Journal of University of Babylon

This research explores the cinematic techniques in the poem "What the Clouds of Ends Rained" by poet Jassim Al Sahyeh. It begins with several questions: What cinematic techniques did the poet rely on in shaping his poem? How did the poet enrich his poetic experience with these techniques? Did this enrichment add to the poem? What did the reader gain from this enrichment? The research aims to achieve several objectives, including identifying the cinematic techniques the poet used in the poem’s structure, analyzing how they were employed, revealing their semantic and aesthetic value in the text, and their impact on the reader's consciousness. The research uses a descriptive-analytical approach to describe, study, analyze, and apply the phenomenon. It is organized into an introduction, a prelude, three main sections, and a conclusion. The introduction sets the stage for the research, while the prelude discusses the artistic overlap between poetry and cinema. The first section focuses on the camera technique in the text, the second addresses the cinematic monologue technique, and the third examines the technique of editing and montage. The research concludes that Al-Sahyeh relied on camera, monologue, and montage techniques in the structure of his poem, which allowed him to express his thoughts and emotions, enhance suggestion, and intensify meanings in the text. He was able to present his poetic experience in a series of events with a well-structured narrative and theme.

This paper explores the influence of specific linguistic choices on the power dynamics established in the discourse of South Africa's case on 29 December 2023 and Israel's text on 17 May 2024 in the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Critical Discourse Analysis investigates how language is employed as a tool for contesting, negotiating, and asserting power. Although political speeches participate in shaping public opinions and discourse, there is a lack of adequate understanding regarding specific linguistic strategies employed by political leaders to establish and reinforce power dynamics. Therefore, this study attempts to bridge this gap by providing answers for questions like: What linguistic strategies do South Africa and Israel employ to assert their authority and legitimacy? How do certain rhetorical devices function to influence political ideologies? And finally, why do South Africa and Israel employ these linguistic markers?
Drawing on the discourse as text dimension of Fairclough’s (1995) Three-Dimensional Model and using a qualitative and quantitative method, the study aims at extracting the linguistic choices that represent power dynamics in the discourse in question. The study findings show that South Africa used declarative negative sentences as a subtle strategy within its framework of polite language to emphasize control and domination maintaining indirectness and social harmony. On the other hand, Israel's used long and indirect sentences and many impolite expressions.

David Pelzer's memoir The Lost Boy (1997) captures the dreadful circumstances of his life after suffering from emotional, psychological, and physical abuse at the hands of his alcoholic mother, and how he was rescued from his life-draining surroundings. Zastrow’s social work perspective is one of the frameworks pertaining to domestic abuse that can be applied in understanding the context of Pelzer’s life. The Lost Boy is the second manuscript in sequences that tells the story of David Pelzer. This study reveals the tragic complexities of the abusive relationship between Dave and his mother, analyzing the traumatic experiences of childhood abuse through the framework of Charles Zastrow’s social work perspective. Dave’s narrative springs a harrowing account of his suffering and survival under the oppressive abuse of his mother. The study also examines how Pelzer’s experiences reflect broader societal issues related to domestic abuse. It addresses the long-term impacts of abuse on personal development and the process of recovery. This research aims to deepen the understanding of the nature of abuse and contribute to more effective approaches in preventing and responding to domestic abuse, both in the context of social work and broader societal frameworks.

In many facets of life, such as intimate partnerships, commercial dealings, and international diplomacy, negotiation is essential. A thorough comprehension of the value of negotiation can enable people to successfully negotiate difficult situations and get the results they want. The current study aims to analyze samples of negotiation among three nations (Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan) about the renaissance dam on the Nile River basing on Searle’s (1969) Speech Act Theory to provide us with a framework for understanding the complexity of human communication on one hand and the profound influence of words and negotiation skills, on the other hand to reach to satisfactory solutions for all parties. The current study depends on the following processes in order to fulfill its objectives: reviewing the literature on negotiation tactics between these parties regarding the Nile River dam project; surveying the literature on related pragmatic and discursive concepts and the theoretical underpinnings of the study. The study hypotheses that the pragmatic tools of Searle among parties may enhance negotiation tactics. The study's findings unequivocally show how ineffectual it was to use Searle's (1969) speech acts as a template for these three nations' negotiations. Large diplomatic disparities were evident in the overall outcome and effectiveness of those discussions, as Commissives expressions dominated those negotiations (58%), followed by Directives (23%), and Expressives ranked third (10%). Assertives and Declarations acts were not employed at all (0%).

