The International and Political Journal

The important study was devoted to the culture of society and liberalism in the formation and maturation of the culture of good people, especially as it is today illuminated by the foundations of democratic transformation within the framework of theory and practice. The idea of this study was justified in light of the dangerous master phenomenon in the levels of participation of the Iraqi voter, whether in the 2021 elections or in the field of The 2023 governorate elections chose the problem and imposed the hypothesis to reach the results, which appeared to fall below the level of the chosen culture and its social choice was complicated by the actors of social media, and was determined by the axes of the study supported by contemporary public evidence.

This research aims to analyze the nature of the variables that have influenced the course of the relationship between Iraq and the United States, in light of the security and political challenges Iraq has faced since 2003—particularly those related to terrorism and the violation of sovereignty. The study focuses on examining the key turning points in this relationship, beginning with the U.S. occupation of Iraq, followed by the withdrawal phase, and then the military return under the umbrella of the international coalition against ISIS, with a special emphasis on the legal and political dimensions of the relationship.
The research adopts both descriptive and analytical approaches to deconstruct internal and external influencing factors. It concludes that the future of Iraq–U.S. relations depends on Iraq's ability to assert its sovereign decision-making and to rebuild its security and political institutions in a manner that ensures balance in its international relations.
The study finds that the relationship between Iraq and the United States has undergone significant fluctuations since 2003. Washington played a central role in toppling the former regime and rebuilding the Iraqi state. However, the relationship has been impacted by major challenges, most notably the rise of terrorism and the repeated violations of Iraq’s sovereignty by the United States through military interventions and political pressure.

Media represents a fundamental pillar in the construction of modern societies, playing a key role in knowledge dissemination, value formation, and the facilitation of social communication. With the rise of digital technologies and the emergence of the internet as an open platform, the media landscape has undergone profound transformations. Control over information is no longer exclusive to traditional institutions, as individuals now possess the tools for publishing and influence—ushering in a media environment characterized by plurality, speed, and direct interaction.
In the Iraqi context, media prior to 2003 was under tight state control, functioning primarily as a propaganda tool aligned with the ruling regime and maintaining a unified national discourse. This centralization limited Iraq’s media presence on the international stage, especially in the face of dominant, often hostile, Western narratives.
Following the fall of the regime in 2003, Iraq witnessed a chaotic media liberalization marked by the rapid proliferation of local and international satellite channels, and the influx of domestic and foreign actors. However, this expansion did not establish genuine media freedom, but rather exposed the weakness of professional media structures, deepened discourse fragmentation, and enabled the instrumentalization of media in sectarian and political conflicts—ultimately undermining state stability and coherence.
This study aims to examine the role of Iraqi media after 2003 in shaping political awareness, analyzing its interaction with political and social developments, and assessing its influence on democratic transformation. Furthermore, it seeks to identify the challenges facing media in post-conflict environments—particularly politicization and foreign interference—while offering practical recommendations for building a professional, independent media capable of supporting democratic processes and fostering a culture of freedom and pluralism.

Since 2003, Iraq has witnessed a radical transformation in the political system, allowing for the emergence and proliferation of political parties. However, the effectiveness of these parties has been affected by several constraints, most notably sectarian and ethnic divisions, which have often driven action based on affiliations rather than comprehensive national programs. Interventions by regional and international powers have also influenced the orientations and alliances of parties, weakening their independence and effectiveness in representing national interests.
In addition, the political environment suffers from weak legislation and a lack of transparency and oversight of funding sources, which has opened the door to corruption and favoritism. The control of some parties over state institutions has distorted the concept of the civil state and deepened the principle of "quotas" in the sharing of power and resources.
The weakness of a democratic culture and the lack of popular trust play a fundamental role in limiting the effectiveness of parties, as they are now viewed as agents of personal interests rather than as tools for change. Therefore, reforming the party system requires a radical approach to these constraints to ensure a more effective role for parties in building a democratic and stable state

In recent decades, Iraq has been facing escalating challenges related to climate change, including rising temperatures, declining water resources, increasing desertification, and frequent dust storms. The Sustainable Development Strategy serves as a comprehensive national framework aimed at balancing environmental, economic, and social dimensions to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth. This research analyzes the current state of Iraq’s sustainable development strategy and assesses its effectiveness in addressing climate change challenges. It reviews adopted environmental policies, evaluates national development plans, and explores the main obstacles to practical implementation. Furthermore, the study presents a forward-looking vision for the future of sustainable development in Iraq, proposing strategic pathways to strengthen the country’s climate resilience and achieve long-term sustainability goals by 2030 and beyond.

