journal of kufa studies center

In light of the importance of oil in the Iraqi economy through its contribution of (32-68%) to the GDP during the period (2003-2019), as well as its importance in meeting the needs of the oil market, the percentage of its oil exports in meeting the global demand for crude oil reached (2-3.98%) during the same period, Iraq can play a major role in the oil market if it is able to increase its oil production, which enables it to increase its oil marketing rates. In other words, if Iraq wants to increase its market share and maintain its oil buyer partners, it must work to increase its production, even if this increase is related to the amount of increase achieved in global demand, as well as according to what OPEC decides from the market shares of its members, as well as the increase in the production of oil countries outside OPEC.

The research aims to clarify the impact of Iraqi Islamic banks on the Iraqi stock market, where Islamic banks have witnessed a great development and wide spread in several Islamic countries, as a result of many factors, including: openness to the global economy, structural reforms in the financial system, liberalization of capital movement and total integration of markets, and this was reflected in the high growth rate of deposits and assets and profit ratios for these institutions, and the researchers measured the impact of the index of the number of shares and the turnover rate of Islamic banks. Contribution to the market to the indicators of the number of shares and the turnover rate of the Iraq Stock Exchange using SPSS 22 software. The researchers concluded that there is a positive impact of Islamic banks in the Iraq Stock Exchange, as the ratio of the two indicators of Islamic banks to the total indicators of the Iraq Stock Exchange increased during the study period, as the ratio of the index of the number of shares traded by Islamic banks to the total number of shares of the Iraqi Stock Exchange reached (51.74%), and the percentage of the turnover index reached (22.7%), and these percentages are for the year 2018 and have increased significantly compared to the beginning of the study period, which confirms the increase in the number of banks. and increasing its activity and impact on the market. The researchers recommended facilitating the process of listing Islamic banks on the Iraq Stock Exchange and encouraging them to trade their shares in the market, which contributes to increasing their role in the Iraqi Stock Exchange.

In this research, I dealt with the subject of morphological forms, their transformation and their meanings, and the opinions of ancient and modern scholars, and I followed the inductive-analytical approach of what the scholars said when they differed in naming the transformation, some of them called it transformation, some called it alternate, and some called it alternate, and I supported this position with the opinions of the scholars with the water mentioned in the book of al-Itqan, as for the meanings of the formulas, the scholars dealt with them through the Qur'anic verses and the opinion of the readers, for example, the coming of the noun of the object instead of the name of the subject.

The study aimed to detect the spatial change of urban land uses in the city of Najaf for the period 1977-2019 and to detect the percentage of this change spatial (increase or decrease) and spatially to highlight the images of variation in spatial expansion during the study period.
The study relied on satellite visualizations and geographic information systems (GIS), which are among the technologies used to monitor these changes that occur to urban land uses, the basic design set of the city, and detailed maps of the city's neighborhoods, with maps of the city of Najaf issued by the Directorate of Public Survey, which enhance the study to reach the results, and the field effort complementing the technologies proved the validity of the hypothesis on which the study was based, which is represented by the large cadastral change in land uses, which is a product of its growth and development. During successive generations of construction and construction resulting from the natural increase of population in addition to migration as it is one of the cities that attract the population. The study concluded to develop a number of conclusions in order to achieve the set goals, most notably that the area of the city in (1977) amounted to (1224.61) hectares and continued to grow in area, in (1987) it became (2050.77) hectares, and in the year (1997) the area was recorded (4340.68) hectares and reached (6252.37) hectares in the year (2007), and in continuation of the cadastral development resulting from the increase in population and the continuation of migration, the area was recorded (8605.64) hectares at the end of the year (2019).

