Basra studies journal

Hypocrisy considered as one of the most dangerous social phenomena that the Holy Qur’an addressed with a precise rhetorical style. Due to the importance of this phenomenon and its danger to society, there was great emphasis on the verses that discussed the traits and actions of the hypocrites. Studies analyzed these verses and they varied, including textual studies that used reference (al-iḥālah) as a linguistic tool that connects texts to one another, which helps in understanding the intended meanings. This study aims to analyze reference in the verses of hypocrisy in the Holy Qur’an from a textual linguistic perspective, in order to uncover the methods of connection between sentences and verses, and the extent of their effect in conveying the meaning.1

This study explores the concept of presupposition as a pragmatic phenomenon that plays a key role in meaning construction of discourse, focusing specifically on the prose discourse of Dr. Ahmed Al-Waeli, one of the most prominent contemporary preachers of the Hussaini pulpit. .
The research begins with a theoretical overview of presupposition, outlining its types and pragmatic functions. It then moves to a practical analysis based on selected excerpts from Al-Waeli’s speeches, aiming to uncover the most frequent presuppositions embedded in his discourse and assess their role in achieving persuasion and effective communication.
The analysis reveals that Al-Waeli employs presuppositions with rhetorical awareness, using them to build common ground with his audience—thereby enhancing the persuasive power and communicative depth of his discourse.

This study examines the interrogative words used by Al-Rummani in his commentary on Sibawayh’s Book. These words played a key role in presenting and organizing grammatical content. Often appearing at the beginning of sections, they served as introductions and transitions into deeper explanations. Their variety reflects Al-Rummani’s awareness of the specific nature of each grammatical issue, with each tool chosen to highlight a particular aspect. His use of interrogatives shows a deliberate effort to guide thought and stimulate reflection. The study identifies these words, clarifies their basic meanings, and analyzes their contextual functions. The findings shed light on Al-Rummani’s explanatory style and interpretive approach.

The current research paper aims at proving that there is a level of understanding for the meanings of the Holy Quran, which is included in the Quranic discourse, and represent the minimum ability of the addressee to understand the intended meanings. It is presented in the clear Quranic style that can be communicated and does not need an interpreter, which is expressed by the statement in the Almighty’s saying: This is an explanation for the people.. (Al Imran: 138), which carries a set of knowledge and sciences that everyone needs, and the general public understands it to the extent that it secures their guidance, not to the extent that they fully need the perfection of guidance, which constitutes a direct responsibility upon them that connects them to the Holy Quran. We reflect this meaning and the effect that results from it in the honorable narrations with different expressions, such as (the scholar and the ignorant know it…. etc..

The research is concerned with studying the aesthetics of allusion in the Qur’anic discourse, classifying it according to its type, analyzing it, and explaining it, in that it constitutes one of the basic building blocks of its structure, and is considered a main tool of its composition, and a means of its important means in the circle of communication and delivery, and influence and impact between the poles of the circle of reception; They are - the signifier and the signified, the target of the sign and the target of it - since there is no escape for any speech or text without their presence in its context, so the orator, speaker, speaker or writer cannot do without resorting to them, and seeking assistance in employing them, because they carry with their types and qualities of meanings and connotations. This is what the aesthetic analysis of the mechanisms of modern criticism and text linguistics has focused on in revealing the aesthetic bonds of two central signs that support each other in the coherence and strength of the speech, and in the harmony of directing and linking its context and in the manner of introducing an important element of the elements that form its aesthetics. The first is concerned with clarifying the contrastive opposition, and the second works on the depth of the agreement of meaning and its confirmation, and each one has its intended role in the aim and purpose of the speech. .

This research examines the perspective of Abu Ali al-Jubba'I —the leader of the Mu'tazila school in Basra and one of its foremost theorists regarding the caliphate of Imam Ali (PBUH) through dialectical methodology, he presented a nuanced view of Ali's caliphate, oscillating between negative and positive. He explicitly criticized his opponents. However, this did not prevent him from opposing certain virtues and textual evidence supporting Ali's divinely ordained succession to the caliphate. This stance likely stems from the doctrinal foundations of the Mu'tazila school and their dialectical nature, as they were among the Islamic sects most reliant on reason and argumentation in all matters.

