AL-MA’HAD

The administration, while concluding the administrative contract, has to take a number of legal measures until it is concluded, and through these procedures there is an impact on others and the extent to which it is permissible to challenge the administrative contract, in its various stages, starting with its formation and passing through its implementation, so the comparative laws of France and Egypt were expanding the right of others By appealing against the administrative contract itself, in contrast to the Iraqi law, which narrows the right of others to appeal, which is limited to pre-contracting procedures. A new stage begins, which is the stage of contract implementation, which is the most important stage of concluding the administrative contract, in which the contract is terminated by implementation, and this is done by obligating the administration to develop designs and maps, which requires proper implementation

The Spread of adminstrative and Financial corruption that afflicts The Publicoffice and threatens the entity of The State-prompting The legislator to enact alaw to punish the crime of illegal in order to protect Public money. #It is also in order to set limits for the practice of the employee and the person-Also-in order to Porvent job ex and achieve the Integrity and Graft Commission Law No-30 of 2019-beca use the sufficient to deal with cases of licit enrichment.

Tourism of all kinds, including religious tourism, plays an important role in the economic and social aspects of countries, and the economic impact is shown by increasing the national income and foreign exchange balances in the country through tourism spending and foreign investment, as well as donations, donations and others, while its social effects are clear in the possibility of redistributing income by the state, supporting low-income people, providing job opportunities and addressing the problem of unemployment, as well as raising awareness. Cultural for individuals the promise of religious tourism facilities is part of the cultural heritage and the advancement of national development, and this pushes the administration to pay attention to the rest of the types of tourism considering that they affect and are affected by other types of tourism.

The organizational position of the temporary employee results in several results, the most important of which are the organizational obligations that fall upon him, followed by results, and accompanied by guarantees; Being in an organizational position makes him vulnerable to disciplinary penalties, and the employee's breach of one or some of his job duties is a matter that raises disciplinary responsibility, and his action may raise criminal and civil liability as well in light of administrative errors, and for these reasons it is necessary that we shed light in our research on the limits of the employee's responsibility temporary work in the Independent High Electoral Commission, and one of the most important conclusions also is that there is no effect on the financial position of the contracted employee; Because the contracted employee receives a lump sum that was issued according to the certificate, and an annual bonus is not calculated for them; Because there is no explicit provision in Cabinet Resolution No. (315) of 2019.

The religious reference played important roles in shaping the nation’s movement, events and situations. It had a clear impact on the great transformations that the political life witnessed after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003 , especially in the October protest demonstrations in 2019 Which had a prominent, effective and positive role in uniting the masses around the need to follow the mechanisms of peaceful deliberation to achieve their demands, draw a road map towards reform, and put pressure on the government to respond

The issue of building the state is one of the important and necessary topics, because of its impact on arranging people’s lives politically, economically, socially, and in security. Building the state is an aspiration that all countries seek to achieve because it is a measure of the progress and progress of the state.
When talking about building the state in Iraq, this does not mean that the state does not exist, but after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, the Iraqi political system was subjected to several changes, the most important of which was the change of the political system from totalitarian to democratic. Political, economic, social and security stability. However, this process is not devoid of challenges that hinder it and prevent it from being a strong and effective state, and because the geographical factor is one of the factors of the state's strength, these factors must be evaluated, in order to reach the extent of their impact on the security of the state.

Sweden ended two centuries of neutrality by applying to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and this change showed a historic shift in its foreign policy during the NATO summit on June 29, 2022, and it is a reflection of the change in the security environment in Europe that occurred as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Which caused a major change in its European environment, and represented a direct threat to Northern Europe. Sweden's abandonment of the policy of neutrality came under the pressure of Russian attempts to restore its position in northern Europe, especially in the Baltic Sea, and attempts to militarize the Arctic. This made it imperative for Sweden to re-evaluate its foreign and security policy and direct it to take shelter under the umbrella of NATO, a directive that goes beyond the old military traditions it has adopted since 1814.

