Jornal of Al-Muthanna for Agricultural Sciences

A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2023-2024 inside
the greenhouse at the Second Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture/AlMuthanna University in the Al-Bandar region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
response of eggplant (variety Barcelona hybrid) to fractionate of potassium fertilizer and
humic acid on the phenotypic and nutritional qualities. Potassium was added according to
the (N:120 P2O5:160 K:120) fertilizer recommendation and the fractionation required was as
P1: Without fertilization, P2: Full recommendation for potassium in one does, P3: Full
recommendation for potassium in two doses, P4: half recommendation for potassium and in
one does, P5: half of the recommendation for fertilizer and in two doses. Humic acid was
added by spraying on the plant and soil in three doses and the concentrations were as (0, 5,
10 ml liter-1
of water) and symbolized by the symbols (H1, H2, and H3) after three weeks for
planting and sprayed on plants in the experimental unit. A factorial experiment was
conducted using Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and the
indicators of study were averaged and compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD)
test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that a significant superiority of the full
recommendation treatment of potassium in two doses and the treatment of spraying with
humic at a concentration of 10 ml liter-1
separately in all the studied traits, and the plants of
2
MJAS
the interaction treatment (H3P3) in the characteristic of plant height, chlorophyll content
(SPAD readings), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and content of elements N,
P and K in the plant, where it reached to 102.330 cm, 74.000, 0.901, 5.500%, 0.450%, and
3.780%, respectively.

At the Department of Agricultural Research\'s Salinity Research Station, a Factorial experience
using an RCBD design was conducted. The Ministry of Science and Technology, southeast of
Baghdad, in salt-affected land, conducted a combined experiment with three components: Conocarpus,
palm frond compost, three levels of each, and two levels of phosphogypsum. There were twelve
treatments, with three replicates, making a total of 36 experimental units. The plate area was 4 m2
(2
m×2 m), with soil that had a silty clay texture and was planted with white corn (Sorghum bicolor L.),
classified as 70 research class.
In August 2023, in two phases, soil samples were collected from each plate: once prior to
planting on August 6, 2023, and again following the conclusion of the experiment, for three depths: 0-
20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm, wherein the EC, organic matter (OM), and available elements (NPK) were
calculated in order to compare the salt movement at every depth, after harvesting, and the outcomes
show the impact of the organic amendments (M1 and M2) and its levels (L0, L1 and L2) , following
harvesting at depths 0–20, the average electrical conductivity of the soil significantly decreased due to
the amount of phosphogypsum (G0 and G1). While it raised considerably and saw the biggest increase
receiving the same care, with two increase rates of 37.01 and 36.28% at depths 20–40 and 40–60,
respectively, the M2L2G1 treatment experienced the highest decrease, with decrease rates reaching
36.62%. After harvest, the soil\'s surface layer contained ready-made elements of potassium,
phosphorus, and nitrogen, and the average amount of organic matter increased significantly, with the
M2L2G1 treatment showing the largest increase at 46.27%. with corresponding growth rates of 46.27%,
14.13, and 33.65%, the M2L2G1, M1L2G1, and M1L2G0 treatments showed the largest increase.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Muthanna Governorate within latitude(31.368475N)
and longitude (45.259249E) during the winter season 2023_2024 to know the effect of the
biofilm of Azotobacter viellandii bacteria and levels of organic fertilizer made from the Nile
flower plant on the growth and yield of barley. The experiment included two factors: the first
factor was two levels of biofilm (B0) without inoculum and (B1)) the biofilm of Azotobacter
viellandii bacteria. The second factor included 3 levels of Nile flower compost: the first level
(C0) without addition, the second level (C1) 1.5% by volume of organic fertilizer, and the third
level 2% by volume of organic fertilizer. Laboratory experiments showed that ten isolates of
Azotobacter bacteria were obtained and two isolates were identified as Azotobacter viellandii.
The results of adding biofilm showed that treatment B1 was superior in plant height, but did not
excel in the biological yield, 1000-grain weight, and dry weight. While the results of adding
organic fertilizer to the Nile flower plant showed that treatment C2 was superior in the trait
(plant height, 1000-grain weight), and treatment C1 was superior in the biological yield. As for
the interaction between the two factors, there were no significant differences.

An experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses at the College of Agricultural Engineering
Sciences –University of Baghdad /Al-Jadriyah during the Winter season of 2024. The experiment
aimed to evaluate the performance of a thermal weeder for weed control in greenhouses. The
experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the effects of
three factors: nozzle type at three levels (cone nozzle, flat nozzle, barbecue nozzle) exposure time at
two levels (40 and 60 seconds), and nozzle height at two levels (2 and 12 cm). The study focused on
several indicators, including the percentage of weed control, energy consumption rate, energy
consumption costs, and productivity. Statistical analysis results showed significant differences in the
three-way interaction between nozzle type, exposure time, and nozzle height. The first nozzle (N1) at
the second exposure time (60 seconds) and the first height (2 cm) achieved the highest percentage of
weed control at 82.50%. In contrast, the third nozzle (N3) at the first exposure time (40 seconds) and
the second height (12 cm) recorded the lowest energy consumption rate at 1925.2 kWh. Regarding
energy consumption costs, the lowest cost was recorded at the third nozzle, first exposure time and the
second height, amounting to115,512 IQD. The highest productivity was achieved at the \"third nozzle\",
second exposure time\" (60 seconds) and\" the second height: (12 cm), with a value of 0.000909 ha.h⁻¹ .

