Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

يتناول هذا البحث أبعاد التنافس المتصاعد بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وجمهورية الصين الشعبية في ميدان سلاسل الإمداد العالمية، وتحول هذا التنافس من صراع تجاري إلى إعادة هيكلة جذرية لنظام الإنتاج العالمي. يبحث البحث في دوافع هذا التنافس، والآليات التي تستخدمها كل من واشنطن وبكين لإعادة تشكيل سلاسل التوريد، والفرص والتحديات التي تترتب على هذه التحولات بالنسبة للدول النامية.
وقد توصل البحث إلى أن الدول النامية يمكن أن تستفيد من هذه التغيرات عبر تعزيز قدراتها الصناعية وجذب الاستثمارات، لكن ذلك يتطلب إصلاحات هيكلية واستقراراً سياسياً ورؤية استراتيجية متوازنة في التعامل مع القوى الكبرى

يتناول هذا البحث بالتحليل الدوافع والأسباب التي أدت إلى اندلاع حرب غزة 2023 (طوفان الأقصى)، من خلال دراسة متكاملة للعوامل المحلية والإقليمية والدولية. فعلى المستوى المحلي، شكّل الحصار المستمر على قطاع غزة منذ عام 2007 بيئة خانقة على المستويين الإنساني والاقتصادي، ترافق مع تصاعد السياسات الاستيطانية في الضفة الغربية والقدس، ولا سيما محاولات تهجير سكان الشيخ جراح، إضافة إلى الاقتحامات المتكررة للمسجد الأقصى وما رافقها من اعتداءات على المصلين. كما كان ملف الأسرى الفلسطينيين أحد المحركات الأساسية للمواجهة، في ظل تصاعد الإجراءات الإسرائيلية بحقهم، إلى جانب التطور النوعي في قدرات كتائب القسام التي أظهرت مستوى متقدمًا من الجاهزية العسكرية والتنظيمية.
وعلى المستوى الإقليمي، ساهمت العلاقات مع إيران ومحور المقاومة في تعزيز القدرات العسكرية واللوجستية للفصائل، ما أتاح لها هامشًا أوسع للمناورة. كما مثّل تسارع موجة التطبيع العربي مع إسرائيل عاملًا ضاغطًا دفع المقاومة إلى التصعيد، إدراكًا منها لتهميش قضيتها في الأجندة العربية. أما على المستوى الدولي، فقد تجلّى الانحياز الأمريكي لإسرائيل عبر دعم سياسي وعسكري واقتصادي غير محدود، فضلاً عن خطوات مثيرة للجدل مثل نقل السفارة الأمريكية إلى القدس. وبناءً على ما تقدم، يخلص البحث إلى أن حرب غزة 2023 لم تكن وليدة ظرف آني، بل جاءت كنتيجة لتفاعل معقد بين الضغوط المحلية المتراكمة، والتحولات الإقليمية، والسياقات الدولية المنحازة، وهو ما جعل المواجهة مسارًا شبه محتوم في ظل غياب الحلول السياسية الفاعلة.

شهدت القارة الإفريقية خلال العقدين الأخيرين عودة لافتة لظاهرة الانقلابات العسكرية بعد فترة من التراجع النسبي في تسعينيات القرن الماضي وبداية الألفية الثالثة، يتناول هذا البحث تحليلًا معمقًا لأبرز العوامل التي تقف وراء هذه الموجة الجديدة، إضافةً إلى استشراف التداعيات المحتملة على الاستقرار السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي في القارة. تشير النتائج إلى أن الأسباب تتوزع بين داخلية وخارجية؛ فمن جهة، أدت هشاشة البنى السياسية وضعف المؤسسات الدستورية، وغياب التداول السلمي للسلطة، إلى تهيئة المناخ المناسب للانقلابات. كما ادى الفساد المستشري، وانتهاك حقوق الإنسان، وارتفاع معدلات الفقر والبطالة دورًا محفزًا لاحتقان الشارع، ما أوجد بيئة داعمة لتدخل الجيوش. ومن جهة أخرى، أسهمت التنافسات الجيوسياسية الدولية والصراعات على الموارد الطبيعية في تعزيز فرص الانقلابات، إذ تسعى بعض القوى الإقليمية والدولية إلى دعم أنظمة عسكرية تحقق مصالحها. أما النتائج المحتملة، فهي تتراوح بين تعميق حالة عدم الاستقرار وتراجع مسار التحول الديمقراطي، وما يترتب على ذلك من تداعيات سلبية على النمو الاقتصادي وجذب الاستثمارات، وبين إمكانية بروز فرص إصلاحية إذا ما ارتبطت بعض الانقلابات ببرامج انتقالية واقعية تؤدي إلى بناء مؤسسات أكثر صلابة. يخلص البحث إلى أن استمرار هذه الظاهرة يمثل تهديدًا مباشرًا لمسار التنمية في إفريقيا، ما يستدعي تعزيز دور المنظمات الإقليمية والدولية في دعم الديمقراطية والحكم الرشيد.

