Aljanoob Heritage

The holy city of Najaf—the center of knowledge and scholars—was notable for being a source of great faqeehs and Supreme Religious Shi’a Authorities who served the Islamic religion with their scholarly and intellectual efforts. Among these scholars stands out for us the scholar Sheikh Mohsen Muhammad Khanfar al-Afkawi al-Najfi, who studied under the great Sheikh Ja\'far Kashf al-Ghita\' and his two sons, Sheikh Musa and Sheikh Hassan. He was contemporaneous with Sheikh Muhammad Hassan, the author of al-Jawahir (d. 1266 AH), and after him, he became a leading authority. He was renowned for his knowledge, investigation, and precision. He was a marvel of his time, possessing a vast memory, pious and devout, and devoted to teaching, writing, and visiting. Dozens of scholars graduated from him, all of whom praised his knowledge and brilliance. In this research, we have attempted to shed light on the features of his personality and to highlight his achievements, his most prominent academic and intellectual milestones, his scientific and cultural legacy, and his life\'s journey.

This research delves into the biography of Sheikh Ali Al-Sharqi, his prose and poetic legacy, and the critical and reformist views he encoded in his literary representation, reflecting the world he experienced. Al-Sharqi was at the forefront of the Iraqi literary renaissance in the twentieth century, representing a bold renewal movement that departed from the familiar past and rebelled against it in most aspects, whether at the level of poetic style, its patterns, and purposes, or at the level of its use, message, and themes. Al-Sharqi\\'s poetry—above all—is the poetry of the people, with its hopes, aspirations, and experiences, and a true portrait of his personal life, which closely resembling the lives of most of his generation, with its setbacks, fluctuations, difficult circumstances, and the changes and transformations that occurred. This also applies to his prose legacy of research, articles, and books, in which he strived to address the shortcomings of contemporary reality and highlight what deserves attention and attention.

Iraq is marked by a number of social groups and minorities, and spectrum of identities of these groups leads to a diversity of language. The Arabic language in Iraq is diverse in its dialect spoken by Iraqis. Therefore, like other dialects around the world, it has varied according to the country's geographical diversity. In recent centuries, the Iraqi dialect has been influenced by many languages, especially in neighboring countries. Therefore, the dialects of Iraqi cities contain common linguistic elements that trace their origins to non-Arabic languages. This research attempts to shed light on a number of semantic phenomena in the Iraqi Diwaniyah dialect, such as the semantic development of some words, semantic borrowings from other languages, the construction of augmented and compound colloquial verbs, spatial inversion, carving, and auxiliary verbs.

Abstract
This research investigates the Muradiyyah area and its castle, located within the administrative boundaries of Al-Badeer district in Diwaniyah Governorate. It also includes an introduction in which the researcher discusses the cities surrounding Muradiyyah, highlighting the river system throughout the region. The most important of these is Fawar River and its branches, as it is the main river in these areas and is credited with irrigating agricultural lands and domesticating animals east of the Euphrates River and the city of Diwaniyah. The research sheds light on the region, its castle, and the most significant historical and political events that occurred there. The same applies to the castle, which is the core of the region. The research reveals that the castle holds special importance because it helped the region\'s residents gain significant wealth, most notably vast areas of agricultural land.

Sheikh Muhammad Tahir al-Samawi is considered one of the most dedicated historians of his time. His book, Ibsar al-Ayn fi Ansar al-Husein (PUH), is one of his most important works published in Najaf al-Ashraf. What makes the book important is that it provides a historical account of the Karbala battle by presenting the biographies of its figures among the supporters of Imam al-Hussein (PUH), indicating their tribal affiliations. This is a work in which Sheikh Muhammad al-Samawi perhaps played a pioneering role. His works were characterized by being organized according to specific methods for categorizing topics. He did not rely on a traditional style or a single plan, but rather they were distinguished by their diversity, based on their titles and topics. The study is divided into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion:
First chapter: Sheikh Muhammad Tahir al-Samawi: His life, scholarly status, and works.
Second chapter: Sheikh Muhammad Tahir al-Samawi\'s methodology and sources in his book Ibsar al-Ayn fi Ansar al-Husein (PUH).

This paper examines the traveler Della Valle's journey to southern Iraq, specifically to Muntafiq. Through his observations, he documented and traced the political, economic, and social realities of the region. These observations, characterized by detailed observation, provided a description of the area and its geographical environment. Additionally, he described the inhabitants of the region, their way of life, customs, and traditions, presenting a clear picture of the social classes, including the characteristics of the Bedouins, urban dwellers, and the Ma'dan (Marsh Arabs). He also highlighted the economic realities of the region, particularly the excessive taxation imposed on the population. Furthermore, he recorded the region's cultural landmarks, including the ruins of Al-Muqayyar (Ur). Della Valle's journey to Iraq in general, and Muntafiq in particular, contributed to documenting the events and circumstances the region experienced.