The Japanese-American defense cooperation is the cornerstone of the regional security structure of Asia and the Pacific. This cooperation was established in accordance with the Mutual Security Treaty signed in 1960, which focused on joint deterrence and confronting regional and global challenges. With the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the growing Japanese sense of security weakness.
Russia, which has not signed a peace treaty with Japan, still controls the Kuril Islands, in addition to anxiety and tension towards North Korea, its nuclear and missile capabilities, its nuclear tests, and the continuing threat to use nuclear weapons.
China has regional ambitions, especially in the East China Sea, and the ambiguity surrounding its military capabilities, as well as other problems that abound in the continent, which require a role that adapts to these changes, takes into account regional concerns about Japan’s military past, and supports the regional stability that Japan seeks.

French philosophy represented a picture of many currents that had a great impact on the history of Western political thought, and therefore this influence extended to represent a line of thinkers who represented a turning point, not even a shift in modern Western political thought, and among these thinkers is René Descartes.
France found its first philosopher and his demand for intellectual clarity and precise distinction of matters. This is why France stood the role of the distinguished when it embraced such a thinker within it, and what it contains of his approach, which he put forward, is the critical approach that revolves around the circle of doubt (cogito). Therefore, doubt in Descartes’s thought represents a permanent strategy received on all Beliefs, phenomena, every ideology and every truth.
Descartes’s approach in the beginning represents an elegant style, and this seems clear since the thinker avoids verbal improvements or brilliant words, and yet his brilliance appears in language, that is, carrying ideas through the language he uses, and he seeks from behind that to express things through meditation.
Descartes does not see language as a mere mental function, as the description of the human mind is a "universal tool used in various occasions," as it proves to the mind an infinite multiplicity of thoughtful thought and free action through language.
Descartes believes that the study of philosophy is primarily a human field, and what it contains of the philosophy of mind based on the (existing ego), as it aims to improve the human reality, even if it is far from the other day as much as it is concerned with the present day. Descartes' philosophy aims to reveal the truth of things through (the innate light) = (the human mind), and the consequent sense of the occurrence of things and the organization of behavior according to the mind.

This research addresses the security and military challenges facing Iraqi politics, significantly influenced by internal dynamics and regional and international interactions. These challenges emerged prominently following the 2003 American occupation of Iraq, exacerbating political and security divisions and leading to economic and social deterioration.
In 2014, challenges intensified with the rapid expansion of the terrorist organization ISIS and its control over parts of Iraqi territory, posing a significant threat to the existence of the Iraqi state itself. Moreover, neighboring regional powers intervened in Iraq with their own interests, complicating Iraq’s efforts to maintain sovereignty and independence.
Iraq's national security has been greatly affected by internal factors such as corruption and political instability, alongside external factors such as regional interventions and international security challenges. Achieving comprehensive national security requires holistic strategies that effectively address these factors.
Key recommendations include enhancing international and regional cooperation to combat terrorism and ensure regional stability. It is also essential to improve the military capabilities of the Iraqi armed forces and strengthen partnerships with international forces to enhance technological and intelligence capabilities. Additionally, reforming security agencies and promoting good governance to combat corruption and enhance transparency and accountability in public affairs are crucial.
Security and military challenges in Iraq necessitate multidimensional strategies that respond to both internal and external challenges in a balanced manner, contributing to the establishment of a strong and stable Iraqi state that preserves its sovereignty and national security.

Turkish relations. Iraq relies primarily on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which originate in Turkey. With the increase in Turkish water projects, such as the Ilisu and others, Iraq's water share has declined, leading to serious environmental and agricultural challenges. Under these circumstances, negotiators face numerous difficulties, such as Turkey's intransigence, Iraq's weak negotiating position, and the absence of binding agreements. To achieve success in water negotiations, Iraq requires an integrated approach that combines diplomacy and sustainable strategic planning. Therefore, Iraqi negotiators must play a pivotal role in managing this issue by activating water diplomacy to protect Iraq's water rights and secure sustainable resources for the country. This is achieved by strengthening bilateral dialogue, adhering to international laws, and engaging regional and international organizations. Iraq can also utilize economic and political tools and link the water issue to trade cooperation. This can be achieved by activating water negotiations and utilizing the numerous pressure tools available to it in its negotiations with Turkey to manage the water issue.