The study was conducted in the plastic house at the research station which belongs to the College
of Agriculture / University of Kufa during the winter season of 2024. The experimental soil was
contaminated with the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum which loaded on millet seeds before
transplanted at a rate of 5 g / 1 kg, and the bio-resistance bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens was added
at a rate of 5 ml / 1 kg and mixed well with the soil to ensure its spread. Furthermore, the fungicide
was added at the dose which recommended by the producing company in its commen and Nano form,
at the following treatments : T1( Control treatment) , T2 (Biobacteria), T3 (Nano-pesticide 0.1) , T4
(Nano-pesticide 0.05) ¸ T5 (common pesticide 0.1), T6(common fungicide 0.05), T7( Bacteria +
Nano 0.1), T8( Bacteria + Nano 0.05), T9 (Bacteria + common fungicide 0.1) and T10( Bacteria +
common pesticide 0.05). Vegetative growth, yield and fungicide residues in fruits were measured. The
experiment was carried out using a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D.) with three
replications. Means were compared using the L.S.D test at a probability level of 0.05%. The results
revealed that the effect of common and Nano fungicide in reducing the negative effects on vegetative
growth and plant yield as following: T7( Bacteria + Nano 0.1) was superior with highest plant height,
fresh and dry weight of vegetative growth, roots dry weight, number of fruits and plant yield which
reached (19.86 cm, 255.15 g, 103.56 g, 12.63 g, 10.17 fruits plant-1 and 547.05 g plant-1) respectively

The research aimed to analyze the effects of climate change on the food production index in Iraq
during the period (1993-2022) based on a set of factors represented by total greenhouse gas
emissions (tons of carbon dioxide equivalent), crop production index, livestock production index,
rainfall rate, and average temperature using a standard model, which is ARDL. The research
concluded the importance of improving agricultural and livestock production to positively reflect on
the food production index, and this can only be achieved by providing the technical conditions to
achieve this. The impact of rainfall was also positive, but this impact will be governed by other
conditions, including the fact that the distribution of rainfall during the season is more important
than the amount of precipitation. As for the variable of carbon dioxide emissions, it had a negative
impact and there is a lack of awareness of the process of addressing the negative impacts. The same
applies to temperatures, which had negative impacts. From this, we conclude that Iraq has neglected
many of the measures and procedures that would have reduced rising temperatures, including the
establishment of green belts around cities facing the desert and the dust storms it causes. The
research also indicated that the factors affecting food production will continue to have a lasting
impact in the long term, underscoring the importance of addressing them and mitigating their effects
in the future. The research recommended the adoption of a green economy and the promotion of
sustainable development projects, as well as encouraging farmers to cultivate drought- and heatresistant crops with high productivity, such as grains and desert grasses. It also recommended
expanding protected agriculture, such as greenhouses, particularly in areas most affected by climate
change, given its impact on stabilizing production, improving soil fertility, and enhancing community
awareness of the risks of climate change. It also called for launching awareness campaigns targeting
agricultural communities to increase understanding of the impacts of climate change and methods of
adapting to it, and to encourage sustainable agricultural practices and modern technologies.

A field experiment was conducted to study the role of tillage systems and
organic fertilizer in some physical properties of soil planted with wheat crop.
The treatments of the first factor included zero tillage (P1), vertical disc plow(
(P3). As for the second factor, it included three P2) and moldboard plow
treatments of liquid organic fertilizer produced from the biodigester, in addition
to two comparison treatments of chemical fertilizer. The first comparison
treatment is half the chemical fertilizer recommendation for the wheat crop and
its (L1), the second comparison treatment is the full chemical fertilizer
recommendation for the wheat crop and its symbol is(L2), and liquid organic
fertilizer at a concentration of 4, 8, and 12% and the symbols were taken(L3),(
L4), and( L5) in sequence. The study employed a Split Plot Design inside a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) including three replicates. The
findings indicated that both the plow and disc plow considerably surpassed zero
tillage in terms of bulk density, porosity, moisture content, and soil water
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holding capacity. The liquid organic fertilizer also outperformed the comparison
treatment at all levels of addition in the trait of bulk density, porosity, moisture
content and soil water holding capacity. The interaction between the factors also
outperformed the comparison treatment in all studied traits.

The experiment was conducted in a private field in the city district, north of Basra, during the 2023-
2024 agricultural season to study the germination ability of seeds of four tomato hybrids (Black de
Parra, Gala Santa, Black Prince, and Tikerionic) and some of their seedling growth indicators. These
hybrid seeds are planted in pots with a diameter of 5 cm in four replicates. Each replicate contained
five pots for each variety, meaning the total number of pots was 80. The experiment was designed
using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that the Black de Bara variety
significantly excelled in germination percentage 95% and speed reaching 3.94, respectively.
Additionally, the Black Prince variety outperformed in plant height, reaching 19.12 cm compared to
the other Hybrids.

