Rafidain journal of science

Thirty male albino rats were used to investigate the effect of green tea extract on pancreas,
renal and hepatic histological parameters in alloxan induced diabetes mellitus.
The animals were randomly distributed into five groups of six animals in each group. The
first group was regarded as normal healthy control, the second group was regarded as diabetic
control, the third group was treated with insulin, the fourth group was treated with green tea
extract, 50 mg/kg body weight (GTE50), and the fifth group was treated with GTE100.
This study showed that functionally diabetes related organs such as pancreas, kidney and
liver showed diabetes related pathological changes and these revealed a noticeable tendency for
reversion to normal after treatment with green tea extract.

The research includes the study of some protease properties in seven patients
diagnosed with kidney tumors. Three of them were benign and the others were malignant.
The samples were collected from the patients directly after undergoing the surgery in
Al-Jamhoory hospital in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq.
Protease enzyme was isolated using different biochemical techniques, like ammonium
sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography on sephadex G-100. The
comparative molecular weight of protease was determined using gel filtration and was
found to be (72000 and 75000 ± 2000) dalton for benign and malignant tumors respectively.
The results showed that there was a (55%) increase in the specific activity of protease
in malignant kidney tumors than benign.
The optimum conditions for protease activity were obtained using sodium borate
buffer at pH (8.8) for (1) minute incubation at (40°C) and (0.4) mM of casein as a substrate
Vmax and Km were found to be (0.87 U/ml) and (0.22 mM) respectively by Linweaver-Burk
plot.
Finally, the effect of some chemical compounds like iodoacetamide, mercurous
chloride, zinc sulphate showed an inhibition impact on protease activity while calcium
sulphate and magnesium chloride demonstrated an increase effect on the protease activity.

A new series of transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II),
and Hg(II), with Schiff base (L) (N-(N-benzilidine aminoethyl) iodomethylene
dithiocarbamate) is derived from (2- aminoethyldithiocarbamato -iodomethane) and
benzoyl, by (1:2) metal to ligand molar ratio. The complexes were characterized by metal
analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance and IR, UV-Vis, spectral studies. The
data showed that these complexes have the composition of [ML2Cl2] type. The UV-Vis
spectral and magnetic susceptibility of the complexes suggest an octahedral geometry
around each central metal ion.

This study was done to assess the effects of metformin and glibenclamide on serum leptin
concentration in type 2 diabetic patients. The study involved 137 patients suffering from type 2
diabetes mellitus. They were divided into 3 groups. The first group involves 35 newly
diagnosed diabetic patients, who did not take any hypoglycemic agents. The second group
involves 52 patients on metformin monotherapy, whereas the third group involves 50 patients
on glibenclamide monotherapy. Another group which involved 35 apparently healthy subjects
was used as control group. These four groups were matched. age, gender, and BMI Serum
glucose concentration was estimated by the enzymatic method, while serum leptin
concentration was measured using ELISA kit. The results showed that serum leptin
concentration was lower in metformin group than that in glibenclamide group. In addition,
there was a significant correlation between serum leptin level and BMI. No correlation was
found between serum leptin level and fasting serum glucose. Therefore, the results indicated
that metformin, in compared with glibenclamide, can significantly reduce the serum leptin
concentration in overweight diabetic patients, consequently reducing the resistance against
hormone action, and improving its action, which may lead to explain the known anorexigenic
effect of metformin and its ability to reduce or prevent weight gain. In conclusion, plasma
leptin level can be used as an indicator for the choice of treatment in those diabetic patients.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of menopause on: body mass
index (BMI), serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, total calcium, uric acid,
activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP 5b).
The study involves 50 participants who were categorized into two groups; premenopausal
women group (n=25) (age, 47.18 ±4.10 years) and postmenopausal women group (n=25)
(age, 58.58 ±4.51years). In comparative evaluation, the serum total protein, calcium, uric
acid, activity of ACP and TRACP 5b were found to be significantly increased (p<0.05) in
post menopausal women as compared to premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women
are exposed to a greater risk of serum biochemical changes as compared to the
premenopausal women, thus leading to an increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular
diseases after menopause.