أبرز تداعيات الحرب الروسية الأوكرانية كانت على مسار المفاوضات المتعلقة بالملف النووي الإيراني، اذ ادت موسكو في البداية دور الوسيط بين طهران وواشنطن، في المقابل لم تُبدِ موسكو تخوّفًا حقيقيًا من امتلاك إيران للسلاح النووي أو من تقارب محتمل بينها وبين واشنطن، في حين ارتأت إيران أن تعزيز تحالفها مع روسيا في هذه المرحلة قد يضمن لها دعمًا استراتيجيًا أكبر في مواجهة خصومها. وقد أشارت تقارير متعددة إلى قيام إيران بتزويد روسيا بطائرات مسيّرة خلال الحرب. كما قامت طهران بإنشاء مصنع للطائرات المسيّرة في طاجيكستان في مايو 2022، وعززت حضورها العسكري في الخليج العربي وبحر عمان من خلال مناورات جوية. لقد استثمرت إيران الحرب الروسية الأوكرانية كفرصة استراتيجية لإعادة ترتيب أولوياتها، وتوظيف أدواتها الصلبة، وعلى رأسها الطائرات المسيّرة، لبناء تحالفات جديدة وتعزيز موقعها في معادلات الأمن والسياسة العالمية. فعلى الرغم من التحديات التي تواجهها، فإن إيران تواصل تعزيز موقعها من خلال البراغماتية في التحالف مع روسيا، والمرونة في استخدام قوتها التكنولوجية والعسكرية.

بعد عام 2022، شهدت السياسة العراقية تحولات مهمة في ظل بيئة إقليمية ودولية متغيرة، اذ حاول العراق تبنّي سياسة توازن بين المحاور الإقليمية والدولية، مع التركيز على تعزيز الاستقرار الداخلي وتقليل التوترات مع الفاعلين الخارجيين، واتجه العراق نحو سياسة توازن حذر بين المحاور الإقليمية والدولية، مع التركيز على تعزيز دوره كوسيط إقليمي، وتنويع الشراكات الاقتصادية، وتحقيق الاستقرار الداخلي. لكن استمرار الضغوط الخارجية والانقسامات الداخلية يشكل تحديًا أمام استقرار سياسته الخارجية والداخلية.

تعد قضية الأمن الفكري واحدة من أبرز وأخطر التحديات التي تواجه المجتمعات المعاصرة، لا سيما في الدول التي تمر بمرحلة انتقالية، أو يتغير نظامها السياسي، أو تواجه تهديدات داخلية وخارجية. لذا يرتكز هذا البحث على دراسة تأثير الوعي السياسي على الأمن الفكري في العراق بعد العام 2003، في سياق التحديات عبر الوطنية، التي تمثلت في بروز الجماعات المتطرفة، وتدخلات القوى الإقليمية والدولية في الشأن العراقي، إذ شهد العراق بعد العام 2003، تغيرات جوهرية سواء أكان على صعيده الداخلي أو الخارجي، فعلى الصعيد الداخلي شهد تحولات جذرية في السياق السياسي والاجتماعي؛ نتيجة لمخرجات الاحتلال، وتغير النظام السياسي فيه، التي تسببت في خلق بيئة خصبة لانتشار الأيديولوجيات المتطرفة، والصراعات الطائفية، مما أثر بدرجة كبيرة على وحدة المجتمع العراقي واستقراره أمنيًا وفكريًا، أما على الصعيد الخارجي فقد شهد تدخلات إقليمية ودولية أثرت عليه بدرجة كبيرة.
وفي هذا السياق، يكتسب الوعي السياسي أهمية كبيرة كأداة يمكن أن تسهم في تعزيز الأمن الفكري، عن طريق تزويد الأفراد بفهم عميق للقضايا السياسية والاجتماعية، وتوجيههم نحو اتخاذ مواقف معتدلة ومتوازنة. كما يمكن للوعي السياسي أن يساعد الأفراد والمجتمعات على التمييز بين الأفكار السلبية التي تروج لها الجماعات المتطرفة، وبين الأفكار التي تسهم في بناء مجتمع آمن ومستقر. وبناءً على ذلك يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة أثر الوعي السياسي في تحقيق الأمن الفكري في العراق بعد العام 2003، عن طريق تحليل العلاقة بين مستوى الوعي السياسي ومواقف الأفراد تجاه القضايا الفكرية والسياسية في ظل التحديات التي شهدها العراق. كما يسعى البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على دور وسائل الإعلام والتعليم في نشر هذا الوعي وتعزيزه بين مختلف فئات المجتمع، مع التأكيد على أهمية إشراك المواطنين في عملية بناء الوعي السياسي كوسيلة لحماية المجتمع من المخاطر والتهديدات الفكرية. ويسعى البحث إلى تقديم رؤية تحليلية حول كيفية تعزيز الوعي السياسي في العراق، وكيفية تأثير ذلك في تحقيق الأمن الفكري والحفاظ على الاستقرار الاجتماعي في ظل التحديات المستمرة التي واجهت الدولة العراقية بعد العام 2003.