An experiment was conducted in a field with sandy loam soil of Agricultural Engineering Science
College, University of Baghdad. The effect of three different speeds (5.68, 7.70, and 10.23 km. h-1
) on the
performance of two agricultural systems: the random traffic system (RTF) and the controlled traffic
system (CTF). The field experiment was carried out with split-plots arrangement using the random traffic
design (RCBD) system. The traits studied in this experiment were soil resistance to penetration, fuel
consumption and the power requirements per unit area. The superior results of the CTF system over the
RTF system were demonstrated in all the studied methods. The CTF system achieved a lower average
energy consumption per unit area, which was 18.20 kW.ha.h-1
compared to 34.01 kWh. ha. h-1
in the RTF
system. The average fuel consumption rate was also reduced by 38%, from 7.97 L. h-1
in the RTF system
to 4.94 L. h-1
in the CTF system.
As for the penetration resistance system, the CTF system recorded 31.25%, with a total of
1260.33 kPa compared to 1833.11 kPa in the RTF. On the other hand, increasing the seeding speed
resulted in a decrease in energy consumption per unit, as well as fuel consumption rate. The interaction
between the studied factors had a significant effect on the best treatments

The concentration of the nutrient solution is very important in the growth of the plant because
inappropriately controlling the concentration of the nutrient solution may cause harmful effects due to
increased toxins or lack of essential nutrients in the plants. The aim of this study was to analyze the
effect of injectors, emitter types, and fertilizer types on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature
of the solution, as well as their effect on the emitter discharge rate for a drip irrigation system. In this
study, the GR emitter type provided the highest discharge rate at 2.49 L. h-1
, and the Eolos emitter type
was the least effective and provided the lowest discharge rate at 2.072 L.h-1
. The injectors had a highly
significant effect(P<0.05) on pH and EC. The concentration of the second injector (4 degrees) led to a
decrease in pH (6.22) and an increase in electrical conductivity (2.564 dS.m-1
). Meanwhile, the type of
fertilizer had a significant impact, with phosphoric acid recording the lowest pH (5.74) and the lowest
electrical conductivity (2.298 dS.m-1
), whereas potassium sulphate recorded the highest values for
electrical conductivity (2.599 dS.m-1
) and pH (6.82). The solution temperature was higher when
phosphoric acid was used which was 34.87°C than when potassium sulphate was used which was
32.18°C. The study shows how important is to choose the right emitters and fertilizers and control
injector concentration to make the drip irrigation system work better and lead to a good environment for
the plants to grow in.

The field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural College Research
Station /University of Basra/Karmat Ali in the spring season of 2023-2024.
The soil was classified as afine clay mixed, calcareous, hyperthermic typic
torrifluvent. To determine the effect of the emitter distance and soil
conditioners by using border drip irrigation on Ks and plant productivity. The
study included a factor of three emitter distances of 20cm , 30cm and 40cm ,
and soil conditioner factor of three treatments include 3% crushed corn cobs,
3% crushed corn cobs, mixture of crushed corn cobs at a rate of 3% with used
fuel oil at a rate of 0.3% and the third treatment issue fuel oil used at a rate of
0.3% in addition to the control treatment. The conditioners were added to
basis dry soil weight. Soil samples were taken from the depths of 0-15 and
15-30. The factorial treatments were applied by using a with Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD).Measurements were taken in the middle and
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end of the growing season. The results showed an increase in Ks and plant
productivity with a decreasing in the emitters distance, as treatment X1
recorded the highest values of 0.776 m day-1
, 0.929 m day-1
and it differed
significantly from two treatments X2 (0.731 m day-1
, 0.893 m day-1
) and X3
(0.690 m day-1
, 0.854 mm). As for soil conditioners, the mixture treatment
(Co+O) gave the highest values (0.899 m day-1
, 1.117 m day-1
), followed by
the treatment of Co (0.752 m day-1
, 0.885 m day-1
), followed by the oil
treatment O (0.705 m day-1, 0.839 m day-1
) and with significant differences
compared to the control treatment (C) (0.572 m day-1
, 0.727 m day-1
). The
results also showed that the surface depth significantly difference with the
highest values of (0.807 m day-1
, 0.960 m day-1
) compared to the subsurface
depth of (0.657 m day-1
, 0.824 m day-1
), of mid and end growing season
respectively. Also the study factors affected on plant productivity was
increased with decreasing emitter distance. The values were (10.54 tons ha-1
,
10.17 tans ha-1
, 9.82 tons ha-1
) for distances of 20, 30 and 40 cm respectively,
and when the conditioners were added, the treatment Co+O was superior with
the highest values of (11.61 t ha-1
) followed by treatment Co of (10.45 t ha-1
)
and oil treatment O of (9.56 t ha-1
) compared to the control treatment C of
(9.08 t ha-1
).

