Basra studies journal

This Dr. Abdul Sabour Shaheen’s initial interest lies in studying phonetics and its branches in his books “In Linguistic Evolution”, “In General Linguistics”, and “Quranic Readings in Light of Modern Linguistics”. He also chose to translate the book “Phonetics” by the author “Bertil Malmberg” into Arabic because it is comprehensive, central, and simple, focusing on the fundamental issues in general phonetics. However, he tailored it to be more accessible to Arabic readers by adding marginal comments and attaching focused studies related to Arabic phonetics.
Dr. Abdul Sabour Shaheen has explored aspects of abstract sound and its characteristics, dividing them into physiological phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. He also focused on studying the basic parts that play a significant role in human sound production, presenting the human speech apparatus, which is from inside to outside. He divided the speech apparatus into three main parts: the respiratory system, the larynx, and the supraglottic cavities, also subdividing them into secondary parts such as the palate, pharynx, among others.
Keywords: Phonetics, Physiological Phonetics, Acoustic Phonetics, Auditory Phonetics, Speech Apparatus.

Argumentation is one of the subjects that has marked an important milestone in linguistic studies and the effectiveness of verbal performance. Since language is the foundation upon which the actor relies to produce the system of discourse through the energy and effectiveness of theatrical performance, it interacts with other elements of the production, starting from the text—the substance of language—to the overall composition of the discourse based on a combination of auditory, verbal, kinetic, and visual elements. The significance of this research lies in highlighting an important aspect of expressive language, which is argumentation and its significant connection to linguistic studies focusing on pragmatics, rhetoric, and communication. This results in new discoveries in interpreting theatrical performance through the text and acting performance.
The first chapter, representing the methodological framework, includes the research problem, objectives, scope, terminology, and definitions. The second chapter, the theoretical framework, comprises two sections: the first deals with argumentation in linguistic studies, and the second discusses the argumentative action in acting. The researcher then identified several indicators. The third chapter, which is procedural, includes the research procedures and sample analysis. The fourth chapter presents the findings and conclusions, followed by a bibliography of sources and references.
Keywords: action, argumentation, language, performance, acting.

This research is about derivational structures and their meanings and how they effect the text context. The research inciudes elements suchas as houns, adverbs, gerund , particible and nouns of place and time.
These grammer elements are focused in derivational forms and their effects in acontext .
Semantic plays great role in how to diffrenciate between each form and structure.
The gerund are very diffrent from the particible form in every thing shape or form. And their effects affect both the sentence and its meaning All derivational forms are affected by what follow them andthat how meaning of apoam appearse.
Keywords: derivatives, structure, formula, significance, Kazem Al-Hajjaj.

A lexical vocabulary is one of the most important components of Creative text. The creator carefully selects his or her own shades of stylistic features and signifiers, showing different semantics Wil's distinctive experiment into his or her own verbal wealth, which distinguishes him or her from others. It also helps to uncover worlds. One word carries a set of semantic openings, and thus works to achieve a plurality of semantics: because the first meanings translate to other meanings: the continental search is always on the horizons.
All the hair of Iraqi women is an integral stylistic construction that has its own aesthetic features and features that have made it a security: Because of its accuracy in conveying ticks and semantics, we find that the lexical vocabulary has a remarkable effect of poetry and what distinguished the poetry of Iraqi women by its stylistic construction, and her gentle, twisty touch away from one moment and dismissive at a time, it is calm, loud and her vocabulary came with a broad horizon expressing her and her surroundings and went to clarity and simplicity once more .
Keywords: Lexical vocabulary, Style Construction, Iraqi Women's Poetry.

This research examines the role of memory in shaping individual identity in the novels of Iraqi writer Samira Al-Mana. The selection of Al-Mana's works is driven by their thematic exploration of identity representation within cultural studies. Her narratives provide insights into cultural contexts by depicting historical, social, political, and religious events, portraying Iraqi reality and the experience of exile. Spanning from the political upheavals and societal structures of the 1970s to the post-regime era, the study focuses on how memory formation and cultural influences create a nuanced understanding of the past to address contemporary issues. This dynamic process leads to a struggle between multiple identities, whether rooted in personal environments or transformed through engagement with other societies, thereby defining individual identity.
Keywords : memory, individual identity, Samira Al-Mana ,Cultural Contexts, Iraqi Reality.