New complexes of dithiocarbamate of the general formula [M(3-MeoPrdtc)2] and
[M(3-MeoPrdtc)2.nL] Where M= Fe(ΙΙ), Co(ΙΙ), Ni(ΙΙ), Cu(ΙΙ) and Zn(ΙΙ), and (3-MeoPrdtc)
=3-Methoxypropyldithiocarbamate, and n=2 when L= pyridine, Isoquinoline, γ-picoline,
3,5-lutidine, n=1 when L= ethylenediamine, (1,10)-phenanthroline, have been prepared and
characterized by metal analyses, infrared, conductance measurements, electronic absorption
spectra and suscetptibility measurements. Magnetic moment and electronic spectra, indicate
that the complexes of the type [M(3-meoprdtc)2] are of tetrahedral geometry while the
complexes of the type [M(3-meoprdtc)2.nL] have octahedral geometry.

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method is proposed for the
determination of thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) in both pure form and in its
pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction
between vitamin B1 and known amount of chromate CrO4
-2 in acidic medium of 2N
H2SO4. Then, the excess of chromate is measured via 1,5-diphenylcarbazide which gives a
pinkish-violet, water soluble and stable complex and exhibits maximum absorption at 543
nm, with a molar absorptivity of 1.5×104 l. mol-1. cm-1, Sandell's sensitivity index of
0.02248 μg.cm-2 and a relative standard deviation of ±0.31 to ± 0.57%, depending on the
concentration level. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range from 0.4 to 40 μg.
ml-1 of thiamine hydrochloride. The present method has been developed for the
determination of thiamine hydrochloride in the presence of sulphite. The proposed method
has been applied successfully to the determination of vitamin B1 in pharmaceutical
preparations.

The research included an estimation of the concentration of obestatin hormone level in
diabetic patients (Type I and Type II) and control.
The results demonstrated that the normal mean of obestatin hormone in serum was
(306.54 ± 3.0pg/ml) in control for both sexes, with the ages range between (less or equal to
15 - more or equal to 55) year.
The results demonstrated a significant decrease in the level of obestatin hormone in
serum of type I and type II diabetic patients compared to control, and between types I & II
diabetic patients.
The data showed that the level of obestatin hormone was not affected by age and sex,
in control and diabetic patients, while showed a significant decrease according to body mass
index (BMI) in control and diabetic patients (Type I and II). A significant gradual decrease
in the concentration of obestatin as glucose concentration increases in diabetic patients was
also observed.
The results showed a significant increase of adiponectin concentration between type I
diabetic patient compared to type II, control, and a significant decrease in the concentration
of adiponectin in diabetic patients (type II) compared with control.
Correlation coefficients of obestatin hormone with some biochemical parameters of
control and diabetic patients showed that obestatin hormone has a significant negative
correlation with glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol and LDL-C.
Also, there was a significant positive correlation with HDL-C and adiponectin in
control and diabetic patients (type I and II).
The result showed that obestatin hormone has a significant negative correlation with
insulin, VLDL-C, total lipids in type II diabetic patients. Also, with triglyceride in control
and type II diabetic patient.
It was concluded that low level of obestatin hormone index is a serious risk of diabetes
mellitus and a major role for obestatin in diabetes mellitus type II. Moreover, the level could
be used as a marker for diabetes mellitus and its role in obesity.

The concept of the mass in (QCD) was discussed. The Schwarzschild radii and the
Compton wave length of different types of quarks have been found. The comparison between
the Schwarzschild radii with the proton and neutron radii shows that the quarks behave like a
point particle inside the nucleon. It is found that the Compton wave lengths of the up and down
quarks are of the order of the nucleon radii.

A modification for Brich-Murnghan EOS and Bardeen EOS to meet the spinodal
conditions has been established. Evaluation of spinodal pressure for Si and Ge, using these
modified EOSs show a good agreement with the theoretical results shown in literatures.