This study was conducted in the poultry field, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna
University, from January 29, 2024 to March 3, 2024, To know the effect of in ovo
injecting of hatching eggs with local aloe vera extracts on hatching egg and chicks
traits of Ross308 broiler. 600 eggs weighing 55±1 gm were used in the experiment,
distributed into six treatments, 100 eggs per treatment, placed in incubator dishes,
injected with Aloe vera extracts after 18 days of incubation, after hatching, 270 were
selected, distributed with 45 chicks per treatment, with three replicates for each
treatment (15 chicks/ replicate). The treatments were as follows: T1: Negative
control treatment (without injection). T2: Positive control (Injection with sterile
distilled water only). T3: Injection of hatching eggs with a concentration of 0.01 ml of
the aqueous extract, T4: Injection of hatching eggs with a concentration of 0.02 ml of
the aqueous extract, T5: Injection of hatching eggs with a concentration of 0.01 ml of
the alcoholic extract, T6: Injection of hatching eggs with a concentration of 0.02 ml
of alcoholic extract. The results of the experiment showed that T6 was superior in
the average carcass weight, the dressing ratio with and without giblet, and the
relative weight of the heart, liver, and gizzard. The same treatment also caused a
significant increase in the weights of the main cuts (breast, thigh, and drumstick),
while it significantly reduced the weight of the neck, wings, and back. We conclude
from this experiment that in ovo injecting hatching eggs at an incubation period of
18 days with a concentration of 0.02 ml of the alcoholic extract of aloe vera leaves,
0
contributed to improving the production standards of the weights of the main and
secondary cuts and the dressing percentage of broiler carcasses.

The current study was conducted in the poultry field at the First Agricultural
Research and Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University,
from 29/01/2024 to 03/03/2024, for a period of 35 days. 225 Ross 308 broiler chicks
were used, one day old, unsexed, with an initial weight of 40.00±1.00 gm, they were
randomly distributed into 5 treatments, with 3 replicates for each treatment (15
chicks for each replicate). The treatments were divided as follows: T1: 21% protein
and 2850 energy for the starter diet and 20% protein and 2960 energy for the
finisher diet. T2: 21% protein and 2800 energy for the starter diet and 20% protein
and 2900 energy for the finisher diet. T3: 21% protein and 2800 energy for the
starter diet and 20% protein and 2850 energy for the finisher diet. T4: 20.6% protein
and 2700 energy for the starter and 19.8% protein and 2800 energy for the finisher.
T5: 20.8% protein and 2700 energy for the starter and 19.5% protein and 2740
energy for the finisher. The chicks were fed with starter feed for 1-15 days and
finisher feed for 16 days until the end of the experiment at 35 days of age. The
results can be summarized by that rationing protein and energy levels together in
broiler feed significantly affected the results of carcass weight and its main cuts,
which included the relative weight of each of the breast, thigh, drumstick and the
percentage of dressing with and without giblet in favor of T2. The same treatment
also significantly reduced the secondary carcass cuts, which included the relative
0
weight of each of the wings and back, compared to the other experimental
treatments, while T1 recorded a significant reduction in the relative weight of the
neck. We conclude from the current study that protein and energy rationing
treatments together have a positive effect in improving the weight of broiler carcass
and its main and secondary cuts under moderate conditions.

Twenty birds, from 1-2 years, were used in the current study. Duodenum samples were collected
between September 2024 and February 2025 from the Al-Samawa abattoir, and the study was
carried out in the department of anatomy and histology at the University of Al-Muthanna's
College of Veterinary Medicine.
The duodenal loop is a U-shaped tube made up of the descending and ascending limbs of the
duodenum. located between these limbs is the pancreas. Muscularis externia, tunica mucosa,
tunica submucosa, tunica serosa, and adventitia are the commonly recognized layers that make
up an organ's wall.
three stains—PAS, AB (PH-2.5), and PAS_AB [pH 1]—to the histochemical process. These
staining methods were used to identify if neutral mucins, acidic mucins, and neutral mucins
combined with acidic mucins were present or absent. There were two different kinds of villi
cells: goblet cells, which reacted positively to the PAS technique, and simple columnar cells,
which reacted negatively.
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Alcian-Blue (PH-2.5) staining of the goblet cells revealed strong reaction in the crypt of
lieberkühn as well as in the villi. These AB stain results show that the crypts and villi contain
acidic mucins.
The goblet cells reacted moderately with the stain, showing the presence of neutral and acidic
muccopolysaccharide, whereas the columnar epithelial cells reacted negatively when the tissues
of the guinea fowl's duodenal wall were stained with the combination PAS-AB (PH-1). The
connective tissue of the serosa, submucosa, and lamina propria also reacted negatively. AB, PAS
stain, and PAS + AB had negative effects on the smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis mucosa
and tunica muscularis.

Environmental pollution caused by waste accumulation is one of the most pressing global issues
today. As urbanization and industrialization accelerate, waste generation has increased exponentially,
leading to the contamination of land, water, and air, which severely impacts ecosystems and human
health. Waste, particularly plastic and organic waste, contributes significantly to environmental
degradation. Improper waste disposal methods, exacerbate pollution and result in the depletion of
natural resources. However, recycling presents a viable solution to mitigate the effects of pollution.
The process of recycling reduces the volume of waste sent to landfills, conserves raw materials, and
minimizes energy consumption. However, the effectiveness of recycling efforts is hindered by factors
such as insufficient infrastructure, limited technological advancements, and a lack of public awareness.
Despite these challenges, innovations in recycling technologies, such as advanced sorting systems,
chemical recycling, and waste-to-energy processes, show promise in improving efficiency and
expanding the types of waste that can be recycled.