This paper addresses an important poetic issue in light of the flourishing of prose poetry, which was accompanied by doubt since its emergence with the magazine (Poetry). What concerns us in this paper is to demonstrate the extent of the conscious and subconscious identification of the prose poetry with the mystic poetry, as it is one of the important literary references upon which the writer relies. The paper is put in two parts: (1) the identification in terms of establishing the concept of artistic independence and (2) the new artistic vision or artistic renewal. Among the most important results reached by the paper is that the prose poetry identifies with mystic poetry in that they both search for an independent interpretation of the text away from general literary references, and that condensation, ambiguity and strangeness are all artistic techniques in which prose poetry and mystic poetry identifies, except that their objectives are clear in the mystic text, while prose poetry may exceed the limit of endless ambiguity.

The present study offers a sociolinguistic discussion of the immigration discourse featured in the 2024 presidential debates between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris.
The problem of the theme of immigration in the presidential debates between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris lies in how deeply polarized, politically charged, and linguistically manipulated the topic has become.
By using Basil Bernstein’s theory of language codes and William Labov’s narrative analysis,the study explores how each of the candidates utilize different linguistic strategies to constitute immigration.But Trump’s rhetoric is a constrained code,moreover, Labov’s framework exposes divergences in narrative form, with Trump depending on crisis-led narratives and Harris emphasizing explanatory causes and a policy sensibility.
Indeed, the findeings emphasize the way in which the choice of words can shape political narratives, reinforce ideological divisions, and have an impact on voters' perceptions. It has been concluded that the discourse of Trump uses alarmist and securitized language, depicting immigration as a national crisis that endangers American sovereignty. He uses negative word choices and strong emotive metaphors to amplify fear and advocate for extreme border protection policies. Unlike Harris, Trump sees border control policies in more humanized and procedural tones highlighting empathy, legal change, and the identity of America as a land of immigrants. She takes a characteristically rights-based stance focused on vulnerable populations, inclusion and pathways to citizenship and, most importantly, protection. This comparison sheds light on how each candidate attempts to navigate and elaborate upon sociopolitical identities through projection of policy stances using immigration policies as a primary tool for discourse.

This study aimed to provide student teachers with some basic skills for e-learning and reduce the cognitive load during training. and The research sample consisted of 14 practical education students at the Faculty of Education at the University of Aleppo, and the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach and the semi-experimental approach, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared the training program, a test for cognitive achievement, a note card for e-learning skills and a measure of cognitive load, and the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in each of the cognitive achievement test The results also showed the effectiveness of the training program in providing student teachers with e-learning skills, where the size of the effect was calculated using Black's law, and the adjusted gain rate for the experimental group was (1.4), which is higher than the standard ratio set by Black (1.2), and the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of cognitive load in favor of the research sample, which indicates the effectiveness of the training program in reducing the cognitive burden among the sample members.

Take up of the research is Attitudes Of The basic Education Cycle Teachers to Using (Wheatley) Constructivist Model in Teaching Mathematics and Science Subject, The research sample consisted of (182) teachers , They were distributed according to sex for man and Women teachers, and Academic degree Variable to institute , University leave and postgraduate Diploma teachers , The descriptive approach was used , A questionnaire was built consisting of (30) Items , teacher and learner axis , The results concluded that The overall average of the questionnaire was high , also found that he has learner axis to first Place , and teacher axis Second Place , and , and The results concluded that There Were no statistically significant differences between the mean Scores teachers in Attitudes questionnaire of The basic Education Cycle Teachers to Using (Wheatley) Constructivist Model in Teaching Mathematics and Science Subject according to sex variable , and There Were statistically significant differences between the mean Scores teachers in Attitudes questionnaire according to Academic degree Variable in favor of postgraduate Diploma teachers.

