Al-Esraa university college journal for Engineering Sciences

Architecture has sought since time immemorial to meet multiple human
needs, starting from the basic physiological needs for human survival, psychological
needs (social and individual) to needs related to human progress, such as taking
into account the aesthetic and spiritual aspects, which represent the highest levels
of those needs, through a set of design aspects and characteristics.. This research is
based on the study of the spiritual dimension of higher human needs in general that
architecture seeks to meet, by studying that in the architecture of traditional cities,
in particular, to enhance architectural knowledge with regard to the importance of
investing its capabilities in reconstruction to ensure the creation of contemporary
architecture with privacy and identity, so the problem was identified In light of this,
in connection with the local reality in terms of the limited knowledge discourse
about the investment of the most important aspects and design characteristics
of what is known as spiritual architecture in reconstruction, in general, and in the
reconstruction of the ancient city of Mosul in particular, the goal of the research
is to provide clear knowledge of those aspects and characteristics associated with
spiritual architecture. The religious and civil secular ones in terms of their sensory,
material, aesthetic, and natural environment levels. The research has adopted
the descriptive approach in analyzing theoretical propositions to formulate a
theoretical proposition that paves the way for basic steps that can be adopted
during reconstruction and investigated in two case studies of the architecture of the
ancient city of Mosul, especially after what it was exposed to. Most of the religious
and civil buildings of historical value were destroyed within their urban areas.

The concept of age-friendly societies has gained international attention
among researchers, policy makers, and community organizations since the World
Health Organization launched the Friendly Communities Project in 2006, to address
challenges in some countries, as these challenges affect all aspects of society, and

the educational environment represents an important joint of those joints, being
The environment is the most effective and influential in shaping human behavior,
and the age stage that is most affected and capable of learning and shaping behavior
is of importance, which is the childhood stage. Therefore, the research focused on

school buildings, as they represent an educational environment that contributes to
shaping the positive behavior of students aged 6-12 years.

Algorithms are mathematical processes that provide step-by-step instructions
for solving a specific problem. They are commonly used in computer science and
other technical fields to automate processes and solve complex problems. One great
application of algorithms is the generation of shapes. Algorithms can be used to
create complex shapes and patterns that are difficult or impossible to create manually.
We will explore how algorithms can be used as a mechanism to generate shapes by
adopting the Voronoi algorithm because it provides a wide environment for creativity
through new intellectual processes that may not occur at all in the human mind to
obtain architectural forms subject to mathematical foundations and rules with an
aesthetic language that attracts and interests the recipient and saturates his senses
Through his perceptions and realization of convictions through this product through
various mechanisms for the formulation of the architectural formation.
Hence, the research problem arose, which is the need to know the role
of the Voronoi algorithm in formulating the architectural formation through the
mechanisms of algorithmic generation, and what these mechanisms contain in
terms of principles and what they can present in terms of aspects and methods that
can be applied to formulate the output. The aim of the research was to explore the
role of algorithms (Voronoi algorithm) in the formulation of architectural output
As for the hypothesis of the research: the Voronoi algorithm has a major role in
creating the architectural formation through multiple mechanisms, and the research
followed the descriptive analytical approach through an analysis of architectural
projects designed based on the thought of the Voronoi algorithm to find out the most
important inferred foundations and benefit from them in the formation process.
One of the most important conclusions of the research is that algorithms are
a powerful tool for shape generation, as they allow us to create complex shapes and
patterns that have their own unique characteristics and capabilities, whether you
are creating art, designing a product, or solving an artistic problem.

The child deprived of family care is considered the child most in need of attention
and care. When the orphan child enters a new environment for him, it is obvious that
he feels alienated, isolated, and loses the sense of interaction and communication
with society. The research sees the possibility of mitigating this feeling by enhancing
interaction with the natural environment within the internal spaces of the orphanage
building and at the neighborhood level. In order to solve the research problem, the
research adopted a hypothesis stating that "interaction with the natural environment
enhances the achievement of social interaction for children within Orphanage
institutions" In order to solve the research problem, the research adopted a hypothesis
stating that "interaction with the natural environment enhances the achievement of
social interaction for children within Orphanage institutions." Interacting with the
natural environment and its most important vocabulary and indicators secondly, and
then reviewing a set of applied examples, so that the research concludes with a set of
conclusions and recommendations.