45 blood samples were collected from people suffering from different symptoms, with
5 samples of the healthy people as a control, were the presence of Antinuclear antibodies
was screened using ELISA Technique as it appeared in 13 cases and by 28.9% of patients,
while Anti Extracts nuclear antibodies appeared in 3 cases only and by 6.66%, compared
with control samples which did not show any type of Autoantibodies, where the incidence
of SLE in 3 patients and by 6.66%. As shown 38.23% of the patients increase for the ESR,
and 5.88% of the patients decrease of white blood cells count, and decrease in platelet count
in 11.76% of patients, and showed a decrease in the values of Haemoglobin with 32.32% of
the patients, it also appeared an increase of the uric acid in 6 cases and 13.3% of the
patients, and appeared 11.11% of the patients increase of the Creatinine, also showed SLE
disease higher in the females was 66.7% compare with male and the same percentage
showed infection age group between 30-40 years old

Four hundred samples were collected from various sources (healthy skin of human,
diabetics, thalassemic, turbculosis patients and soil, air samples) for the period from August
2011 to February 2012. One hundred twenty four isolates belonging to Micrococcus spp.,
Citrococcus spp., Kocuria spp. were identified to species level and classified depending on
90 morphological, Biochemical, Physiological and Molecular characteristics.
The highest rate of isolation was 49.2% which belonged to the species Micrococcus
luteus and then 16.1% to M.lylae, followed by 8.9% to Kocuria varians and 8% to both of
M.antarcticus, M.endophyticus, K.rhizophila 4.8%, K.kristinae 2.4%, two isolates of
Citrococcus spp. 1.6% and one isolate of K.polaris 0.8%. Numerical classification by
cluster analysis was carried out and six methods of clustering were compared of which the
farthest neighbor linkage method proved to be the most convenient.
The percentage of similarity between the isolates determined using simple matching
coefficient (Ssm), so the isolates were grouped into seven main clusters A, B, C, D, E, F,G,
and 19 sub clusters. The first main cluster A and the sub clusters B4, B3, B1, C4, C3, C2,
C1 included isolates of the species M.luteus, the sub clusters B2, B5 included isolates of the
genus Citrococcus spp. and the sub cluster C5 included isolates of the species K.rhizophila,
the sub clusters C6 included isolates of the species K.varians, the sub cluster C7 included
isolates of the species M.antarcticus, the main cluster D included isolates which belonged to
the species K.kristinae, the main cluster E included isolates belonged to the species
M.endophyticus, the main cluster F included isolates belonging to the speices M.lylae, the
last cluster G included one isolate belonging to the species K.polaris.
Twelve isolates selected from most clusters in hierarchical dendrogram for separation
of cellular fatty acids using Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) showed that 3 isolatesbelonging to species M.luteus had the same fatty acid at different concentrations, although
they belong to different clusters, also there is heterogencity in present and concentration of
fatty acid between the species and this had a major role in the diagnosis of the species
M.lylae from M.luteus also have a role in distinguished Citrococcus from the genera
Micrococcus and Kocuria, the fatty acid stearic and valeric were absent in all isolates
analyzed by GLC which have a role in confirming diagnosis of members of the genus
Micrococcus and distinguishing them from the genus Staphylococcus.

In this study we isolated and identified two species of bacteria degrading cellulose and
semicellulose; C. cellulovorans and C. cellulolyticum of decaying wood samples, which
were obtained from different parts of Mosul city.
The study showed that C. cellulovorans had the ability to ferment Lithocarpus sp.and
produce ethanol within 24 hours from the start of incubation, and came in second place each
of Santalum sp., Betula sp. and Eucalyptus sp. within 48 hours and finally came Pinus sp.,
Quercus sp., Populus sp. and Spruce sp. within 96 hours.
The study also demonstrated that the bacteria C. cellulolyticum produced ethanol from
Lithocarpus sp., Santalum sp., Betula sp. and Spruce sp. within 24 hours of incubation and
came in second place Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Populus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. after 48 hours
of incubation.

