AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

The applicable law governing corporate mergers, whether by consolidation or acquisition, is determined based on the place of incorporation and the company\'s principal place of business. In the case of cross-border mergers, the applicable law may also be determined by agreement between the parties, applying conflict of laws rules to identify the most appropriate legal system and avoid disputes. Legislations should adopt a unified framework or resort to international commercial arbitration to ensure a smooth process and protect the rights of all concerned parties. Mergers, whether by consolidation or acquisition, are among the most significant legal and economic tools aimed at achieving economic efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing competitiveness. However, this process involves complex legal challenges, particularly in determining the applicable law that governs merger procedures and ensures the protection of all stakeholders\' rights.

Prevailing contractual will over the general rule contained in the arbitral text is an important issue to be considered. in particular that it constitutes a real and significant expansion by the project of the principle of the sovereignty of will and contractual freedom in the arbitration system in particular, The choice of this topic for a number of reasons, the most important of which was the usefulness of this will and the indication of whether or not its predominance was detrimental to the interests and procedural centres. and therefore the main problem was whether or not the Iraqi legislator used to regulate this will under the arbitration law, In particular, if he had organized arbitration texts, arbitration ", however, was not regulated by a separate law governing arbitration as its Egyptian counterpart and other comparative legal systems, So we realized in the context of this problem three real citizens first home is the stage of the arbitral tribunal's formation, and then the stage of arbitral proceedings in the second home and then the arbitral award phase in the latter, and we are in the process of applying the comparative analytical approach to the study.

Given the danger terrorism poses to human lives, and intellectual extremism is one of its causes. Worked spice beginning of the last community create global and regional cooperation to enacting combat terrorism in general and intellectual extremism in particular. Countries, including Iraq, have also worked on national constitutional and legal legislation aimed at eliminating terrorism and its causes, including combating intellectual extremism.

Extremism in all its forms has become a phenomenon that threatens the security and stability of societies. Therefore, it has become necessary to research and address this phenomenon from all its aspects. This is because the escalation of extremist ideology, violence, and hatred leads to strained relations between segments of society. This creates isolation from other societies, such that opportunities for travel and communication with other countries become intractable and sometimes impossible. Indeed, extremist ideology has created security, political, economic, and social challenges for our society, especially in previous periods. Here, justice must be manifested as a legal obligation that enhances the protection of human rights and freedoms. When individuals feel that there is a system that guarantees their rights and protects them from injustice and oppression, they will avoid resorting to violence or revenge. Consequently, society becomes more stable and secure.

In Iraq, the tribal custom known as Dakka Ashairiya is a significant danger to social stability and the rule of law. It entails violent actions like shooting at the houses of rivals in order to intimidate or coerce them. Even though its actions are not specifically covered by the Iraqi Penal Code, they are covered by Articles 430–432, which deal with threats and harm. Given the alarming increase in such incidents, the Supreme Judicial Council issued Directive No. 12 in 2018, designating Dakka Ashairiya as a terrorist offense that is subject to prosecution under Antiterrorism Law No. 13 of 2005 rather than the Penal Code. In line with the state's dedication to maintaining civil peace and protecting human rights in the face of tribal conflict, judges were directed to apply the most severe punishments.

Examining the impact of maritime terrorism on Iraqi law is one of the most important issues of interest in all legal, judicial and legislative directions Maritime security poses serious threats to water security in ports, seas and oceans by classifying maritime terrorism as a category of terrorist crime, which has become a human concern of the world's various nations, highlighting its importance and gravity as any kind of terrorism.

The United Nations is one of the largest and most prominent international organizations. It is capable of addressing transnational issues that no single country can resolve alone. The United Nations and its affiliated agencies have played a significant role in confronting transnational terrorist organizations and various security challenges, such as transnational organized crime, responding to conflicts, enhancing international cooperation, and other security challenges that have threatened the security and stability of many countries. This has prompted the United Nations and its various agencies to enact legislation and develop comprehensive mechanisms and strategies to combat terrorism and destroy the geographic presence of terrorist organizations such as the Islamic State (ISIS), Al-Qaeda, and other criminal groups and organizations that have seized vast areas in Syria, Iraq, and Libya, as well as in several regions of the world, such as the African Sahel. These groups have carried out several terrorist attacks within several European Union countries, necessitating the urgent need for states to curb these terrorist organizations and their destabilizing activities that undermine international peace and security.

In an era of growing ideological challenges and rising extremism threats, relying solely on security measures is insufficient. Intellectual extremism, with its exclusionary and hostile nature, demands a comprehensive societal response based on awareness, dialogue, and openness.
This study analyzes the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in countering extremism as key non-governmental actors capable of influencing social and ideological environments. It examines the conceptual framework of extremism, the legal nature of CSOs, and their role in intellectual security. The research highlights both their successes and challenges, including legal, financial, and organizational constraints.
The study concludes that empowering CSOs requires political will, legislative reform, and a strategic partnership between the state and society. A sustainable approach to intellectual security must focus on internal resilience rather than top-down control, fostering a more inclusive and aware society.

Digital platforms have become a fertile ground for spreading extremist ideologies, recruiting members, and disseminating hate speech and violence. Therefore, modern and effective legal mechanisms are necessary to keep pace with this rapid transformation, which threatens national security, undermines international peace, and fuels discord. Given that this technology transcends borders, it must be addressed internationally, requiring nations to adopt unified legislation to combat this serious phenomenon. This can only be achieved through international agreements and effective mechanisms to confront this global threat facing humanity.This research examines the role of international agreements that have addressed this issue, such as the Budapest Convention [2001] and United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 2354 [2017], which established a strategic framework for combating hate speech and extremism online. Additionally, the study highlights regional efforts, initiatives, programs, and partnerships between governments and social media companies. The research concludes that international agreements play a pivotal role in combating extremism in cyberspace and enhancing international cooperation to confront it. It also highlights the challenges facing the implementation of these agreements, particularly in balancing counter-extremism efforts with the protection of freedom of expression. The study emphasizes the need to establish and develop more comprehensive and effective legal frameworks to address the rapidly evolving digital landscape.