This study aimed to focus light on the histomorphometry structure of the camels' thyroid
glands. For this study, 15 adult male camels were used. Grossly: The thyroid gland was made up
of two long, oval lobes near the sides of the trachea that were connected from the ventral side by
an isthmus runs along the ventral edge of trachea near the level of the second and third rings. It
was situated behind the larynx. The thyroid gland's right lobe was situated on the dorsomedial
side of trachea, which ran from the first to the eighth rings. On the medial side of the trachea, the
left lobe was situated between the second and sixth to seventh rings. The trachea was attached to
the medial portion of the lobes. They have convex lateral surfaces. Additionally, the lobes'
ventral and dorsal borders were convex. Histologically; The thyroid gland was divided into
different lobules by the penetration of the trabeculae from the collagenous connective tissue
capsule that encloses it. Follicles were create the lobules, which differ in size and shape. Large
follicles were dormant and found in the gland's periphery, whilst small follicles were active and
found in the gland's center. The follicles came in a variety of forms and sizes, including oval,
irregular, circular, and polygonal. The vascular bed of the gland's central regions is larger than
that of its outer regions. According to this study, the thyroid gland of camels contains
parafollicular cells, the majority of which are found in the gland's center. These cells are far less
2
numerous than the follicular cells and were more frequently found in the spaces between the
gland's tiny follicles. Colloid was abundant inside the follicles, and these cells are infrequently
found in the gland's periphery. The activity of the central tiny follicles was compatible with the
well-developed loose connective tissues and vascular bed in the gland's center. Conclusion,
With a few exceptions, the camel's thyroid structure was similar to that of large ruminants. It had
a thin capsule, only two types of follicular cells; parafollicular cells were very few, and a
different type of colloid. All of these factors helped the camel adapt to hot, dry, and unfavorable
climates.

A field experiment was conducted in the city of Diwaniyah, located at 44.89 degrees
longitude and 32.01 degrees latitude, for the 2022-2023 agricultural season. The aim
was to evaluate the performance of commercially introduced wheat genotypes with
approved varieties in terms of water requirements, productivity, and quality
characteristics. The experiment was implemented using a split-plot method using a
Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). Five irrigation treatments were
applied to the main plots (spate irrigation and 100% water ration for wheat, 90%
water ration, 80% water ration, and 70% water ration). Eight cultivars were applied
to the sub plots of the experimental units (Ibaa 99, Buhuth 22, Jad, Shawmbi, Afanto,
Sanzio, R Arabiya, and Wafiya), with three replicates. The wheat varieties showed
significant differences in their characteristics. The Wafia variety stood out, producing grains
with the highest average moisture content of 9.69%. This wasn't significantly different from
the Ibaa99 and Fi Sanzio varieties. Wafia also had the highest average specific weight at 83.0
kg·hectoliter⁻¹ and the highest average wet gluten percentage at 30.82%.For protein, the
Shaumbi variety excelled, giving the highest average grain protein percentage of 10.96%.
This was a statistically significant difference compared to all other varieties.The Fi Sanzio
variety grains yielded the highest extraction rate, reaching 73.58%.The water requirements
significantly affected grain moisture.The L1 treatment (flood irrigation) recorded the highest
average moisture percentage at 10.09%, and the highest average grain protein percentage
of 10.71%.a significant difference from all other water requirements treatments. The
treatment L4 resulted in the highest average specific weight of 82.45 kg·hectoliter⁻¹ Grains
from the L5 treatment (70% of the water requirements) showed the highest average wet
2
gluten at 28.82%.The results also revealed a significant interaction between the two factors
(variety and water requirements) in terms of grain moisture percentage. Specifically, the
combination of Buhuth22 variety with the L1 flood irrigation treatment produced the
highest average moisture content at 10.60%.The combination of Wafia variety with the L4
treatment yielded the highest average specific weight at 83.73 kg·hectoliter⁻¹.Finally, the
combination of Shaumbi variety with L1 flood irrigation gave the highest average flour
protein percentage at 11.53%, and this same combination also produced the highest average
wet gluten at 35.22%

A field experiment was conducted at the Al-Rumaitha District, north of Muthanna
Governorate, during the 2021-2022 winter season, to study the effect of
supplemental phosphorus application and plant spacing on vegetative growth
parameters of rapeseed crop (Pactol cultivar). A Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replicates was used. Plant spacing included the main plots, while
the sub-plots included supplemental phosphorus applications. The results indicated
that the third supplemental phosphorus treatment in plants, had an effect on the
NPK concentration, branches number, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, and
leaves number, providing the highest means, while the first addition treatment
outperformed in leaf area, the fourth addition treatment yielded the highest average
plant height. Plant spacing affected growth characteristics and yield, the third plant
distribution system yielded the highest leaf area, while the first system yielded the
highest 1000-grain weight. As for interaction, the combination between the third
addition treatment and the third plant distribution system achieved the highest
mean grain number per mustard.