يسعى البحث إلى تحليل تأثير القدرات النووية لكوريا الشمالية على التوازن الاستراتيجي في شرق آسيا، في ظل تصاعد التوترات الأمنية والتنافس الجيوسياسي في المنطقة. أصبح البرنامج النووي الكوري الشمالي أحد أبرز التحديات التي تواجه منظومة الأمن الإقليمي، نظرًا لما يمثله من تهديد مباشر لدول الجوار، ولما له من دور في إعادة تشكيل موازين القوى التقليدية. أن هذه القدرات النووية لا تمثل مجرد أداة ردع دفاعي، بل تُوظف كورقة استراتيجية لتعزيز موقع كوريا الشمالية إقليميًا ودوليًا. وقد تم توظيف المنهج التحليلي-الوصفي لفهم طبيعة هذا التطور العسكري، ورصد انعكاساته السياسية والأمنية، سواء على صعيد العلاقات الثنائية بين الدول أو على مستوى استقرار النظام الإقليمي ككل. أن استمرار كوريا الشمالية في تطوير ترسانتها النووية يُهدد استمرارية التوازن الاستراتيجي في المنطقة، ويزيد من احتمالات اندلاع سباق تسلح، في ظل عجز الأدوات الدبلوماسية والعقوبات الدولية عن الحد من هذا التوجه. وهو ما يستدعي تبني مقاربات أمنية جديدة قائمة على الحوار والردع المتبادل، من أجل ضمان قدر من الاستقرار في شرق آسيا.

منذ التغير السياسي الذي حدث في العراق بعد عام 2003، أصبح موضوع مشاركة الأقليات في العملية السياسية ذا أهمية كبيرة وضرورية ، اذ يُعتبر هذا الأمر ضروريًا لضمان تمثيل جميع والمكونات الاجتماعية في النظام السياسي الجديد الذي تم تأسيسه.
وعليه، تأتي دراسة المشاركة السياسية للكورد الفيلية كجزء من الجهود المستمرة والمثابرة لفهم الدور الايجابي والمهم الذي توديه المجتمعات المتنوعة في بناء نظام ديمقراطي. وايضا لفهم السياسات والاليات التي تسهم بها المشاركة السياسية للكورد الفيلية في تعزيز الهوية السياسية والاستقرار الاجتماعي داخل العراق، إلى جانب تحليل العوامل والتحديات التي تواجهها هذه الأقلية في سعيها للوصول إلى مراكز صنع القرار السياسي الفعّالة، مما يعكس أهمية دورها في العملية الديمقراطية في البلاد

في ظل هذا التنافس والصراع المحتدم في النظام الدولي حول القطبية العالمية ما بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والدول الصاعدة في مقدمتها الصين وروسيا والهند وغيرها من الدول الأخرى، وقد أخذت هذه التطورات تمثل نسقاً جديداً في صناعة القرار الدولي، وبات هذا الصراع والتنافس الدولي يمثل تشكلاً عقدياً جديداً لرسم ملامح النظام الدولي في ظل هذه المتغيرات وتأثير هذه الفواعل التي تحاول تحديد وتحجيم الدول الأمريكي في السياسة الدولية، إلا أن الأمر لم يكن من السهولة بمكان بالنسبة لتلك الدول وموقفها من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، الأمر الذي جعلها من أن تتوحد وتدخل في تكتلات اقتصادية جماعية ومنظمات اقليمية كتجمع البريكس ومنظمة شنغهاي للتعاون بقيادة الصين وروسيا، هاتين المؤسستين اللتين سيمثلان محدداً للدور الأمريكي في النظام الدولي وبروز الصين كقطب اقتصادي عالمي جديد.