Japan witnessed profound transformations after 1868, not only at the level of producing material technologies, but also at the level of reproducing a new system of values, showing the extent of the Japanese people’s keenness to advance their reality, its strength: a mixture of value, moral and educational rules, whose roots are derived from the national heritage And the data of the new life in the second half of the nineteenth century, and among its most important principles: commitment, accuracy, and order or discipline at the collective level.
The research discusses the experience of modernization in Japan through three stages, the first stage is the Meiji experience 1868-1912, the second stage is the Taisho experience until the end of World War II 1912-1945, and the third stage is the experience after World War II until the end of the Showa era 1989. Before those stages The research reviews the events that paved the way for that experience, especially the Japanese-American Treaty of 1858, and the subsequent transition of Japan from an agricultural country to a country that entered the industrial era, to begin with one of the most successful modernization experiences in history.
The research also focuses on the success of the experience of rising again after the loss of World War II to form Japan an economic empire that continued to dominate Asia until the twenty-first century. To be leading countries that allow specific forms of production to leak to peripheral countries, and explain that vision that Japan is a major economic power that can lead East Asian countries to industrialization.

The developer of industrial cities has a vital and key role in the field of establishing industrial cities, and until the state is sure of his efficiency and ability to complete these investment projects, it has put in place many controls that outline his rights and define his obligations, so that it can protect the public interest on the one hand, and the developer's interest on the one hand. other.
These obligations find their basis in the texts of laws and instructions related to industrial cities and investment, in addition to the customs and norms followed in this field, and then it is the responsibility of the developer of industrial cities to implement them in good faith, whatever their source. The establishment of the industrial city, and the commitment to develop it, and with the exception of it, they are obligations arising from them, and accordingly, we will highlight through this research the most important obligations that define the work of the developer, the violation of which entails the imposition of legal sanctions on him by the competent authority.

The investment is good in the economy, and the economy of countries, and it was a role in exercising, and it was an economic, economic and economic role, which necessitated the development of strategies for development and within a social and economic, which called for the development of strategies and effectiveness in that and then investing in its two local and two sides, Investment returns, investment, investment, investment, investment, investment, investment, investment in Iraq and the foreigner. Because it contributes to raising the efficiency of the tool and the productivity of other elements, as well as considering them as the elements of development in the elements of development, and the main source of the general budget.

In view of the characteristics of the traffic fine imposed by the competent department that are similar to those of a purely criminal penalty, especially with regard to the general characteristics, the nature of reprimand and punishment, and since the main purpose of granting the administration the penal authority to sign the traffic fine is to provide protection for road users and achieve deterrence for offenders In order to achieve this goal, the traffic administration must adhere to a set of rules and principles that are considered as the legal guarantees necessary for the validity of imposing these fines without infringing on the rights of individuals, and to prevent the administration from arbitrarily using the authority granted to it.

If the purpose of the acquisition is to achieve the public benefit, however, the management’s acquisition of the property may result in severe damages that sometimes exceed the benefits intended to be achieved, there is a conflict between two public interests Or other times, damages are caused in the reality of the private benefit, certain properties are affected by this acquisition, we are in the process of conflicting between the public interest and the private interest. This damage is not the result of the intentional direction of the possessed administration's will to achieve it, rather, it arose in an emergency and accidental way because of the type of benefit resulting from the projects built on the expropriated property, this prompted some legislations to confront with preventive means represented by extensive judicial oversight to balance the harms and benefits that could be achieved if the expropriation took place. When there is a conflict between two public interests,as for the second form of conflict, judicial oversight does not provide protection for the private interest, because when it conflicts with the public interest, the latter prevails over the former, therefore, the legislator adopted another preventive means represented by the regular and subsidiary legislation regulating the establishment of the public interest.

The crime of housing in a house or apartment without permission or a contract owned by the state is one of the important crimes organized by the Iraqi legislator in the Legislative Decision of the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council No. 36 of 1994. The legislator came with a punishment for this crime commensurate with the time that the legislation came, but this crime began to spread after 2003 and the importance of the homes and apartments belonging to the state, but the encroachment on them by housing by citizens hinders the work of some departments and this in turn affects the work of public utilities from providing services regularly. Apartments belonging to the state without fundamental approvals, and the second pillar is the local pillar, which is the house and apartments belonging to the state, and the third and last pillar is the moral pillar, and the legislator in this crime requires the general criminal intent, and we have divided the research into three investigations, the first is the nature of the housing crime and we will address in the topic The second is the elements of the crime. In the third topic, we allocate the penalty for the crime of living in a house or apartment without permission or a contract.