The study of the spatial distributions of any natural or human phenomenon, and the attempt to interpret and analyze them, and find the mutual spatial relations with them, is the core of the interest of geography, which distinguishes geographical studies from other studies. This study seeks to reveal the geographical distribution of green areas of various types in the city of Najaf, and to indicate the implementation of them and the non-implementers, in order to identify the extent of the impact of these green areas on the local climate of the city.
The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that there is a disparity in the number of green areas and their planning areas between the three main sectors in the city of Najaf, as the lowest and lowest numbers of these areas were in the city center sector, as they reached (12) sites, with a total area of (11.89) hectares, while the northern sector recorded the highest, with a total area of (646) sites, with a total area of (438) hectares. While these values in the southern sector reached (253) sites, with a total area of (111.4) hectares.

The research dealt with the issue of factors affecting the demand for new houses in the city of Nasiriyah and anticipating the future impact of these factors, as the research was based on a time series for the period 2007-2018, using the multiple linear regression method.
The research problem was the fluctuations in housing production in the city of Nasiriyah, and the research assumed that there are a set of social and economic factors affecting the housing demand such as: the number of households, the number of housing plots distributed, the number of loans, and the cost of construction.
In light of the above, it can be said that: - The purpose of the research is to build the demand function, analyze and evaluate the factors affecting the new houses in the city of Nasiriyah, and to anticipate the future housing demand based on the Delphi method, according to the opinions of experts for the next five years.
The research concluded through the analysis of the demand function that the number of plots distributed, the number of loans, and the cost of construction fundamentally affect the demand for new houses, and it was concluded that the number of building permits will increase by 73% by 2023.
Finally, at the end of the research, a set of conclusions and recommendations related to the purpose of the research were reached.

The naval and land arms race was an important reason for the tension of international relations, as the period after 1870 witnessed serious competition and armaments between their major countries, as statistics indicated a significant increase in military expenditures in these countries and an increase in their spending, whether related to land or naval weapons, as the land arms race between Germany and France began after the War of the Seventies in 1870. It continued between them until it reached its peak in 1913, when new military laws of an offensive rather than defensive nature were issued, which strengthened the offensive power of both countries, and proved to both sides their determination to take revenge on the other, and the German government took a course of German naval armament when it took a decision in 1897, to establish a naval fleet prepared to carry out military maneuvers and operations in the North Sea between the German and British shores. This meant that Britain competed in the field of trade and colonialism, because it was the best way to force the British to recognize Germany's interests.
The nature of the topic necessitated it to be divided into two topics, the first dealing with German disarmament in the armistice of November 1918, and the second dealing with German disarmament in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

The current research deals with an important aspect of the business that companies must identify, manage, and reduce or reduce to the extent that allows those companies to achieve their desired goals, which is the risks surrounding the work of those companies, the research topic was chosen to measure business risks because of its great importance in order to manage and reduce it before making investment decisions in the markets, and the research dealt with what business risks are and their measurement, and the research relied on the audited financial statements that were made Obtained from the official website of the Iraq Stock Exchange, and the business risk will be measured using the Return on Investment Scale for the research sample companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange and representing five different sectors for the period from (2012 to 2018) after you have addressed what has been stated in the literature related to the subject of business risk.

The federal system is characterized by a number of characteristics, and one of its important characteristics is that it includes a type of judiciary called the dual judiciary, as there are two types of judiciary in the federal state, one of which is federal (central) and the other is affiliated with the states, and they follow two convergent lines whose work does not often overlap, and their courts are divided into the same sections, and the Supreme Court has a distinct position judicially and exercises two types of jurisdictions, some of which are related to the constitutional judiciary, so it imposes its control over the constitutionality of laws, but also extends to administrative decisions as well, and the other is related to the ordinary judiciary, which is when It exercises this jurisdiction as a court of first instance and can appear as a court of second degree.

Preventive measures are one of the rules stipulated in international humanitarian instruments, whose origins are found in the Hague Conventions of 1907, which are settled in more detail in Additional Protocol I to the four Geneva Conventions and other instruments relating to the use and methods of warfare, as well as international practices that have established these measures in the form of customary rules, which made these rules more established and respected, especially if they relate to installations of dangerous forces, and what can happen if they are not taken These are serious risks that negatively affect civilian groups and institutions, and may even threaten the fabric and security of the international community.