Space has a presence in creative/narrative texts as it embodies a complementary role in arranging events, besides its mutual influence between the narrative character and the setting. The latter carries symbolic and mythical connotations that entail an interpretative vision for the reader. This, in turn, falls within other contexts that work to form a cohesive fabric of the employed settings in the narrative work. Accordingly, the research aims to study the spatial dimensions in the narratives of Abdul Haleem Mahudour, which carry different ideologies operating in an imaginative space, continuous permanence, and temporal anticipation constructed by the writer in his narrative. Therefore, the research saw the need to focus on the geographical, psychological, and historical dimensions, essential material for study due to their symbolic and aesthetic impact in the context of the text, as these dimensions interact with the confined space of the setting, which reveals the nature of the narrative elements.
Keywords: Place, Its Dimensions, Abdul Haleem Mahudour’s Narratives, The Plain, The Exceptional Shadow.

Culture is the backbone and the essential cornerstone of human societies. Naturally, the culture of one society differs from another due to its origins, interests, and the influence of its surrounding environment, along with various other systems that have permeated its social fabric, as well as its intellectual and social outputs. The focus of this research revolves around two key terms that significantly impact the actor's performance through their influence: system and culture, and their effect on the theatrical actor’s performance. Scientific research has increasingly concerned itself with specific terms and concepts, striving to thoroughly understand and interpret them so they can be used precisely in their proper context, drawing upon scientific methods and references. Directing a term in the right direction allows for control over the knowledge that research aims to achieve. The production of cultural systems has taken on dimensions, implications, and representations that lead the audience to a different understanding, uncovering the codes of theatrical performance, deciphering its hidden meanings and symbols, and searching for its deeply embedded elements within the performance and the actor’s tools. These tools guide the performance along a defined or assumed path. The text is enriched by active and intentional symbolic movements, which take on a mental and conceptual role in their creation, defined as the cultural system. The actor then uses their tools to convey the meaning to the audience through an implicit system, possibly through movement or the actor’s language. Language is the medium through which the cultural system is transmitted, and our language—whether written or spoken—is subject to symbolic systems. These systems, in turn, subject the produced content to pressures and exert mechanisms of dominance, influencing the formation of the collective unconscious.
Keywords: Systems, Culture, Performance, Theater, Actor.

The researcher adopts the concept of counter-memory, using its data as a study of private history and a critique of general authoritative history, to address a fundamental question: Has the biographical novel, starting from personal history, been able to critique and judge general history, exposing its authoritarian aspects and bias towards political power? This inquiry necessitated treating the novel as a counter-memory to the memory of authority. The study focuses on Mahdi Haider's novel "The World of Saddam Hussein," which highlights the flaws of that authority and rewrites the history of the Baath Party. It reveals the methods the party employed to seize power, centering around the character of Saddam Hussein, with other characters revolving around him.
Keywords: counter-memory, genealogical history, authority, biographical novel, Mahdi Haider.

This research examines the theoretical and practical manifestations of reality and imagination in Zakariya ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini's book "Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Mawjudat" (682 AH). The book exhibits significant variations between these two themes: reality serves as the foundational core, depicted through narratives and events grounded in historical contexts where al-Qazwini recounts the lives of caliphs, kings, ministers, incidents, and historical facts. However, he diverges from strict adherence to the structural norms of realism, such as specifying sources, events, time, and place, as elaborated in this study.
Conversely, imagination holds a prominent role, encompassing terms like imaginative, strange, and extraordinary. This study focuses on the imaginative aspect, evident in al-Qazwini's use of fictional narratives and tales within the book. The imaginative element intertwines with reality, originating from factual material but challenging it by reshaping historical events into literary, aesthetic, and cognitive works that may or may not have occurred, crafted primarily for their artistic impact rather than factual accuracy.
Keywords: imaginary, real, imaginative, narratives, tales, fiction

This study examines the meteorological effects of shallow and deep troughs based on daily readings for the season from September 2004 to August 2005. It focuses on normal temperatures, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity at 12:00 PM GMT, analyzing the types of shallow and deep troughs at 1000 and 850 millibar levels through weather map analysis (12:00 PM GMT). The research monitors the Siberian, European, and subtropical highs over Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra, highlighting fewer days of secondary center trough persistence contrasted with increased days of deep and shallow trough extensions. These trough patterns significantly impact Iraq's climate, leading to higher temperatures, lower relative humidity, varied precipitation patterns, drought, and increased atmospheric pressure values.
Keywords: troughs, shallow, deep, Atmospheric pressure, Maps.