This study aimed to focus light on the gross and histomorphometry structure in addition to
histochemical features of the camels' ovary. For this study, 7 ovaries (left and right) from adult
female camels were used. The camel's ovary was huge, irregularly shaped, and appeared
spherical to oval and not smooth surfaces that was somewhat convex on the medial and lateral
surfaces. The ovaries have a variety of elevated follicles, big follicle, the corpus luteum, corpus
albicanus. The medial and lateral surfaces are transparent and include several protrusions that
may indicate the presence of growing follicles or yellow bodies. The ovaries' oval to irregular
form was caused by these bodies. One or two performed, white, regressing corpus luteums and
one or two tiny, developing follicles are seen in one or two ovaries. Simple cuboidal epithelium
covered the ovaries' surface, and it was continually present at the hilus with the ovarian
ligament's mesothelium. The ovary was covered by a germinal epithelium beneath a cortex that
was packed with vascular medulla and several follicle maturation phases. The mature follicles
had cumulus oophorous, granulosa cells around the usual oocytes, and a wide antrum and thick
theca. revealed the cortex, which included many primordial follicles, was filled with various
phases of growing follicles, encircled by stromal cells that were grouped in a concentric pattern,
giving the appearance of a spindle, and having spindle basophilic nuclei in the center. Zona
2
pellucida had a robust positive PAS response. The majority of reproductive structures are found
in the ovarian cortex. The she-camel's ovaries had varying numbers of the follicles at different
stages of development. The left ovary was larger than the right in every way, and it had more
noticeable yellow bodies and ovarian follicles. Conclusion, demonstrated the follicular growth
in camels took place in a follicular wave, that ovulation may take place in both ovaries, and that
the left ovary's follicular activity may be marginally greater than the right ovary's.

This study was conducted at the Al-Raed Research Station – National Center, Ministry of Water
Resources, to evaluate two solar energy systems ( fixed and trackable solar panels) and their impact on
the performance of the Gr drip irrigation system as well as their reflection on water consumption and
sorghum yield under different soil tillage systems. A randomized complete block with a split plot design
with four replications was adopted. The results showed that the tracking solar system outperformed the
fixed system, achieving the lowest the energy consumption (1.07) kW/h, lowest water consumption was
(19.79) m³/season and the highest for sorghum yield Average (2986) kg/ha. Soil tillage systems with
spik-tooth harrows achieved the lowest average bulk density (1.02) g/cm³ and the highest Average
sorghum yield (2949) kg/ha. The results indicated that the trackable solar panels is a more efficient
option for the sustainability of agricultural resources, as they contribute to reducing energy and water
consumption, and adopting appropriate soil tillage systems.

The marshlands of southern Iraq are an ecological zone of major importance, hosting high levels of
biodiversity besides supporting large sources for the sake of both agriculture and domestic consumption:
the main basins, Basra, Maysan, Wasit, and Dhi Qar. Unfortunately, most wetlands on this earth are
doomed by various reasons such as human activities, change in climatic conditions, diversion of water
for other needs, increased salinization, and degradation in water quality, owing to meager river supply
in the rivers of Tigris and Euphrates. This work tends to analyze the physical and chemical properties
of wetland soils across these marshes, together with a detailed shape index evaluation. It reflects the
complicated inter-relationships between water flow, soil minerals, and climate, manifested in the varied
mineral composition of the four regions. The regional variation in sodium concentration was recorded
as in Maysan, 0.21%, Basra, 0.27%, Dhi Qar, 0.24%, and Wasit, 0.195%. These regional shifts are
principally due to the dissolution of halite during sodium chloride extraction. These activities
significantly retarded the water permeability of the soils while increasing the concentration of salts
within the soils - the outcomes that might seriously impact the flora and fauna. Other major nutrients of
soil, which varied in the present study besides sodium, are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and
magnesium. The levels of calcium were 9.8% in Basra, 9.0% in Maysan, and 8.6% and 8.4% in Dhi Qar
and Wasit, respectively. The levels of phosphorus are low, ranging between 0.011 and 0.020% across
the governorates. The present paper has carried out a critical analysis of soil characteristics, such as
texture, permeability, and pH. It pointed out that with lower permeability-0.5 cm hr-1
for Basra and 0.4
cm hr-1
for Dhi Qar-and more saline-12.5 dS m-1
in Basra and 13.1 dS/m in Dhi Qar-soil, both Basra and
Dhi Qar may thus be rendered comparatively more vulnerable due to the enhanced risks of salt-induced
contamination and eco-damage. On the other hand, Maysan and Wasit have more propitious conditions
for soil. It was of a more permeable content with a high organic matter content. This paper has focused
on the detailed mapping of physical and chemical features of marshland soil, which provides critical
information that could be very useful for the development of water management, agricultural practices,
and environmental conservation strategies within southern Iraq.

This study was conducted during seasons 2022/2023 in aprivate farms in Thi Qar
governorate / Al-Fadliya area with the aim of improving the salinity tolerance of the
cucumber Cucumis sativus L by foliar application of salicylic acid. The study included
three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200)% and three salt concentrations (2.5, 5,
10) dS•m⁻¹ on the cucumber hybrid 'Rami. The design of the Randomized Complete Block
Design (R.C.B.D) was used in afactorial experiment with two factors and three replicates.
The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and treatment means were compared
using the least significant differences (LSD) at 0.05. The referred treatments were studied
as irrigation salt water levels 5% and 10% led to a moral decrease in all the indicators of the
studied qualities, but the treatment External with salicylic acid with both concentrations
100, 200% led to a significant decrease/increase in all the qualities mentioned above, but
the overlaps between the treatments used in the experiment gave the treatment 2.5 dS M-1
salinity treatment with 200% salicylic acid, the highest height of the plant, the largest dry
weight, the most content of chlorophyll and carbohydrates, with values reaching 72.1 cm,
17.3 g, 23 mg . 100 gm1-
, 1.383 mg. gm1-
respectively.