The orientation of all States stresses the importance of having appropriate means to ensure the peaceful use of outer space and to fulfil the obligations set out in the United Nations treaties on outer space, given the increasing involvement of commercial companies in space activities.
Appropriate measures have been taken at the national level, in particular with regard to the licensing and supervision of space activities by the private sector, while obliging the investor to insure against the risks of its space activity for the purpose of ensuring the availability of the necessary financial cover to compensate for the damages caused by it at various stages, through the creation of a practical legal system to regulate the participation of the private sector in space activities. under the United Nations treaties on outer space.

Globalization in its various dimensions has contributed to the change in the concept of security and the nature of security threats, as it has worked to bring about major changes in all areas of international politics, through the transformation from nationalism in the perception of the international environment to its universal freshness, which included the fields of power and conflict, and the essential point in this transformation is the relationship between these areas and security, which has witnessed decisive transformations in its content, strategies, nature and formulas of threats, and mechanisms, by moving from the perception and interaction from within the national circle to the global circle. After the developments of globalization, the increasing interference of complex technology and the information revolution in the formulation of the issues of the international community, the introduction of fundamental changes in the concept and content of security under the great title of "Redefining Security" and the expansion towards non-traditional security.
The research seeks to trace the path of transformation in the concept of security and the expansion that has occurred in its various sectors, and to shed light on the nature of new security threats and their non-traditional sources.
The nature of the topic necessitated it to be divided into two topics, the first dealt with the dimensions of the transformation in the concept of security and the second dealt with the geostrategic variables that affected the transformation of the concept of security and security threats.

The study aims to find out the role of public spending practices in the success of strategies to confront the crises of the study community, Directorate of Civil Defense, Najaf Governorate. The study focused on crystallizing the knowledge base of the main study variables by reviewing most of the literature and studies that dealt with the topics of public spending practices and strategies to cope with crises. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the correlation and impact between the dimensions of public spending practices represented by (administrative practices, economic practices, functional practices, financial practices) in the dimensions of crisis coping strategies represented by (containment strategy, task force strategy, mobilization strategy, fragmentation strategy) was studied. A scale consisting of (24) items was designed, (120) questionnaires were distributed and statistical tools represented by (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and confirmatory factor analysis were used).

This study presented the concepts related to public relations management and their impact on achieving the quality of banking service in Iraq, which is considered one of the important and modern concepts in the field of banking and the development of appropriate mechanisms for how to support them in order to achieve social and communication development with customers and provide them with the best banking services, whether they are the banking public or those outside the bank in particular, and the economy of the country in general, and the advancement of Iraqi private commercial banks. The research aimed to find out the impact of public relations management on achieving the quality of banking service through the two main hypotheses, namely (is there a significant correlation between public relations management and the dimension and quality of banking service) and (what is the level of influence of the public relations management variable on the dimension of banking service quality).
This research provided a theoretical framework for the most important findings of researchers, writers, and some Arab and foreign studies in the field of banking, as well as an analytical practical framework for the opinions of the research community sample, and the research sample reached (181) respondents, represented by (13) private Iraqi commercial banks, and the questionnaire was relied on to obtain the necessary data and analyzed according to the five-point Likert scale, and a set of statistical methods were used, the most important of which are (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and simple linear correlation lab (person). The research concluded with the most important conclusions, including that this research showed the importance of public relations management as one of the important and modern concepts in the Iraqi banking field and its impact on achieving a good banking reputation that the bank's customers perceive through the opinions of employees and administrative leaders in banks that support this concept in a good percentage. Direct and positive on the quality of the banking service.