Institutional Architecture in Malaysia is a complex model reflecting the balance between the federal system, constitutional monarchy and representative democracy. This model embodies Malaysia's ability to manage ethnic and religious diversity within a single nation, as the society is made up of multiple ethnic and religious groups such as Malawians, Chinese and Indians. Despite the success of the political system in achieving relative stability, challenges related to ethnic and religious discrimination continue to affect the effectiveness of the system. The system still suffers from gaps in economic and social justice between different groups. The political reforms that have been implemented are necessary to increase transparency and accountability, but they have not yet reached the stage of achieving true democracy by Western standards. In addition, economic and social challenges such as Interstate economic differences and the gap between domestic and foreign employment continue to affect the sustainability of economic and political growth. On the other hand, the importance of improving political participation and public freedoms is highlighted, which calls for further reforms to ensure inclusive participation of all ethnic groups. The future requires more work towards social and economic justice to provide stability and achieve sustainable development.

State sovereignty means its ability to impose its authority in its territory and its freedom to manage its internal and external affairs. Sovereignty is linked to the national security of the state and is considered a manifestation of it. Equality in sovereignty among states preserves their rights and duties with legal equality between them according to the principles of international organization. The structural perspective provides a distinctive understanding of international interactions by presenting security as a social structure that goes back to the identity of the state that formulates its interests according to its identity. The occupation of Iraq in 2003 led to the strengthening of sub-identities and their empowerment with their identity extensions across borders in the face of their local competitors in their struggle for power and influence, which made Iraqi sovereignty the focus of sharp interactions between them. Accordingly, national sovereignty and the security data that follow it became at stake.

The Indo-Pacific region in general and the South China Sea in particular are witnessing an increase in American military movements and alliances with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, which poses a threat to Chinese interests and sovereignty over those waters. Therefore, in order to ensure that the regional balance is in its favor, China has adopted various strategies to confront these movements. The dimensions of this strategy differed according to the vision of the Chinese decision-maker, and in line with the imposed threat. Therefore, it included military, diplomatic and economic dimensions. By adopting these dimensions in its strategy, China seeks to preserve its interests and enhance its regional influence.

The study sheds light on the reality of population censuses conducted in Iraq, as Iraq has experienced nine population experiences, each of which has its own specificity and impact on all economic, social, and political activities and institutions, especially the 2024 census, which has more specificity than those censuses, as it is the first census after the fall of the former regime, the first census to use modern technology, and the first census in the era of modern democracy in Iraq. Therefore, the 2024 census data will be important in setting and drawing up the state's general policies, planning for development, and setting the budget in terms of eligibility for the most needy governorates, and determining seats in parliament where population density is high.

Democratic systems are characterized by the effectiveness of community institutions that represent the link between the general public and the official state channels in a way that reflects the extent of the influence of political activities and practices and the interaction with them by the community that confers legitimacy and enhances their manifestations on the activity of the state and its official apparatus. Then the community will appears in the content of the outputs of the political system through the role of unofficial actors in enhancing harmony between the visions and performance of the political system. The impact of the role of informal actors in the political system of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan appears through community work that varies between institutional formation and community organization. as the activity of influence varies between them, Which clarifies the map of political interaction between the ruling forces in political influence and social actors that are active within the limits of the political system’s ability to respond. not according to the requirements of society and its gains restricted by the necessities of reality. Therefore, research tools were subjected to knowing the capabilities of informal actors in influencing the outcomes of the Jordanian political system and reaching effective solutions to address the structural imbalances that limit the management of sound political interaction. and then the decline of influence and its limitation to the tools of interaction between specific centers within the system at the expense of the components of the political system. This is then a justification for the lack of political stability and the weakness of its effectiveness. and the decline of democratic contents and its practices that produce efficient political performance and express the community will. This is what should be the impact of informal actors in the political system of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Iraqi seaports have geostrategic importance as they are the economic outlet of Iraq to the outside world, especially foreign trade, especially the export of oil, which represents the lifeline of Iraq. Through their location, Iraqi ports have been given special military importance after external threats and dangers from the sea. Therefore, the research focused on studying the classification of Iraqi ports, focusing on the importance of ports from many aspects due to their international, regional and then local importance, to highlight the role of ports in the strength of the state, as seas and oceans have been used since ancient times as theaters of fighting and conflict, and are considered an offensive military force and a defensive military force. Iraqi ports are of great importance, especially after the developments witnessed by the region in terms of politics and economics, which places a great burden on the ports, which requires their study and development in order to be able to stand firmly in the face of regional and international challenges competing in the markets. The Grand Faw Port is a strategic project that will fundamentally change the geopolitical situation in Iraq, as Iraq is no longer suffocated by the sea, but will open up to space, and give strength to the state in Iraq .