Preaching, guidance, and podium oratory sessions in general, and the Ramadan and Husayni sessions during the month of Muharram in particular, are closely connected to our contemporary history. They were the most prominent source of spreading religious culture, conveying religious rules, and evoking the doctrinal foundations and pillars of Shi'ism, as well as the biographies of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). This was particularly true given that the figures who ascended the podiums at that time possessed a wealth of knowledge, virtue, understanding, and literature. One of the most prominent figures of that generation, filled with talented orators and preachers, was the al-Allama Sheikh Muhammad Ali al-Yaqoubi, who traveled as a brilliant and eloquent preacher, encompassing the arts of literature, rhetoric, and knowledge while advocating for the tolerant Sharia and the doctrine of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) in various Iraqi cities. Among the cities Sheikh al-Yaqoubi visited was the lush city of Amarah, where he forged close ties and friendships with its writers, intellectuals, and elite, as well as with its ordinary people. His days of preaching there were pages filled with knowledge, science, and literature, as well as beautiful memories and impressions, both related to the place and the time and the personal experiences of the men in between. Because those days document the city's memory, a significant aspect of its intellectual and social heritage, and its podium history, we chose to explore them in research that reveals the subtleties they contained, delighting readers' curiosities and ascending through their space to this torrent of masterpieces of prose and poetry from the history of the podium, the beating heart of the nation, when its masters were among the nation's leading figures, trusted individuals, and intellectuals.

Al-Zarijiyah is one of Liwa’a Samawah urbans, which was established during the modern time. It was inhabited by powerful tribes described as revolutionary rebels against successive ruling authorities, namely Banu Hicheem. This enabled people of this tribe to live in security and prosperity, provided that no one would impose their authority and orientations on them. After the flooding of the Euphrates River at the beginning of the eighteenth century AD, which lasted for nearly a decade, new fertile areas emerged, including (Al-Zarijiyah), which became a prize for the greedy, especially after the Ottomans appointed Sa’adoun Al Mohsen as head of the Al-Khaniniyah district, the heart of Al-Zarijiyah, and made it the center of their rule, imposing their influence on Banu Hicheem clans for approximately (75) years. These villages, inhabited by Banu Hicheem clans, particularly (Al-Abs, Al-Barakat, and Al-Safran), developed, representing the tribal depth of history. Al-Zarijiyah, whose geographical borders are linked to Samawah, bordering Al-Rumaitha to the north, Samawah to the west, Al-Khuder to the east, and the Euphrates River (locally known as Al-Sabil) to the south, has written an immortal story of fighting the Ottoman Sultan rejecting the British occupation. History recorded a historic day for them when they compelled Britain to sign a peace treaty with the Banu Hicheem, thus ending the 1920 Revolution. Their rejection of sectarian policies has continued, persisting in their confrontation with the Ba'ath Party since its coup.

The research addressed the legacy of a southern family, represented by Mashkoor Al-Hawlawi’s Library, which was established in the city of Najaf in the thirteenth century (AH). It was founded by Sheikh Mashkoor bin Muhammad Al-Hawlawi (d. 1272 AH) and subsequently passed down through inheritance to his sons and grandsons. Sheikh Al-Tahrani mentioned three scholars from the family to whom the library is attributed. We explored the library\'s resources in the book Al-Thari\'ah ila Tasaneef Al-Shi\'ah, which included many diverse works, both manuscript and printed, on jurisprudence, the principles of jurisprudence, exegesis, logic, and other topics. We arranged them according to the subject within the alphabetical scope of a single topic. We divided the research into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first section contains a brief introduction to the lives of scholars from the Al-Mashkur family mentioned in Al-Thari\'ah, along with a brief overview of the library and its establishment. The second section includes the library\'s books.

This letter is a response to three questions addressed to Sheikh Abdul Nabi al-Jaza'ari (D. 1021 AH) (May God bless his soul), who traced back to Al-Jaza'air region, located in southern Iraq. Concisely, he answered questions from one of his students, revealing the author's scholarly standing.
To verify this letter, I relied on a photocopied copy of a clearly written copy in the library of the Sheikh Kashf al-Ghita'a Public Library in Najaf al-Ashraf, hoping it will benefit interested students and researchers and serve as a reference for introducing its author. May God grant you success.