The Syrian crisis is one of the most complex crises in the Middle East, with its effects extending beyond Syria's borders to significantly impact neighboring countries, particularly Iraq. This is due to the geographical, demographic, and political interconnectedness between the two countries. The Syrian crisis has posed major challenges for Iraq across various domains, including security, politics, economy, and society.
In accordance with the ongoing complexities of the Syrian scene, Iraq finds itself in a sensitive position that requires balancing its local interests with regional political developments. Despite the deep-rooted and intertwined relations between the two neighboring countries at all levels, Iraq is dealing seriously and cautiously with the recent shifts and developments in Syria, especially after the successive crises Syria has faced since 2011. Therefore, cautious diplomacy can be described as the official stance of Iraq, with a strategy based on prudence and patience until the situation becomes clearer in this complex and entangled scene. This approach takes into account avoiding hasty decisions that could negatively impact Iraqi national security and its internal and regional stability. The Syrian crisis has had complex political, security, economic, and social repercussions, leaving negative effects on Iraq and creating significant challenges.

The present study aims to uncover the temporal trends (annual and monthly) of kidney failure in Basrah Governorate based on statistical analyses of relevant data. The study reached several findings concerning these trends. It was found that there is an upward trend in the disease, with variations in recorded cases and deaths during the period 2013–2023. This increase is attributed to population growth and the rise in chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, which constitute the main causes of kidney failure. Pollution was also identified as a contributing factor. Regarding monthly trends, it was observed that the number of cases increases in January, while deaths peak in both January and July.

Tourism is no longer just a recreational activity for people but has now become an export industry that plays an important role in the country's economic development. Since the study area has many basic components for tourism attraction and economic sector development, it must be optimally exploited, developed and all obstacles facing tourism development removed. Hence the necessity of studying all the climate elements and their role in the establishment and development of the tourism industry. This study included two sections, the first of which dealt with the study of the tourism climate and climate data at the Nasiriyah climate station, and then the geographical analysis of the elements of the tourism climate in Dhi Qar Governorate and explaining the role of each element in tourism. The second section used special equations to evaluate the tourism climate in Dhi Qar Governorate, including the effective temperature index equation ET, the wind cooling index K, and the tourism climate comfort index TCCI. And applying each of them to the climate data of the study area and determining its role in the activity of the tourist movement and its development in each month and season of the year in terms of it being an ideal climate that helps attract tourists and is s

The present study tries to shed light on the needs of women who have returned to their areas after prolonged displacement due to conflict, and to provide an understanding of the challenges they face in accessing rights and services, as well as the coping mechanisms they adopt to address these challenges. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. A total of 15 interviews were conducted, targeting key stakeholders (governmental and non-governmental) and women who had returned to their villages. In addition, a social survey method was used, with a sample of 206 women distributed across 20 villages in Sinsil Basin districts of Diyala Governorate.
The findings indicate that the destruction of livelihood systems has significantly reduced women’s ability to meet household needs after their return. Many women and their families were unable to resume their economic activities. Women were compelled to adopt alternative survival strategies to cope with resource shortages, and some initiated their own small-scale production projects from their homes. The conflict has doubled the proportion of women who are the sole breadwinners for their families, making them fully responsible for earning a living. Many of these women also suffer from psychological distress caused by the additional burdens placed on them and the necessity of providing for their families.

current research mission aims at identidying the following: the search for uniqueness and perfectionism among permanent members of the mention college staff members.
The two research tools were applied to the comprehensive creativity of 100 males and females instroctors from the College of Education for Humanities at the University of Basra. The results of the search revealed that there is a direct positive relationship between the search for uniqueness and the perfection of the luxury of the research sample.

Everyday speech is rich of various types of polite terms and utterances, such as address terms, greetings, thanks and gratitude, etc. used to maintain harmony and solidarity among the members of a community. Such expressions and terms are produced on various intonational patterns by different participants. The speech of 48 Iraqi Arabic speakers from the city center of Basrah is recorded to examine the intonational patterns of thanks and gratitude. The participants are divided into three groups: educated, partly educated and uneducated participants. Each group includes eight men and eight women. The intonational system of Halliday and Greaves (2008) is adopted to describe the intonational patterns used.
The study concludes that thanks and gratitude in Iraqi Arabic are pronounced on various intonational patterns. They occur more frequently on falling tones than on rising tones. The variation in the use of intonational patterns being clearer in the case of partly education participants, whose female participants use rising tones more than the male participants. The examination of the intonation of Iraqi Arabic requires a modification of Halliday and Greaves‟ system of intonation (2008) by adding new symbols to account for the intonational patterns observed.