تمثل الطاقة المحرك الأساسي للتصنيع في القارة الأوروبية، وقد ارتبطت برفاه الناس وبتطور الصناعة والتنمية المستدامة، وصارت تمس مسارات الحَياة الاقتِصادية والاجتِماعية كافة، لذا فإن الطاقة اليوم ولاسيما منذ اندلاع الحَرب الروسِية في أوكِرانيا، أخذت تمثل لدُول الاتِحاد الأورُوبي أحَد أهِم التَحدِيات التي يَجب مُواجهتها، وستبقى على قِمة أجندة الاتِحاد الأورُوبي للسنَوات الآتية، لذا فإن هذا البَحث يهدف إلى مُعالجة الإشِكالية التي مَفادها إلى أي مدى أثَرت الحَرب الروسِية – الأوكِرانية في مُستقبل أمن الطاقة الأوروبي، وذلك عِبر إثِبات الفَرضية التي مؤداها إن الحَرب الروسِية – الأوكِرانية قد أثَرت على الواقع العالمِي عُموماً وعلى أورُوبا خصوصاً، إذ أن عالم الَيوم يَعمل بنَسق مُترابط جداً، فروسِيا وأوكِرانيا هما مصدَري الطاقَة الأكِبر عالمياً، وقد عَكست هذه الحَرب آثاراً سِلبية على الاتِحاد الأورُوبي، بانِخفاض كمِية وارِدات الطاقَة الروسِية إلى أورُوبا وارتِفاع أسعارِها، فضلاً عن ارتِفاع وارِدات أورُوبا من الغاز المُسال. لذا تستند استراتِيجية الاتِحاد الأورُوبي بِدَرجة أساسِية على تنوِيع مصَادر استِيراد الغاز بدلاً من الاعتِماد المُفرط على مصدر واحد، وعلى تطوِير وتأسِيس البنِية التحتِية القادِرة على استِقبال شُحنات إضِافية مِن الغاز المُسال والطبِيعي، وكذلك تنوِيع مَصادر استِهلاك الطاقَة، إذ تُحاول الُدول الأورُوبية رَفع مُستوى إنتاج الطاقَات المتضجددة..

Countries seek to use political employment as a key tool in dealing with crises, both at the local and international levels. This research aims to explore the relationship between political employment and the Biden administration’s approach toward United Nations programs, as well as their role in shaping international policies. Since Joe Biden assumed the presidency, his administration has adopted a new approach aimed at rebuilding alliances and enhancing international cooperation in addressing global challenges such as climate change, security threats, and competition with China and Russia.
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The Ethiopian development experience after 2018 was characterized by significant political, economic, and social transformations, especially with the rise to power of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. This experience can be analyzed through the enablers and obstacles that affected the development path, including the political will for reform aimed at opening up the political sphere, improving the business environment, combating corruption, encouraging foreign direct investment, and diversifying the economy beyond agriculture. The obstacles to the experience include internal and ethnic conflicts, the most recent of which was the outbreak of armed conflict in the Tigray region, which disrupted the development path and deteriorated security. This was in addition to problems between the federal government and some regions, with a decline in foreign investment during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as internal conflicts. The Ethiopian development experience represents an ambitious model of reform and openness, but it has encountered serious internal challenges, especially political conflicts and disputes, which have made development outcomes unstable. It has also encountered external challenges, represented by water disputes with neighboring countries and border disputes. Therefore, Ethiopia's future success depends on achieving political stability and strengthening good governance, in addition to continuing to reform the economy and infrastructure

This research critically analyzes the often overlooked, hidden dimensions and negative aspects of digital technology, with a particular focus on social media platforms as a tool for cultural hegemony in the digital age. The research seeks to deconstruct and understand the mechanisms used by multinational corporations to deploy these platforms to disseminate Western consumer values and behavioral patterns, and their impact on shaping collective consciousness, particularly among youth in societies of the Global South. The research also explores the complex relationship between technological development and cultural hegemony, and how this relationship contributes to the reproduction of unequal power relations between the North and the South in the digital space.

Smart sanctions have become an advanced tool in international politics, aiming to exert pressure on targeted states and entities without negatively impacting civilian populations or disrupting broader economic relations. This study examines the role of smart sanctions in shaping Japan’s foreign policy decision-making, analyzing their impact through specific case studies, such as sanctions imposed on North Korea, Russia, Iran, Syria, and other State. Additionally, it explores Japan’s engagement with international sanctions regimes, highlighting the challenges of balancing its global commitments with economic interests. The findings indicate that while smart sanctions can be effective, they are not always sufficient on their own; their success depends on factors such as international coordination, diplomatic responses, and the implementation of alternative measures to mitigate unintended consequences. The study recommends strengthening cooperation among nations in designing and enforcing smart sanctions to ensure their objectives are met without causing unintended harm.