With the increasing importance of the economy as an important means of managing international relations, the importance of international economic relations has emerged, which has grown in the context of increasing international competition. Here, diplomacy works to enrich its traditional and well-known focus by strengthening trade and investment relations, which have proven to be a priority element in international relations in the twenty-first century. Traditional diplomacy is practiced as an art and craft of communication and exchange between countries through their diplomatic representatives to achieve national interests, whether political, economic, social, or other interests using peaceful means. However, it does not exclude the use of economic pressure to achieve political goals, by exploiting individual or collective diplomatic means at the level of international, regional, and global organizations to achieve political goals. Thus, the continuity and stability of diplomatic relations are directly or indirectly reflected in economic relations.

After changing the political system in 2003 and being subjected to the American occupation, Iraq witnessed major changes that affected the structure of Iraqi society, especially the concept of citizenship, which was paralyzed, especially in the field of government policies. Due to the atmosphere charged with tension and loss of hope, many voices began to rise about the necessity of developing the spirit of citizenship and calling for making the country's interest above all considerations. However, in return, this faced a large number of challenges and obstacles that hindered the process of achieving democracy, which was an obstacle to building the Iraqi national identity. The lack of citizenship cast a shadow over political and social stability in the country. Therefore, any society must maintain the feeling and sense of belonging among the individual in this society. The more political components, constitutional legislation and laws are available that reject differences and discrimination between citizens on sectarian and national grounds, the more loyalty to the homeland increases and citizenship grows among all components of society. This trend is considered one of the most important pillars of democracy.

This study explores the role of unelected institutions in political decision-making within authoritarian regimes. These institutions—including the military, security agencies, senior bureaucracies, appointed judiciaries, and official religious bodies—serve as key actors in shaping public policy and reinforcing regime durability, often at the expense of popular will. Using analytical frameworks such as elite theory and the concept of the deep state, the research examines the mechanisms through which these institutions exert influence. Case studies from Russia, Egypt illustrate how unelected bodies operate across different authoritarian contexts. The study concludes that such institutions undermine democratic accountability, obstruct political reform, and perpetuate closed and centralized power structures. It recommends strengthening civil society, promoting institutional transparency, and curbing the dominance of unelected actors in governance.

The Iraqi political landscape is undergoing rapid and intricate transformations, fueled by interwoven internal, regional, and international dynamics. This study delves into the pivotal role of conservative currents, which have historically solidified their presence in shaping collective consciousness and guiding political action in Iraq. It explores the imperative for these currents to redefine their political identity amidst the crucible of contemporary challenges, ranging from the throes of democratic transition to the repercussions of sectarian conflicts and the far-reaching implications of globalization. The research probes how the Iraqi conservative right is reconfiguring itself, specifically discerning whether it is in the process of forging a moderate 'third path' that transcends the excesses of Islamist extremism and the tenets of revolutionary leftist ideologies, or if it faces the peril of further isolation or ossification within its traditional frameworks. By deconstructing the concept of conservative rights, elucidating its historical roots, delineating its distinctions from the left, and reviewing its stances on societal, religious, and national issues, this work aims to offer a profounder understanding of its ongoing transformative dynamics. Ultimately, this research enriches the field of Iraqi political studies by presenting novel insights into the dynamics of political identity in post-change Iraq, highlighting the potential for the crystallization of innovative pragmatic approaches to confront current challenges Conservatism is an approach to political life that emphasizes wisdom, commitment, responsibility, tradition, and gradual change. Therefore, it can be described as political practice without theory.

Cybersecurity is not just a technical issue but a fundamental pillar of political and social stability. In Iraq, enhancing cyber capabilities is a vital step to protect democracy, combat terrorism, attract investments, and build citizens' trust in state institutions. Today, the internet is capable of sending and receiving any form of data, and without an effective cybersecurity strategy, the country remains vulnerable to threats that could lead to insecurity and long-term instability.