Political authority in society represents a lofty goal upon which the sustainable management and organization of society is based. This right is vested in it by virtue of the law, distinguishing it from other existing authorities in non-political societies, such as clans, tribes, religious authority, the authority of the father in the family, the authority of the head of a party, union, or association, and other authorities to which human groups are subject. All of these are human groups that cannot be formed or sustained unless they are subject to their own authority.
Therefore, the overall political society must be organized and nurtured by political authority, as it is the framework that regulates and regulates the behavior and positions of groups, both formal and informal, which cannot exist in isolation from one another due to the interactions that govern their collective work to the extent that it meets the needs of all, both individuals and groups. In accordance with the above, everyone must have a shared political and societal awareness that society is worthless without existence, organization, management, and stability. This is achieved through the presence of political authority, which organizes it and grants it a distinct entity and the ability to manage intertwined and conflicting relationships and interests to serve the interests of all.

This paper aims to identify the effectiveness of the 4MAT model in acquiring literary texts and developing meditative thinking skills among fifth-grade literary students. The researcher followed the experimental method and selected a sample of fifth-grade literary students in one of the schools of Baghdad Education Directorate/ Third Rusafa to implement the experiment. The sample consists of (62) students representing two groups: the first is the experimental group with (30) students and the second is the control group with (32) students. The researcher has equated the two paper groups in the variables of age, parents' academic achievement, previous year's grades, and the pre-reasoning test. The researcher identified the scientific material that included topics from the Arabic language textbook scheduled to be taught to fifth-grade literary students. He also formulated behavioral objectives for the topics, the final number of which reached (79). The researcher prepared model teaching plans for each of the topics specified for the experiment. In order to measure achievement and reflective thinking among students in the two groups, the researcher prepared two tests: the first was an achievement test in literary texts and the other was a test of reflective thinking skills. After verifying its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties, the tool was applied and the results were statistically analyzed. The researcher concluded that the 4MAT model had a positive impact on the achievement of literary texts and reflective thinking skills of students in the experimental group compared to the traditional method. The researcher recommended adopting the 4MAT model in teaching the remaining curriculum items to fifth-grade literary students.

The research aims to identify the most important social topics presented by dubbed Turkish TV series and their approach to real reality through the use of methodological, theoretical and analytical frameworks, revealing the positive and negative values they adopted and investigating the methods used in presenting and dealing with dramatic events and the direction of dramatic content in the series that are the research sample. A content analysis form was used as a research tool, including main and sub-categories that show the type of content and how to address it. The research community consisted of series produced by the MBC Group in an Arabic version copied from previously shown Turkish series, The total research sample was represented by three dubbed series, and the research reached several results, as social topics topped the content of the dramatic text in the dubbed series, and family life topics came first, represented by (psychological illnesses and complexes, emotional relationships, and betrayal), While the emergence of the issue of social violence dominated the behavior of the individual and his dealings with his society, and it formed, along with the categories of threat and revenge, a trio upon which the events of the series are based. These series were interested in presenting topics of modern fashion and displaying fashions and beauty, and at the same time they promoted customs and traditions such as drinking alcoholic beverages as if it were an official drink there, as is the case in some countries.

There is a way to engage narrative discourse, with its various designations and components, as narratives attempt, using various tools, procedural or performative, to control it and monitor its transformations within a general theoretical framework. The specificity of the narrative engagement in "The Daughters of Gha’ib Tua’ma Farhan" lies in reading the margin and the unspoken within the framework of a narrative experience of the absurd, hoping to restore Baghdad to its glory and palm trees, which Farman abandoned after its people and loved ones abandoned it. The research space is divided into the metanarrative, the marginalization space suffered by its characters, and the crisis of the Iraqi intellectual, luring events and wandering through the difficult labyrinths of the Iraqi situation. The margin becomes the true narrative body in a personal experience through which Al-Zaidi attempts to engage the intellectual in dialogue about their crises within the space of marginalization and estrangement. This contributes to revealing the contradictions of the center and dismantling its influence, so that writing becomes the reaction, and reading becomes the production of continuous discourses of response.