This research aims to identify the role of flexibility in achieving strategic sustainability in the company of Fayd al-Qesim in the province of Najaf, as the The researcher used two main variables: the independent variable which is flexibility, And the variable adopted is Strategic Sustainability and its dimensions (Environmental orientation, Social orientation, Economic orientation), These variables reflect the nature of the search hypotheses of correlation and effect. The survey questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting research data. The questionnaire was distributed to 70 the leaders in the company of Fayd al-Qesim of the research community(311), And received (66) form valid for statistical analysis A number of tools and methods statistical were used to analyze the practical aspect of research such as arithmetic mean and standard deviation, And analysis barametric Confirmation And the Pearson correlation coefficient and the simple and multiple regression coefficient were analyzed by statistical programs (Smart PLS V.4.0.8.4 , SPSS V.26)

Based on the principle of the gradation of legal rules, the executive authority, like the rest of the authorities, is subject to the constitution. Executive systems, and the defect that affects executive systems may be the defect of unconstitutionality when it directly violates the constitution, or the executive authority is directly subject to the constitution when the systems are directly based on the constitution. This is in independent, delegated and necessary systems, but the subjection of independent systems to judicial oversight is controversial in comparative legislation, as independent systems in France are subject to the oversight of the administrative judiciary (Council of State), and the Constitutional Council does not intervene except to protect the space reserved for the independent list, while it is subject to the oversight of the constitutional judiciary. If it violates the constitution and is subject to the supervision of the administrative judiciary, if it violates the law in both Egypt and Iraq, in addition to the role of the ordinary judiciary in abolishing Illegal seizure regulations in France and refraining from applying them in Egypt and Iraq.

The unilateral will tainted by a foreign element may erupt in a specific dispute, which requires defining the applicable law for this type of behavior that takes place with one unilateral will. From this award, which is from another country, which requires determining the applicable law by defining the base of attribution that determines the law applicable to the individual will, since there is no explicit legal text in Iraqi laws, specifically n the Iraqi civil law that specifies the law applicable to the individual will which requires reference to the general rules, contained in the text of Article (25), which define the rules of attribution to which international Contracts are subject but with the exception of the rule of the law of will (the chosen law), which cannot be applied to the individual will, due to the characteristic of the individual will, which is carried out by the will of one party. In contrast to international contracts, which are done by the will of the two contracting parties, if the domicile law can be considered as one of the original and most compelling controls. It is important for the rule of the individual will and in the inability to know it, it is possible to resort to the control of the place of conclusion, in addition to the existence of some precautionary controls that the judge can resort to in cases where the original controls are absent.

Development has become a worldwide debatable subject and in international gatherings. It has been closely attached to Human Rights since those two subjects are closely related. The reason is that their main correlation is cornering Humans and, thus, they are the vital core for development. By which, development has been classified as a right for humans and the turning point of the sustainable development has maintained the centrality of humans as one of its goals.
The concept of sustainable development has focused on the shift from the economic-oriented traditional concept of development to the human development focusing on the idea of integration between Human rights (whether civil, political, economic, social, and cultural ones) to the right of development and environmental preservation for the coming generations aiming to maintain those rights.
The International Law has maintained a special attention for Human Rights by the international human rights instruments which have ensured special mechanisms to preserve those rights. Many challenges have been imposed in reality which have challenged the applications of sustainable development goals. This has led to figure out some of those challenges in order to propose some solutions that will ensure the preservation of Human Rights and the application of sustainable development goals together at a one stance.

The international community and its legal system have sought to surround narcotics and psychotropic substances and their illicit use by seeking to establish preventive and curative measures. And their increase, which opens the way for illegal circulation, and therefore licensing and circulation were imposed, as well as a statement of the type of drugs to be produced and the aspects of their consumption and distribution, and the establishment of an international legal system for control, inventory and international inspection of activities related to narcotic drugs.

The Prime Minister and the Ministers, the President of the Council, the Council of Ministers and the Ministers, the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister, and to ensure tourism in the area adjacent to it, in addition to quasi-judicial judicial oversight, which refers to it as constitutional, in addition to judicial oversight exercised by the private judicial bodies.

Some of the leading countries have enacted laws dealing with conflicts of interest in these companies, although these initiatives are shy and at their beginning, or they have included some articles that deal with these cases within laws without enacting a unified law specific to conflicts of interest. The aim behind all of this is to ensure good management, which confirms Integrity and transparency to the public.
It can be said that the conflict of interests is a circumstance or a realistic situation that arises in the hypothesis in which the same person is assigned to follow up or complete two or more interests, when these interests are contradictory or conflicting, and in order to reach them, the concept of conflict of interest in credit rating companies must first be explained, Then a statement of cases of conflict of interest arising from the practice of this activity in the stock market, so we will divide this research into two requirements, the first in which we will deal with the concept of conflict of interest in credit rating companies, while the second, we will deal with cases of conflict of interest in credit rating companies.