The concept of the state and its relationship with the political system, as well as its establishment, represented one of the most important intellectual issues that sparked considerable controversy in Islamic thought, particularly in Shiite thought. Some argued against it completely, while others considered it based on objective political circumstances. Others believed in the necessity of its establishment, considering it a religious necessity that could not be abandoned. In between, we find that Sheikh Ahmed al-Ahsa'i had a similar, practical view regarding dealing with political authority. He did not categorically reject political authority, nor did he call for the establishment of an Islamic government and system. In this study, we attempt to shed light on three main themes: starting with the historical stages of Sheikh al-Wahid al-Ahsa'i's life, moving on to the political theory of Islamic movements, and concluding with the political vision and behavior of Sheikh al-Wahid al-Ahsa'i

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Political science is considered one of the most important social sciences in the world at the present time, due to its connection to various political fields and dimensions, including political behavior, political and analytical activities, and comprehensive economic policies. Contemporary political science took shape in the latter half of the nineteenth century, Separating from political philosophy and history, the emergence of political science as an academic field in universities was marked by the establishment of departments and university chairs bearing the name political science in the late nineteenth century. This study aims to explain the emergence of this science in Arab countries, how it developed, and what are the most prominent circumstances that controlled the emergence of the sciences. Politics and international relations and their development in Arab culture and academies, And the obstacles that stand in the way of the development of the field and what are the appropriate solutions or mechanisms to solve these challenges, through the use of the descriptive approach, the analytical approach, and a platform for future studies.

Establishing and sustaining peacebuilding is one of the most important goals a state seeks to achieve. Effective peacebuilding is primarily driven by efforts to reduce and stop violence. This can only happen through a long series of measures. Developing long-term peacebuilding strategies must be based on mitigating the factors that cause conflict. The importance of human security, which necessitates the dissemination of a culture of peace in light of escalating violence, requires examining the challenges and the nature of the conflicts that lead to them. This research will review these challenges and the strategies necessary to contain and mitigate them. The vital factor influencing the stability of human security and peacekeeping revolves around the effectiveness and readiness of the human element to confront these challenges and their impactful consequences in building societies. Individual awareness of the true needs for change and development has become essential, whether at the economic, political, or societal levels, by adopting these digital transformations and all their means as a foundation for building peace and security for the individual and society.

The events of the Arab Spring had a profound impact on international relations in the Middle East. These events destabilized political regimes, altered the regional balance of power, and exacerbated sectarian and regional conflicts and tensions. This was evident in the fluctuations in regional relations, as the region witnessed shifts in the relations of some major regional powers, such as Turkey and Iran, with other countries in the region, as a result of their divergent positions on the events of the Arab Spring and its repercussions. Major international powers, such as the United States and Russia, also sought to exploit the chaos and weakness that followed the Arab Spring to enhance their influence and interests in the region, complicating the regional landscape and intensifying international competition. Given the strategic importance of this topic, drawing on historical lessons, and addressing the primary question of how the events of the Arab Spring affected international relations in the Middle East, and adopting an analytical and systems analysis approach, we divided our study into two parts. The first part examined the theoretical and conceptual framework, while the second part addressed the influences, both external and regional, concluding with a set of findings and recommendations. Among the most important findings, the study revealed the intervention of international powers. Some major international powers sought to exploit the chaos and weakness that followed the Arab Spring to strengthen their influence and interests in the region, which complicated the regional landscape and intensified international competition. We concluded that a comprehensive regional strategy must be developed to address the long-term repercussions of the Arab Spring events, based on cooperation and coordination among the countries of the region, with the active participation of the international community. We also emphasized the importance of supporting political, economic, and social reform efforts in the countries that witnessed the transformations of the Arab Spring, with the aim of achieving stability and sustainable development in the region.

The research addresses the importance of the South China Sea in American strategic performance due to its prominent location on important strategic routes that lead to maritime passage for global trade, in addition to connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Although China considers this region part of its geography and not just a waterway that has not prevented other global powers from showing interest and attempting to gain a foothold there after it has become a vital lifeline for global shipping. Among these countries is the United States, which recognizes that any imbalance in international interactions favoring China could reduce the chances of understanding between Washington and Beijing, prompting the U.S. to adopt a strategic performance aimed at securing fair opportunities for its trade passage through the South China Sea, The American-Chinese competition in the South China Sea does not mean that Washington wants to enter into a war there, even if such a war were fought by proxy. This applies to China as well, which avoids entering a conflict that could deplete its capabilities, as it may put China in a military confrontation with the United States.

