a major turning point for all countries of the
world, as this war had an impact on Western and Arab countries in all fields, which
led to major changes in the demographics of countries and the declaration of
independence of other countries that were under the yoke of colonialism. It can be
described as the largest and most important event in modern history due to its long
duration and its great impact, whether negative or positive.

This research reviews the Electronic Information Services Agreement,
focusing on international regulation and alternative means always, except for the
electronic direction, at the beginning, where it examines the framework of electronic

information services contracts in private international law, written and the legal
issues and problems that arise in the future expanded in the use of modern details.

Then it addresses the international jurisdiction in the cases of these contracts, with
a study and general contribution that the agreement under the laws of different
countries, as the research discusses beyond the electronic to resolve disputes in
electronic commerce, and distinguished its advantages and risks, and its current
status in terms of use and technology, and it is also sensitive to the controls related
to it that seek the electronic direction

The United Nations Charter used the term "civilized nations" in one of its

articles when attempting to define the new structure of contemporary international
society. Jurists argued that the Charter did not refer to the technologically advanced
countries of the world or the major industrialized nations, but rather to countries
whose domestic laws included provisions guaranteeing the exercise of basic rights
and freedoms by people in general, and their citizens in particular, especially those
rights inherent in the human being, known as personal rights, such as the right
to life, bodily integrity, and privacy, as well as the right to a name and title. While
the constitutions of countries affirm the guarantee of these rights, the question
arises regarding civil protection for this type of right. What is the civil penalty for
anyone proven to be negligent as a result of violating any of the personal rights of
individuals? This is what we tried to clarify through our research, as we explained
what is meant by personality rights, their nature and types, as well as distinguishing
them from other similar rights in the first section, while we focused on the civil
liability resulting from exposure to this type of rights and the penalty imposed on its
perpetrator in the second section. The research concluded with a group of results,
perhaps the most prominent of which is that personality has rights that are no less
important than any other rights, but rather surpass them all in terms of importance;
because the goal that lies behind recognizing personality rights is to protect the
human self, which is the lofty goal that humans aspire to, by various means, the
most important of which is the enactment of laws that guarantee the achievement
of this noble goal.

This research examines the causes of professional failure and its penalties in
light of ancient Iraqi laws. Ancient Iraqi laws included a set of articles specifically
addressing failure, negligence, and their penalties. These penalties were based on
the nature of the failure, and the reasons for failure varied, some stemming from
personal motivations, and others from the negligence of officials. Ultimately, failure
is a component of an individual's failure to complete the work tasks assigned to
them. Failure was not limited to a specific profession, but rather encompassed
various occupations, such as medicine, economics, and even judgeship. This is what
we will address in the title of our research.

Assyrian architecture is one of the most prominent architectural innovations
in the history of ancient Near Eastern civilizations. It was distinguished by its massive
and precise designs, which demonstrated the prestige and status of the Assyrian
state. Assyrian architecture was influenced by a combination of geographical,
political, social, and religious factors, thus reflecting the military and religious
power of the Assyrians. The foundation upon which Assyrian construction relies is
locally available materials such as mud brick, adobe, and limestone. They developed
innovative methods and ideas for using these materials to construct their royal
palaces, temples, defensive walls, and markets.
This research explores the characteristics of Assyrian architecture by
examining the factors influencing building design and its main types, the materials
used in construction, and the extent of Assyrian architecture's influence on
neighboring civilizations, such as Persia, Egypt, and India. The research also examines
the development of Assyrian architecture throughout the ages, beginning with the
reign of King Ashurnasirpal and continuing through the reign of King Sennacherib.
The importance of Assyrian architecture is evident in its significant influence on the
architecture of other civilizations. The Egyptian civilization, the Persian Empire, and
the Roman Empire all adopted Assyrian architectural styles, particularly in the areas
of temple construction, fortifications, and decoration. Thus, Assyrian architecture is
a testament to the development of an authentic civilization that kept pace with the
modern construction techniques of its time. Its influence remains present in ancient

architecture to this day.

The protection of third parties in commercial companies is a crucial topic
that garners significant attention in legal systems due to its direct impact on the
stability of commercial transactions and the confidence of external parties in the

company. This study explores the aspects of third-party protection from various
perspectives, starting with the obligations of companies to disclose and ensure
transparency, the liability of managers and legal representatives, and the legal
guarantees granted to the company's creditors. The research provides an in-depth
analysis of the legal controls applied to commercial companies to protect the
rights of third parties, including customers, creditors, and minority shareholders.
It highlights the importance of the commercial registry as a means of providing
necessary information to third parties and the role of financial and accounting laws
in enhancing transparency and mitigating practices that could harm third parties.
Additionally, the liability of the executive management and board members towards
external parties is discussed, along with the extent to which they can be held legally
accountable for decisions affecting third-party rights. Furthermore, the study
addresses the challenges facing the implementation of laws related to third-party
protection, focusing on legal and administrative loopholes that may be exploited
to infringe on the rights of third parties. The role of the judiciary in protecting third
parties is also examined through relevant rulings, which contribute to the effective
interpretation and application of legal texts.

The research reveals the representations of the "other" in his poetry, as the
researcher stopped at it, observing and analyzing it, trying to link the image of the
other to the poetic image. The image of the other in his poetry came in multiple
forms, varying according to the purpose and goal. We stopped at it in detail in the
folds of the research, trying in all of that to monitor that multiple other, and then to
critically evaluate that representation.

This research attempts to shed light on some aspects of the personal and
political life of Rabbi and Jewish leader Abba Hillel Silver. It briefly reviews his political
roles and Jewish Reformist ideas, attempting to demonstrate his key political role in
the establishment of "Israel" by reviewing his work and activity in American Jewish
institutions. The research is divided into an introduction, five topics, a conclusion,
and a list of sources used in writing the research. The first topic deals with Silver's
life, studies, and military service, in addition to his writings. The second topic deals
with the positions he held and his political roles. The third topic sheds light on his
political activity and his role in the formation of "Israel." The fourth topic deals with
his political role after the establishment of the Zionist entity, then his political role
after the establishment of the State of Israel and the awards and merits he received.
The research concludes with the fifth topic, which deals with his death.