The European company is considered one of the most important economic drivers of the European market, as its establishment was considered a real economic revolution and an actual addition not only to the internal legislation of the member states of the European Union, but also to the necessary field or space required for the practice of commercial activity for companies in this union. It is also a company that falls within the capital companies, and it is very close to the legal system of the joint stock company, and the liability of its shareholders is limited to the amount of the nominal value of the shares that they subscribed to, and it aims to satisfy international needs. The European company is distinguished by some special and distinctive characteristics of its nature, which take it out of the legal framework of fund companies. Also, the European company can only be established in three ways, which is the method of incorporation through a merger between companies, or through a holding company, or through the transformation of a joint-stock company into a European company. It differs from the rest of the companies in that it enjoys great flexibility in moving its place of residence from one country to another within the European Union, and has some special rules governing its management and how it expires.

The practice of pharmacist work at the present time is carried out according to strict controls and conditions that will be explained, which made personal consideration an important factor in this profession, sometimes in the relationship between the pharmacist and the customer, and at other times it is related to the person of the pharmacist practicing that work. Profession leave.

Banning the hijab by governments is not a new thing, but it is relatively new in European countries, the beginning was in France in 2004, when it banned the hijab in schools, followed by several European countries, and the forms of prohibition varied to include the burqa, the niqab and the burkini, within the national scope of the state or the local scope of the municipality These laws included penalties including fines that could reach imprisonment.
As for the European courts, the position of some of them was in support of the ban and others against it, most notably the decisions of the European Court of Justice in 2017 and 2021, which gave companies and employers the power to prevent the employment of veiled women.
This ban has various apparent and hidden reasons, some of which may reflect preconceived convictions rooted in history, and this has led to many effects on European public opinion, and social, security and economic effects that greatly affected the job opportunities of veiled women, according to documented studies.

Cyber- bullying is a recent growing adverse phenomenon in the Arab societies. It appeared coinciding with the use of modern technology and information networks in social communication. Many legal issues arise in light of this context, however the most important issue which is the lack of government observation or regulation. Therefore, this led to use it to harm others in a deliberate and aggressive manner. This harm can come from publishing or sharing content, a picture or a video of a person without his consent, manipulating pictures and videos to defame or belittle the other or annoy him, to appear in a bad situation. Thus, this requires the Iraqi legislator to enact a special law or to amend the Penal Code to criminalize this phenomenon. Many Arab countries dealt with this matter, such as, the Egyptian legislator by enacting Law No. (189) for the year 2020 amending the Egyptian Penal Code No. (58) for the year 1937

It is known that the United States of America is characterized by moving and expanding towards important and vital regions, relying on several entrances, including military, diplomatic and economic, and the African Sahel region is one of the regions that the United States of America has been interested in for more than two decades, as this region has become a focus of great interest On the part of the US administration, several programs have been put in place for it to extend its influence in several countries of the same region, and the reason for this is due to the increase in the influence of the armed movements in them, as well as the increasing strategic importance that the Gulf of Guinea represents for the energy security of the United States of America.

The Iraqi political elite's management of societal diversity after the change of the political system in 2003,We note the relationship between them as the relationship of factional components with political elites who have assumed the tasks of power and do not represent the majority of diversity, In the sense of each elite that reaches power represents its own category only. The process of researching the Iraqi elites and studying the management of diversity, and if they find the areas of difficulty in them, but they are not impossible in them; It is a national and scientific research mission in order to make the performance of the political elites mixed with correct academic work, and the reason is that we note that all previous electoral cycles pass on their political performance has become a thing of the past; Therefore, we always need to study it and take care of it for a prosperous Iraqi future for all its citizens. And in order for there to be a good administration in Iraq, the political elites must move away from conflict and permanent disharmony, and accept the other by ending (their political conflict) that has continued since 2003, and the solutions are simple, including accepting coexistence through spreading sound awareness of the citizen, including finding The fittest among the elites for the administration to assume the societal diversity away from factionalism and its affiliates; Then the political legitimacy of the system becomes acceptable to the citizen.