Mohamaad Abdu, one of the most prominent figures of intellectual revival and religious reform in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he advocated for social and religious coexistence in the modern ear basing his reform project on tolerance openness to others, and acceptance of differences-whether religious, sectarian, or cultural-on the ground that all humans share a common humanity.Even with non-Muslims, lslam did not prohibit intellectual. He emphasized accepting intellectual pluralism within a single lslamic society, rejecting excommunication and violence in the name of religion.He also stressed dialogue as a means to overcome differences and conflicts among lslamic sects.Additionally,he was open to western civilization in ways that served lslamic identity without compromising its distinctiveness,viewing diversity and dialogue as toois for progress rather than threats

This study seeks to analyze the nature of the internal and external challenges affecting Iraqi national security at various political, economic, security, and social levels. These challenges and threats require a deep understanding of their nature and risks, which contributes to identifying appropriate means and mechanisms to address them or mitigate their negative impacts on the lives of citizens and the stability of the Iraqi state. Changes in the internal environment and their interactions, in addition to regional and international interventions seeking to achieve their own interests at the expense of Iraq's greater interests, have played a role in posing a serious threat to national security, both directly and indirectly.

During the second half of the twentieth century, most countries around the world witnessed a multiplicity and diversity of social and political concepts, including many of the most important concepts affecting individuals, their security, and their future. Some of these concepts contributed to the emergence of numerous ideas and beliefs that contributed to the emergence of human community life in certain countries. Some also contributed to the opposite trend, as some societies witnessed acts of violence, killing, and development, along with the development of a stable Islamic university, which could be the reason behind the development and progress of knowledge today. Their political systems view clear intellectual pluralism as one of the most important contemporary concepts for addressing the problems facing modern societies. The causes of these concepts include several factors, most notably the weakness of conscience and the decline of moral values among individuals and groups, the spread of new extremism and the decline of the language of dialogue between different religious sects and denominations, the resulting violence, and the impact of these concepts on human rights. The rise of politicians, and the Western countries' clear practice of economic pluralism in the world, and the social and general disparities between individuals.

China does not hide the fact of its dissatisfaction with the global system, which it described as a system based on Western hegemony that treats other countries with duplicity, as China emphasizes that this system has failed in an international solution, stressing the need for a new, more just and effective system.
The term "Global South" emerged in the 1960s as an alternative to terms such as "Third World" and "developing countries", and was used
To emphasize the independence of these countries and challenge the hegemony of Western countries, including countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, and also to highlight Highlighting global disparities between North and South.
Accordingly, we note that China seeks to surpass the West through a series of initiatives it has taken to achieve these goals, China believes that it has become a global power and therefore wants its ambitions, policies and values to be reflected in the international system in the same way Through which the United States imposed its mark on international institutions after World War II, China's ambition is to lead the Global South as an alternative strategy to leading the world, through its assessment of opportunities and threats that help it understand the interactions of the international environment, and this is close to China's strategy for dealing with the countries of the Global South as part of its foreign policy.

This research provides a comprehensive geopolitical analysis of the Lebanon-Israel conflict, focusing on its historical, military, economic, and social dimensions, along with possible future scenarios. The conflict’s roots trace back to the early 20th century but intensified after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, followed by destructive wars, most notably the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon and the 2006 July War. These confrontations severely impacted Lebanon’s infrastructure, economy, and social cohesion.The study emphasizes Hezbollah’s pivotal role as a non-state actor resisting Israeli occupation, thereby challenging traditional military power dynamics in the region. It examines regional and international alliances, including U.S. support for Israel versus Iran and Syria's backing of Hezbollah. The economic ramifications of the conflict on Lebanon are assessed, highlighting issues such as declining foreign investment, displacement, and unemployment.
Furthermore, the research explores potential future trajectories of the conflict, ranging from military escalation to peaceful settlement. It underlines the significance of international mediation, especially through UNIFIL, and the role of recent diplomatic initiatives, such as the Abraham Accords, in fostering regional stability. By offering a nuanced analytical framework, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the conflict and provides policy-relevant insights for decision-makers, researchers, and mediators interested in resolving one of the region’s most protracted disputes.