The study aims to knowing the impact of economic variables regarding to (agricultural loans,
agricultural subsidies, planting lands, and the numbers of agricultural labor force) on agricultural
labor productivity. The data collected from secondary sources for the period (2000-2023). The
study conducted stationarity of the time series via using augmented Dickey-Fuller test to
estimate the parameters of the model by using ARDL model to determine impact of
independent economic variables on agricultural labor productivity. The study conclude that the
influence of agricultural loans and numbers of agricultural labor force were inverse with
agricultural labor productivity, whereas agricultural subsidies and planting lands were have
positive relation with agricultural labor productivity. The study recommended to encouraging
policy of agricultural loans and providing the subsidies to the farmers, as well as focusing on
extension programs and the agricultural labor force in terms of numbers, skills and education.

This study was conducted in the Al-Luqta Al-Jaf marsh area, located within the
administrative boundaries of Al-Muthanna Governorate, which lies between the longitudes
30'24°45" and 30'36°45" East and the latitudes 0'21°31" and 0'27°31" North, covering a total
area of approximately 20,860 hectares. The purpose was to describe and classify its soil
using remote sensing technologies and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Soil units
were delineated using remote sensing technology by employing satellite imagery from the
Landsat-8 satellite, captured on 06/17/2024, with twelve spectral bands, and necessary
corrections were applied. The unsupervised and supervised classification methods, along
with digital indicators, were utilized to prepare a soil units map using Arc Map 10.8, in
addition to field observations and the region's topography, to delineate the map units
representing the expected soil types in the study area. Where 12 auger drilling sites were
identified, six pedons were discovered, and their morphological and genetic descriptions
were conducted. Soil samples were taken from each horizon of these pedons for physical
and chemical analyses. Subsequently, soil classification was performed, and the results were
compiled in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment to produce the required
final maps. The study concluded that: 1- The results of the physical analysis showed a
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variation in texture in both vertical and horizontal directions, with textures ranging from fine
to medium in the soil pedons of the study area, dominated by silt and clay particles and a
low percentage of sand. The lowest values of bulk density were found at the surface
horizons and increased with depth. 2- The chemical analyses showed that the electrical
conductivity values for the soil horizons in the study area ranged between 5.27-38.24
decisiemens m-1 as a weighted average for each soil profile. In the horizons of Pedon 1, the
soils ranged from non-saline to low salinity, while the horizons of Pedon 5 were highly saline.
The soil pH values ranged from 7.50 to 7.87 as a weighted average per pedon, indicating a
neutral to moderately alkaline reaction. It was also observed that the gypsum content
decreased in all the study plots, which can be attributed to the nature of the parent
material, as well as agricultural exploitation due to the geographical location and the
continuous leaching processes these soils undergo during irrigation periods. Due to the fact
that the parent material is a limestone-rich sediment, there is a variation in the vertical
distribution of calcium carbonate across all horizons of the study plots, ranging between
258.1-498.9 g kg^-1 as a weighted average per plot, with a uniformity with depth. As for the
organic matter of the pedons, it ranged between 3.46-10.35 g kg^-1 as a weighted average
for each pedon, with the highest values appearing in the surface horizons, particularly in
pedons 1 and 2. 3- The results of the morphological, physical, and chemical properties,
based on the modern American classification, show that all the pedons fall within the Entisol
order. They were classified under the Fluvents suborder and the Torrifluvents great group,
and under the Typic Torrifluvents sub-group. Six series were identified: TM556, DM97,
TM977, DM97, MM6, and DF97. 4- Unsupervised and supervised classification were
conducted on the satellite imagery used for the study area, and the unsupervised
classification results suggested 6 land cover classes. The supervised classification was
performed on the data after identifying the spectral signatures for each land cover type in
the study area. The results indicated the presence of three types of land cover, and six soil
pits were selected and described morphologically, in addition to 12 auger holes where the
physical and chemical properties of the soil were measured.

Objective; This study aimed to focus light on the morphological and histological features of the
testis and epididymis of mature camel. Materials and method; the total samples were fourteen
testis and epididymis from adult healthy camel males collected from AL-Muthanna abattoir,
seven samples to each morphological and histological study. Grossly: The testis of camel was
elongated oval located within scrotum in the perineal region and directed caudo-dorsally, the
epididymis was divided into head, body and tail. The testis and epididymis in left were larger
than that in right. Histologically: The testis consists of a mass of seminiferous tubules,
surrounded by fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea; which composed of dense collagenous
tissue. A trabecula, pass inward from the tunica albuginea to form a framework for support of the
seminiferous tubules gives off several trabeculae into the interior of the testis. These trabeculae
divide the testis into lobules. Each lobule contains many seminiferous tubules. This capsule is
covered by a tunica serosa, the connective tissue of which blends with the tunica albuginea. The
tunica albuginea is continuous with the loose collagenous tissue of the mediastinum testis.
Tunica albuginea is also continuous with the testis into the lobule testis; seminiferous tubules and
rete testis are surrounded by loose collagenous tissue; Sertoli cells are elongated cells with
irregular outlines extending from the basement membrane to the lumen. Leydig cells occurred in
the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules. The seminiferous tubules are associated
2
with a specialized type of myoid cell. These cells are located within the surrounding basal
lamina. Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce A-spermatogonia, Intermediate
spermatogonia and B spermatogonia. This cyclic mitotic division activate B spermatogonia to
produce primary spermatocyte that pass through six different phases; preleptotene, leptotene,
zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis phases. The secondary spermatocyte enters the
second meiotic division which gives rise to spermatids. Differentiated by fourteen stages which
lead to form sperm; the epididymal duct was lined with pseudostratified columnar. We can
conclude that the study has shown the significant differences in terms of morphometry, and
histology of right and left testes of camel.