This research titled "The Kurdish Position on Political and Military Transformations in Iraq (1979-1980)" aims to investigate a crucial aspect of contemporary Iraqi history. It examines how the Kurds responded to political changes during this period, initially aligning with new authorities presenting themselves as defenders of Kurdish interests. However, this alignment shifted dramatically with the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war, leading to joint military operations between the Iranian army and Kurdish factions controlling significant parts of Iraqi Kurdistan.
The study concludes that Kurdish political dynamics underwent a profound transformation during this era. The central government's altered approach marked a departure from traditional Kurdish grievances. Consequently, political and military shifts allowed Kurds to leverage the Kurdish question as a focal point of contention with the central government, particularly amidst the Iran-Iraq conflict over control of Kurdistan.
Keywords: Kurds, Kurdistan Socialist Party, Iran-Iraq War, Regime.

The packaging industry in Basra province plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient and safe product delivery. It contributes significantly to economic growth and investment while prioritizing environmental sustainability through recycling and proper waste management practices. Basra benefits from favorable human factors essential for establishing and sustaining the packaging industry, with a local population of approximately 3,202,284 as of 2022. The presence of a skilled workforce, coupled with robust market demand, enhances productivity within the industry. Accessible transportation routes facilitate proximity to markets, further supporting logistical efficiency. Moreover, the availability of raw materials serves as a cornerstone for industry operations. The packaging sector encompasses 15 types categorized into plastic, metal, and paper variants, distributed across seven districts encompassing a total of 41 facilities.
Keywords: human factors, packaging ,Wrapping ,Geographic distribution, Basrah Governorate.

This study investigates the influence of climatic conditions on soil properties in the study area. Climate is a crucial natural factor affecting soil formation, including its physical and chemical attributes. The study examines solar radiation, temperatures, wind patterns, rainfall, relative humidity, and evaporation rates.
Findings indicate that the study area experiences prolonged periods of above-average temperatures for over six months due to intense solar radiation perpendicular to the Tropic of Cancer. The region is also influenced by tropical air masses, resulting in extended daylight hours and clear skies.
Moreover, wind speed significantly impacts soil properties, particularly during dry months. Increased wind speeds enhance surface evaporation and the drying of adjacent moist air layers, leading to desiccation and disaggregation of the non-vegetated soil surface. Rainfall exhibits seasonal variability, with concentrations during winter and reduced amounts in summer.
Keywords: soil, physical and chemical properties, climatic characteristics, Sindbad Island, Um Al-Rusas Island.

The study examined the impact of climate changes on the extent of achieving food security in Iraq, as the phenomenon of climate change posed a major threat to large areas of land resulting from the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources by humans. The research aimed to identify the reality of the phenomenon of climate change in Iraq as it is a region characterized by a climate It is semi-arid and sheds light on the extent to which Iraq is affected by these changes due to wars, pollution, drought and other environmental impacts. The results of this study showed that there is a clear climate change in most climate elements that has led to an increase in the general average temperatures as well as in the frequency of dust storms. And increasing daily levels of suspended particles, as well as environmental pollution. The exposure of large areas of land to deterioration directly contributed to the increase in the area of desertified lands threatened by drought and the loss of huge amounts of the surface layer due to the deterioration of vegetation cover, to soil deterioration and disintegration, land degradation and its repercussions on agricultural activity in Iraq and the resulting effects on food security and studying the reasons for the decline and decrease in Agricultural productivity to a level that does not meet the needs of local demand for it, and what are the implications of the inability of local production to meet the population’s requirements on food security and self-sufficiency. In Iraq, there was and still is an urgent need to develop and develop agricultural productivity, especially the production of strategic crops, As one of the most important crops in the food security system, in order to secure the increasing demand for foodstuffs resulting from the increase in the population and the rise in their standard of living, and thus achieve food security.
Keywords: climate change, food security, strategic crops, environmental impacts.

Aspecific Refered Journal Published by the center of Basra Studies &Arab Gulf Basrah University