This research highlights the role of humanitarian diplomacy in addressing humanitarian crises in the Gaza Strip, where the population suffers from an ongoing siege and recurring conflicts that have led to a significant deterioration in humanitarian conditions. The research aims to analyze the contributions of humanitarian diplomatic missions in providing relief support, improving the humanitarian situation, and alleviating the suffering of the population in light of the complex challenges facing the region. In its first chapter, the research deals with the theoretical framework of humanitarian diplomacy, by defining it, reviewing its basic principles, and distinguishing it from traditional diplomacy. It also highlights the pivotal role of international and regional organizations in implementing humanitarian diplomacy. In the second chapter, the research focuses on the humanitarian situation in Gaza, analyzing the worsening crises that include food and water shortages, deteriorating health and education services, and weak infrastructure. The research also reviews the humanitarian efforts made by international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations and the Red Crescent, to provide relief and reconstruction assistance.
The third chapter discusses the main challenges facing humanitarian diplomacy in Gaza, such as the political and economic blockade, restrictions imposed on the movement of aid, and local and regional tensions. The research provides recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of humanitarian diplomacy, including improving coordination between organizations, developing supportive international policies, and implementing sustainable development initiatives that contribute to improving the humanitarian situation in the long term.
The research concludes by emphasizing the importance of humanitarian diplomacy as an effective tool for addressing crises in conflict-ridden areas, with an emphasis on the need to strengthen international and local efforts to provide comprehensive and sustainable solutions to the Gaza Strip.

The study summarized that Russia seeks diplomatic adaptation by supporting new alliances within Syria and ensuring that the country does not slide towards a western or anti-axis with the continued use of soft and solid power tools to protect its interests in the region, because Russia's loss of its ally is a loss of its national security, as Syria is Russia's only outlet to warm water and its only bases in the region, which is a starting point for it to Africa, if Russia's loss of Syria brings it back to its isolation and the proximity of the United States of America and the European Union to its southern borders, as it is a danger to its national security.

The primary objective of the study was to investigate and analyze the reasons for the exceptional relationship between the United States and the Zionist entity, and how the changes in relations since 2011 have affected this exceptional relationship, the study utilized rational choice theory. The study attributes the exceptional relationship between the two countries to three main factors: the strategic importance of Israel as a secure, permanent military base for the United States in the region; the religious and cultural ties that bind the United States to Israel; and finally, and most importantly, the overwhelming influence of the Zionist lobby in the United States. Hence, the absolute US support, especially from the US president, for the entity, which may come in advance or at the expense of US interests at times. This support is considered a rational choice based on rational choice theory, as opposing the interests of the entity may cause significant losses for the US president. However, despite this, the changes witnessed in relations between the two sides will likely not lead in the short term to an end to absolute US support for the entity; rather, they are likely to affect the degree of this support in the long term. The most prominent of these changes is the decline of US involvement in the region, as support for the entity has become an obstacle to Washington\'s complete withdrawal from the region in order to focus on the Chinese threat in the Pacific. Also, there is the significant change in the social and political structure within the United States due to the increasing number of immigrants. As a result of this change, there has been significant opposition to the entity and absolute American support for it, which has been clearly evident in the war of extermination waged by the entity in Gaza.

ازداد ظاهرة الإرهاب في العراق بعد عام 2003 وبعد مكافحته وتحرره من تنظيم داعش الإرهابي سنة 2017بأستخدام القوة الصلبة وفق لإستراتيجيات العراق،مما أدى إلى ظهور التطرف هي ظاهرة من الظواهر التي تعاني منها المجتمعات البشرية وتنتشر بين فئات الشباب تنطوي على الغلو ومخالفة القيم والمبادئ الإنسانية والتجاء لسبل العنف ومخالفة بالرأي تجاه الطرف الأخر وهذه ما تشهده مجتمعاتنا في الوقت الحاضر، بعد ذلك توجه مفكري صانعي القرار الإستراتيجي إلى استخدام (القوة الناعمة) التي تعدّه القوة الناعمة من القوى المؤثر التي تستخدم أساليب الاقناع والتأثير للحصول على ما تريد دون اللجوء لوسائل الاكراه والتهديد باستخدام القوة العسكرية، ومع تواكب التطورات التجأ العديد من الدول لأستخدام القوة الناعمة في محاربة التنظيمات الإرهابية وأفكارهم المتطرفة بتوظيف موارد وأنماط القوة الناعمة، والعمل على منع وتجفيف منابع الجماعات الإرهابية، ووقاية المجتمع من حيث أفكارهم المتطرفة وضرورة التنشئة المجتمع ذات تعايش سلمي والحد من الإرهابيين والمتطرفين،وغرس القيم والمواطنة في المجتمع، وإقامة تعاون وتنسيق بين المؤسسات المسؤولية كافة عن حماية المواطنين من الإرهاب والتطرف.
الكلمات المفتاحية : " توظيف عناصر القوة "،"إستراتيجية"،" مكافحة الإرهاب"،"الوقاية"،"العراق"
Abstract
So the phenomenon of terrorism appeared in Iraq in 2003 and after fighting it and liberating it from ISIS, it was necessary in 2017 to perform hard power according to Iraq's strategies, which led to the emergence of extremism, a phenomenon that humanity suffers from and is spreading among young people and violating human values and principles and came to the point of violence and disagreement with the opinion towards the other party and what our societies are witnessing at the present time, after that, the thinkers of the strategists noted the use of (soft power) which the force considers oil of the influential forces that are used to mask and influence to get what they want without the influence of means of coercion and threats to use military force, and with the force keeping pace with the improvement of many countries to use soft power in fighting organizations and their extremist ideas by employing resources and appearing soft, and working to prevent and dry up the sources of implementation and accordingly, and protecting society from their extremist ideas and the necessity of societal upbringing with peaceful coexistence of course from the need for the ambitious, and instilling values and citizenship in society, and establishing cooperation and coordination between the damages resulting from all damages related to protection from terrorism and extremism.