The study aimed to investigate the active and bioactive compounds and study the chemical
composition of roots of Salvadora persica, as well as the inhibitory effect of alcoholic
extracts on microorganisms. The results showed that the chemical composition of the
Salvadora persica roots contained moisture, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrates amounting
to 64.33%, 10.08%, 6.92%, 2.21% and 16.46%, respectively. Qualitative analysis the active
compounds of aqueous extract of Salvadora persica showed that it contained saponins,
phenols, alkaloids, steroids and tannins. GC-MS analysis of the aqueous extract of Salvadora
persica revealed 20 active compounds, the most important of which were Isothiocyanic acid
and 2,5-Dimethyl-3,4 dihydrofuran. Analysis of the alcoholic extract of Salvadora persica
revealed that it contained 18 active compounds, the most important of which were 6-
Octadecenoic acid, Isothiocyanic acid and benzylester.

A field experiment was conducted during the 2024-2025 agricultural season,
at the Research Station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, to
study the effect of different levels of humic acids (humic and fulvic) and the
frequency of irrigation on the growth and yield of sunflowers (variety Shamoos). The
experiment was carried out using a split-plot design based on a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The study included three
irrigation intervals (every 9, 11, and 13 days), and four levels of humic acids (0, 15,
30, and 45 kg ha-1). The results showed significant differences in the studied yield
traits when humic acids were added (total seed number, 1000-seed weight,
individual yield, and total yield).

The impact of pH value on important beef quality measures was explored in this research.
The pH values of the fresh beef samples were categorized according to their range of 5.4 to
6.1, and the cattle were gathered from comparable breeds and ages. There were a minimum
of five replicates in each group. Color (L* value), moisture retention, shear force
(tenderness), and subjective assessment of taste, juiciness, and tenderness were used to
evaluate meat quality, while a calibrated digital pH meter was used to determine the pH.
The results demonstrated that meat quality parameters were better with higher pH levels.
At pH 5.4–5.5, moisture retention was 82.3%; at pH 6.0–6.1, it rose to 90.5%; and at 28.7 N,
shear force fell from 40.2 N, suggesting that the material was more delicate at higher pH.
Meat became darker when the color brightness (L*) fell as the pH increased. The taste,
juiciness, and tenderness ratings on the sensory panel all went higher as the pH went up; the
group with a pH between 6.0 and 6.1 had the best marks. Although it results in darker meat,
these data imply that a higher final pH improves water-holding capacity, softness, and
sensory quality. The findings call for more study into the ways in which muscle temperature
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and pH interact to impact beef quality, and they emphasize the significance of pH control
during meat processing for optimal eating quality.

The purpose of this 21-day research was to compare the quality of beef after dry-and wetaging. The beef strip loin samples were either aged dry at a temperature of 0-3°C with
regulated humidity and air movement, or wet under vacuum at the same temperature, using
cattle of the same breed and genetic background. The greater rate of moisture loss (20.5 ±
1.2%) in dry-aged beef compared to wet-aged beef (2.3 ± 0.5%), which may be explained by
the fact that moisture evaporates throughout the dry-aging process. Warner-Bratzler shear
force, which measures tenderness, showed that dry-aged beef (32.1 ± 2.8 N) was more
tender than wet-aged beef (35.4 ± 3.1 N). There were small biochemical alterations
indicated by a slightly higher pH in the dry-aged samples (5.68 ± 0.04) compared to the wetaged samples (5.61 ± 0.03). It was found by color analysis that wet-aged beef was lighter (L*
41.5 ± 1.3) than dry-aged beef (38.2 ± 1.1). The sensory panel found that dry-aged beef had
greater taste and tenderness (8.7 ± 0.3) and juiciness (8.5 ± 0.4) ratings, compared to wetaged beef. There are clear differences in quality qualities affected by the age procedures;
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dry-aging improved taste and tenderness but reduced moisture content, whereas wet-aging
kept meat juicy but made it lighter in color.

Water quality changes due to pollution are a major environmental concern in developing countries.
Urban wastewater and industrial effluents are discharged into nearby water bodies with limited or
no treatment. The main objective of this study was to determine the extent of pollution of the
Diwaniyah River with some heavy metals (nickel, lead, and cadmium) and evaluate its suitability for
irrigation based on some water quality characteristics for irrigated agriculture and classify it
according to the most common international classification systems. Three sites along the river were
selected, and water samples were collected from the river monthly for a year, from June 2023 to
May 2024. The average values of the measured characteristics were calculated for each of the three
months, divided over the four seasons. The concentrations of heavy metals in the water samples
were measured in the laboratory according to standard procedures. According to the three metals
measured during the study, the results of this study showed that the river water is polluted with
nickel, as the highest concentration (0.374 mg L-1
) was recorded in the summer at the third site. River
water can be classified as C3S1, which is considered slightly saline and slightly sodic, meaning that
the risk of sodium ions in river water to the soil is low. It is permissible to use it for irrigation
provided that the soil leaching requirements are met.