The importance of architectural competitions has emerged in finding the best
designs, upgrading and architectural advancement in both practice and thinking.
Architectural competitions have become intellectual meetings that contribute to
stimulating self-learning and encouraging creativity. They act as an educational tool
that leads to competition that gives motivation to the development of skills and
learning, in a way that enhances the integration between architectural theory and
practical practice for both engineers and architecture students.
The research was concerned with studying the effective role of academic
competitions in architectural education as one of the ways to improve teaching and
learning, and to keep pace with modern technologies in the light of the requirements
of the labor market. achieved and related to the pillars of the educational system,
as well as the general objectives, in order to enhance its adoption in the local
experience.

The use of Android smartphones has been rising quickly as Internetbased
services gain more popularity and develop. The Android operating
system's enormous popularity has drawn malware attacks on these devices.
It is difficult and ineffective to detect malware versions with features that
modify their behavior in order to avoid detection by machine learning (ML)
techniques. An effective feature selection plays a crucial role in detecting
malware characteristics and reduces the dimensionality of a large dataset
by removing the unnecessary features that are not useful and keeping those
relevant features that increase classification accuracy and detection rate. This
helps to solve the problems associated with malware feature detection.in
this paper a malware detection model was proposed it contains three major
stages: the data preprocessing stage, the feature selection stage, and finally,
the classification stage. It was tested and evaluated on CICandMal2017
dataset, the number of samples used was (500000) samples. More than one
steps had been applied for preparing the dataset SMOTE applied to balance
the multi class dataset. The Chi-square had been applied in the feature
selection stage. In the classification stage, the Random Forest algorithm
had been applied. The results showed the features had values differently in
importance. The features selection technique had a positive effect on the
performance, where the accuracy was 89.93 % for all features, and 93.30 %
when using the Chi-square method.

In several engineering applications traditional materials are replaced
by composite materials. Filled composite materials consist of the continuous
matrix and the filling particles. The primary purpose of introducing inorganic
solid particles into polymers is to essentially increase mechanical and physical
properties. The wear properties of polymer composite can be changed to a
greater degree by modifying the process of preparing the filled composite
materials. In the present review, a large-scale research has been conducted
on the effect of wear on the composites of polymers. The effect of filler on
the polymer composites wear behavior has been thoroughly explained.

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are the modern,
trustworthy alternatives to steel tendons and rebars. The bulk of current
research is devoted to establishing the feasibility of incorporating carbon
fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) into reinforced concrete girders by
evaluating the strength and reliability of CFRP and concrete components.
In order to improve fatigue and corrosion resistance, CFRPs are crucial.
Comparing reinforced prestressed concrete bridge girders strengthened
with conventional steel reinforcement to those reinforced with CFRPs offers
the possibility of greatly increasing service life. Also widely researched
and used in bridge engineering as a corrosion-resistant substitute for steel
reinforcement is CFRP composite material. The use of carbon fiber-reinforced
plastic (CFRP) reinforcement for prestressing concrete girders is a practical
solution to the deterioration of concrete structures caused by corrosion of
steel reinforcements. Serviceability demands may act as the determining
design factor for members that have been pre-stressed or strengthened
using fiber-reinforced polymers. Given that CFRP reinforcement has a low
elastic modulus and a modest strain at failure compared to fully prestressed
buildings, partial prestressing may be the optimum method for increasing
deformability and reducing the cost of concrete structures.

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of fire flame on self-compacting concrete. The experimental program included casting cylinder and prism concrete specimens for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and concrete density tests. The specimens are exposed to fire flame at 800 ºC approximately for 2 hours or 6 hours. Then the specimens were cooled either in a fast or slow manner. Test results show that the compressive strength was reduced by about (54 - 61)% for fire exposure of 6 hours and by (27 - 37)% for 2 hours of exposure and cooled slowly or fast, respectively. The type of cooling affects the percentage of reduction in compressive strength. Fast cooling reduces compressive strength more than slow cooling. The influence of fire flame on elastic modulus is more pronounced than on compressive strength. The modulus of rupture was reduced by 13% and 20% upon exposure to fire for 2 hours and 6 hours, respectively compared to the unburned specimens. The non-destructive test by Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) tool is acceptable to assess the compressive strength of concrete after exposure to fire, whereas the Schmidt hammer test was found inaccurate for the assessment of compressive strength after fire exposure