There are formulations of discourse in Abbasid poetry inherited from pre-Islamic poetry, so the research divided the research into two topics: the first was interested in linguistic formulations that have a prominent presence in pre-Islamic poetry, which for reasons were transferred to Abbasid poetry, and the research pointed to three types of them.
As for the second topic, it was concerned with the methods of presentation and found them in two types, which formed a clear presence among the ignorant poets and then followed by the Abbasid poets, and this indicates the depth of the connection and interest in the heritage and that the taste of the Arab in the Abbasid era still tastes and emulates the formulations and methods presented by pre-Islamic poetry.

Education of all kinds and methods, especially university education, is the basis of the renaissance as it is one of the pillars of building the modern state based on the development of society and the expansion of its knowledge and cultural horizons through the contribution of its institutions in graduating human staff that possess knowledge and science and thus providing sound educational climates to serve its communities. The city of Basra is the commercial, economic and population heart of Basra Governorate, so the private colleges are concentrated in it benefiting from the location advantages, so the current research aims to indicate its spatial locations and show its regional sphere of influence based on information, field study, and direct interrogation of a sample of private college students for the academic year 2019/2020.

The research aims to identify the academic digital self among graduate students at the College of Education for Girls, and to find the statistically significant differences of the academic digital self among graduate students at the College of Education for Girls according to the variables of the study stage (master's – doctorate), and study specialization (scientific-human). The research was applied to a sample of (211) female students from (Master's – PhD) who were selected by the simple intentional method, and the researcher prepared a scale for academic digital self-knowledge, which consisted of (28) items, and the psychometric characteristics of the tool were extracted from honesty and consistency, and the stability ratio of the tool was (0.85) by retest, and the researcher used a set of statistical means (Pearson correlation coefficient, choose T-for one sample, binary variance analysis).

The impact of the development of the scientific movement in the city of Najaf was clear and very influential on the knowledge, cultural and intellectual aspect, as the city flourished as a religious and intellectual center, which had a clear imprint on the establishment of many religious schools and the genius of many professors of the religious seminary, whose cultural, intellectual and jurisprudential products filled the shelves of libraries in all disciplines and were not limited to religious sciences, but extended to the natural and mathematical sciences.
The journalistic activity in the city of Najaf had an impact on the publication of many magazines that voted on the sciences and ideas of the professors of the seminary, including the magazine of cultural activity by Sheikh Abdul Ghani al-Khudari, which was issued by the Cultural Liberation Society in 1941 to play its scientific, literary and educational role.

The phenomenon of drug and psychotropic substance abuse is one of the dangerous phenomena that suffers from both advanced and underdeveloped contemporary societies as a source of concern and a threat to their security and safety, as well as the harmful and negative effects of their use and addiction to them for the user, the addict, the entire society, its economy, its social fabric, its health and social security. It is worth mentioning that the problem of the abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances at present has become more widespread than in the past and the most dangerous as a result of its impact on different segments of society, as its impact did not stop at the human nervous system, but included all the organs of the human body and its relations with the members of society, and countries imposed severe sanctions on their users, producers, traders and traffickers due to their danger and lethal damage to the social, economic and social security system. National laws to address this serious problem, limit its spread, and establish control, preventive and therapeutic mechanisms to combat it.
In order to shed light on this serious problem, we will discuss international legal measures to combat narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in two topics, the first of which was devoted to the definition of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, their types and the reasons for their use, while the second topic was dedicated to international legal mechanisms to combat them.

Despite the fact that contemporary Arab constitutional systems are based on the idea of multiple governing bodies in the state, the distribution of competencies among these bodies is not in fact done fairly, but we find that the legislative authority enjoys many competencies, whether in the legislative or executive field, and in ordinary or exceptional circumstances, in a way that makes it a supreme authority that controls and dominates – in practice – other powers. Other authorities, especially the head of state, have become a distinctive phenomenon of contemporary Arab constitutional systems in their various forms and nature, and as a logical result of this phenomenon, the competencies of the executive branch have been significantly reduced in favor of the legislative authority, represented by the parliament.
Thus, there was an important development in the status of the head of state after many Arab countries that adopted the parliamentary system transformed from absolute presidential systems to parliamentary systems that combined the characteristics of more than one political system.