This research aims to provide a forward-looking vision of Iraq's position in the global energy market in light of the major challenges and transformations it is witnessing. The research begins by analyzing energy market determinants, such as the global shift toward clean energy sources, economic fluctuations, geopolitical conflicts, and increasing global demand, focusing on the impact of each on shaping the future of the market.
The research also examines the opportunities available to Iraq thanks to its vast oil and gas reserves, its geographical location, and its potential for solar energy, along with the structural and regulatory challenges that hinder the exploitation of these opportunities.
The research presents four possible future scenarios for Iraq's role in the energy market: (1) as a stable and diversified energy source, (2) continued traditional dependence on oil, (3) a delayed and forced transition, and (4) Iraq as a regional energy transit country. The study concludes with a series of strategic recommendations aimed at strengthening Iraq's position in the global energy market. This research serves as an analytical and forward-looking reference for decision-makers in Iraq, highlighting the urgent need for structural reforms and integrated energy policies that keep pace with global changes and ensure resource sustainability and a competitive future.

The Security Council is considered the executive body of the United Nations and is the only body authorized to make decisions that member states are obligated to implement under the Charter. At the end of 2015, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2250, titled "Youth, Peace, and Security." This resolution emphasizes the importance of involving youth in development processes, decision-making, policymaking, programming, and in negotiations across various issues.
Due to the significance of UN Security Council Resolution 2250 and its impact on governments and non-governmental organizations, the resolution has prompted these entities to develop new strategies that define the necessary measures to empower youth, integrate them into society, and involve them in the political process. This resolution is considered an initiative by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, addressing youth issues from the perspective of international peace and security and recognizing the vital role of youth in peacebuilding efforts.

This research addresses the role of political parties in shaping public policies in Western political systems, with a focus on democratic systems such as the American and British systems. The research aims to analyze how political parties influence the formulation of economic, social, and other public policies by studying the operational mechanisms of these parties in both parliamentary and presidential systems. It also seeks to examine the challenges political parties face in exerting real influence on public policies, whether internal challenges like party divisions or external challenges such as economic and social pressures.
The research explores the role of parties in shaping policies through elections, political alliances, and legislative committees. It also focuses on how parties address key issues such as the economy, education, healthcare, and foreign policy in Western countries. A comparative analytical methodology is employed, where Western political systems are studied to identify differences between parliamentary and presidential systems in the influence of political parties on public policies. In conclusion, the research provides recommendations for improving the role of political parties in enhancing effective public policies that serve the interests of citizens, in addition to suggesting solutions for the challenges these parties may face in the future

This research examines the Indian-African relations and India's motivations towards the African continent. It explores the stages of development in the relations between both parties from the 19th century until the present, with a focus on common factors that have enhanced these relations, such as historical, cultural, and economic ties. The research discusses India's main motivations for engaging with Africa, including the search for new markets, energy resources, and international political support. It reviews India's strategy towards Africa and the mechanisms employed to implement it, such as aid, investments, and development projects. The research concludes that Indian-African relations have witnessed significant and diverse developments in various fields, and that both parties are interested in enhancing mutual cooperation in the future, particularly in the areas of economy, trade, and investment.

This paper aims to provide a review of the article's content, analyzing the author's most prominent ideas and assessing the extent to which they can be leveraged to develop the Iraqi intelligence system. The review also includes some critical observations that enrich the discussion on this sensitive and emerging topic.