The present study has investigated the nematodes settled in fishes and frogs after being
anatomized with numbers reached, 1246 of Silurus glanis, 1142 of Mastacembelus simach
fishes, 490 of Bufo viridis frog. Five species of nematodes which are the Larva 4 of
Eustrongylides sp., Larva 3 and 4 of Contracaecum sp. in fishes and mature nematodes
Rhadias bufonis, Kathalania ninivana, Oswaldocruzia in frogs.
In this study, the DNA was isolated and its purity was tested as well as studying the
effect of heat on the DNA by measuring its thermal denaturation temperature (Tm), and
determining its G-C%. It was found that the isolated DNA has an evident absorption –peak
at a wavelength of 260 nm. It was also found that the thermal denaturation temperature
(Tm) of the DNA in different species of nematodes is convergent and has reached
(84,83,83,82,81,80) c° in larva 4 of Eustrongylides sp., and larva 3 of Contracaecum sp.,
larva 4 of the same nematode and the mature nematodes O. ninivana, K. ninivana and R.
bufonis respectively. While it has reached G-C% (35.87%, 33.43%, 33.43%, 30.99%,
28.55%, 26.11%) for the above mentioned nematodes, respectively.
The study aimed to study some characteristics of DNA in different parasitic
nematodes in fishes and frogs .

The research is concerned with the isolation of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) from the
normal human plasma using different biochemical techniques. The results of filtration
chromatography on sephadex G-100, that the solution contains proteinous precipitate which
was resulted by ammonium sulfate precipitation after dialysis. The second bunch (ІІ) shows
high effectiveness of the enzyme. The number of purification of the second bunch (ІІ) is (8)
times. Furthermore, the approximate molecular weight of the partially purified (SDH), bunch,
(ІІ) using gel filtration was found to be (38672) Dalton. Optimum conditions were obtained in
this research. The results showed that the enzyme works in the buffer solution using (100μl) of
triethanolamine as a buffer, in pH (7), and the incubation temperature was (40°C), The
incubation time was (1min.) and (1.5M) of D-Fructose as a substrate was used. By using
lineweaver-Burk plot, it was found that the maximum velocity (Vmax) was (0.53μmol) and
Michaelis constant (Km) was (0.92M). The effect of some chemical compounds on (SDH)
activity was also studied. Some compounds have an activator effect like (EDTA, Mg, Zn),
whereas sodium floride (NaF) showed uncompetitive inhibition on the activity of the enzyme
at a concentration (3 m mol /L).

This research seeks to provide evidence to support the accelerating cosmic depending
on the relationship between the ratio of the anisotropy in temperature of the cosmic
microwave background with the luminosity distance through a statement similar to the
relationship between the red shift with the luminosity distance. So, the relationship between the ratio of the anisotropy in temperature of the cosmic microwave background with the red
shift was explained. Also, the relationship between the red shift with the luminosity
distance concluded for the universe that contains non relativistic matter and dark energy.
The relationship between the ratio of the anisotropy in temperature of the cosmic
microwave background with the luminosity distance was reached. The accelerated
expansion of the universe is clear from the painting of the relation which makes the
anisotropy in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background as an evidence for the
accelerated expansion of the universe.

In this paper, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition technique (CVD), at a normal atmospheric pressure on a glass substrate at temperature 400oC. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the films were studied before and after gamma-ray irradiation, with different radiation doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2) Gy. Also, other samples were exposed to neutrons beam for exposure periods (2,4, 8, 10) hours. The transmittance spectrum was measured as a function of wavelength in the range (320- 1000) nm. The highest transmittance of the prepared films was 85%, thus decreased after gamma-ray irradiation to 63.4% at dose 0.5Gy and wavelength 1000 nm, but when irradiated by neutrons beam has decreased to 46.79% at time of radiation 4h and wavelength 990 nm. The energy gap of the prepared films was (3.25) eV where those radiated, were (2.51, 2.6, 2.5) eV for given gamma-ray dose and (1.92, 2.3,1.5,1.7) eV for neutron beam, for given exposure time respectively. The expected Change due to the change in the nature of material after radiation. The measured electrical resistivity of irradiated films was found to be (8.79-12.56) X 103 Ω.cm where it was 0.236 X 10-3 Ω.cm before the irradiation