Keratoconus (KCN) is a non-inflammatory, progressive thinning process of the cornea. It is considered one of the advanced biomechanical changes on the corneal surface, and methods of treatment in late cases are special designed contact lenses or surgical intervention. The objective of this paper is to customize the standard eyeglass lens in a way so that it fits with the abnormal shape and changes of the surface of the cornea of a patient suffering from KCN disease.The proposed method here, based on manual scratching of the external surface of the standard eyeglass lens under supervising of an expert optometrist, where this method is considered as a less expensive and safer. Retrospectively, a nine cases measured before in Al-Amal Center, Baghdad, Iraq and diagnosed with KCN severity using topographical mapping.A zero-lens was assigned to each patient and it was scratched using CC2000 scratch paper. Then the thickness of the lens was measured before and after scratching in the center of the lens and in four different locations of the topography map with dial gage indicators. After that, the results were compared between the manually scratched lens and the topography map of each patient and evaluate the extent of the match between them. The results of this study are that two types of samples were isolated, in the first type the measurements are close between the topography maps of the patient and the measurements on a regular basis from the side of the behavior of the surface with a difference (0.059 - 0.94)As for the second type, points were obtained that moved away from the real behavior of the photographic image, then it was necessary to isolate it and use the values next to it.

For the most part, seismic design builds complex structural systems using the same small number of essential structural components as non-seismic design projects. Based on the building regulations, structures are frequently designed to "withstand" the largest earthquake with a given likelihood that is projected to happen at their location. This means that by avoiding structures from collapsing, the number of fatalities must be maintained to a minimal. Seismic design involves knowing the many failure modes regarding a structure and giving it the right stiffness, strength, ductility, and layout for ensuring that these modes do not take place. In this essay, the present level of knowledge on Performance-based Seismic Design (PBSD) approach is summarized. An updated review of PBSD approach's literature is provided in this study. PBSD is an elastic design process that takes into account the building's potential performance under various ground vibrations. It was studied how the PBPD as well as Pushover Analysis (nonlinear static analysis) derivatives of PBSD approach compare to one another as the best technique for usage in seismic design in future

Numerous countries have a high impact on providing the planet with critical
infrastructures offering very important services employed in different fields
such as water resources management, public services, power grids, telecoms,
commercials and transportation. The increasing solutions in the loT systems made
it possible to exploit the internet connection services for supporting the critical
infrastructures. The latest are being targeted by various types of cyber-attacks
due to the advancement in internet services. Therefore, improving the security
systems and the ways to detect the threats are highly required. Meanwhile,
protecting the critical infrastructures from hostile cyber-attacks are of high
significance. This article brings examination of a number of cyber-attack scenarios
focused on critical infrastructures during the recent years, and highlights the most
effective countermeasures for mitigating the most common types of attacks.

The paper's subject is one of the points of fundamental significance
in improving the development of complex computer systems is the effect
of errors since their probability of occurrence in a widely distributed system
is exceptionally high. Thus, the computer system must be dependable and
provide comprehensive support for fault tolerance, fault detection, signal
recovery mechanisms, failure prediction, etc. The goal is to develop a way to
evaluate the reliability of the Red Hat Linux operating system utilizing data
sets of system failures obtained from system injection with error reports
using the Fault Injection Benchmarking and Reliability) FIBR( (for a data set
of system failures). It allows users to inject various faults into a system to
simulate failures and analyse their impact on system reliability. First, identify
the type and frequency of failures observed in the data set. This can be done
by analysing the error reports generated by the FIBR tool. The categorization
of the failures is based on their severity and impact on system performance
by assigning a score or rank to each failure based on its severity and impact on
system performance. This can be done using statistical methods like failure
distribution analysis or reliability block diagrams. Finally, use the reliability
model to calculate key reliability metrics, such as mean time between failures
(MTBF) and failure rate. These metrics can be used to evaluate the overall
reliability of the Red Hat Linux operating system under different scenarios
and conditions. Moreover, compare the results obtained from the reliability
analysis with industry standards and benchmarks to determine if the Red Hat
Linux operating system's reliability meets the required performance level for
the intended use case. The method is a technique founded on two reliability
evaluation models: defect count and failure prediction. An Operating
reliability evaluation technique based on two models: defect count and
failure prediction. In the defect count model, operating system defects or
errors are counted and used to estimate the operating system's reliability.
This is done by analysing the number of defects found during the functional
testing. This information is used to predict the number of defects that may
occur in the future. The defect count model assumes that the number of
defects in the operating system is proportional to its size and complexity and
that reducing defects leads to increased reliability. The defect count model
provides a quantitative estimate of the number of defects in the operating
system. Results: During several attempts to measure and assess the reliability
(for total run time: 900 sec., 240 sec., 120 sec., 60 sec., and 30 sec.), it was
discovered that the greater the number of bugs injected in a single period,
the greater the likelihood of failure situation, and increasing total run time
with the probability increased failure states as well.