Waste management is an important issue in Iraq due to the associated environmental and health challenges. It involves implementing measures and policies aimed at safe and environmentally friendly waste disposal, as well as regularly monitoring the processes related to waste management to ensure the effectiveness of those policies. It requires stringent environmental legislation to preserve the environment and reduce pollution levels, especially regarding hazardous waste (harmful chemicals). Enhancing environmental awareness among individuals and communities is an essential part of the fundamental steps towards environmental sustainability and contributes to stimulating positive changes in environmental practices. Effective waste management is a collective responsibility shared by individuals and governments, and collaboration between them reduces the challenges facing this issue.

The crisis is currently a source of concern for societies in general, and for individuals in particular, due to the difficulty of controlling it and developing a plan for how to manage it. Tunisia is living in a set of intertwined, accumulated and complex crises in all social, political and economic fields that have affected the political situation in the country, as it has caused institutional paralysis and disruption at the popular, official and partisan levels, in addition to civil society forces. The crisis occurred in Tunisia in 2021 AD, after Tunisian President Kais Saied declared a state of emergency in the country and made decisions that affected the political system, which negatively affected the political situation in the country

Digital citizenship is a modern concept linked to the rights and responsibilities individuals exercise in the digital world. In Islamic thought, this concept can be understood through its grounding in religious and social values that emphasize justice, equality, and respect for rights. Islam highlights the importance of peaceful coexistence and the rights of others, principles that can be applied in the digital space through respecting privacy, ethical interaction, and refraining from spreading misinformation.
On the other hand, the current digital transformation requires intellectual flexibility to keep up with technological advancements, raising questions about how to balance Islamic identity with openness to modern technology. While digital citizenship promotes the concepts of participation and integration into the digital community, the challenge lies in how to achieve this participation in a way that aligns with the principles of Islamic law, such as balancing freedom with responsibility and the rights of individuals and the community.
The dialectic between foundationalism and contemporaneity becomes clear when we examine how Islamic values can be employed in interacting with modern technologies, and how digital laws can be formulated in line with Islamic principles while ensuring the rights of individuals in the digital age

The protracted dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh constitutes one of the so-called “seasonal conflicts” that resurface periodically throughout modern history. While some observers tend to classify the current phase of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as limited in scope, marginal in significance, and occurring in a geopolitical periphery distant from the primary spheres of influence of major powers, a closer examination reveals otherwise. This conflict embodies substantial security risks at the regional level, coupled with profound ethnic and cultural ramifications. It also exerts considerable influence on global energy dynamics, particularly in relation to competition over natural gas resources—a factor that has emerged as a decisive catalyst in reigniting historical hostilities. Moreover, the states directly or indirectly impacted by this conflict are often simultaneously the principal actors sustaining and intensifying it, motivated by ethnic-nationalist agendas and by broader international and economic expansionist strategies. These dynamics are intrinsically linked to the regional balance of power, transforming the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute into a strategic instrument leveraged within the broader tapestry of interconnected regional and international crises, thereby serving as a vehicle for geopolitical positioning and the projection of influence.

The routes of natural gas pipelines between different countries are an indicator of the nature of international relations between the starting and ending points, as well as the transiting parties. This pipeline embodies the balance of international relations, fluctuating between the points of cooperation and conflict, and the intermediate issues between them. For the pipeline to continue fulfilling its economic and developmental role, it requires continued political consensus, the absence or fluctuation of which could lead to a halt in the flow of natural gas. This is what we saw with the Russian-Ukrainian war, which halted the flow of Russian gas to Europe due to its military support for Ukraine. Therefore, the geopolitical importance of gas pipeline routes, coupled with the expansion of international competition, is evident. This will lead to the establishment of political and economic relations that benefit all parties in the Caucasus region.

It has witnessed many diverse categories in development and progress, negative or positive, this was reflected in reality that actually began from the supposed aspirations through the economic situation and the difference in income assistance, then the development in technology which was reflected in all aspects of life. Therefore, some societies live a comfortable and secure life, while other societies live below the poverty line and countries lack sovereignty because they are a stage for foreign interventions and do not have the ability to protect their borders and sovereignty. The decisive factor in the case of countries is effective and sound governance, which is the sail that controls the fate of the state and society through creating sustainable development that elevates the reality of the state and leads it towards societal peace. Therefore, it became necessary for the researcher to study political systems with good governance that were able to coincide with development, progress and political stability, and other countries that did not deal with good governance and governance in its imposed form. This led it to adopt wrong policies that cost it a lot in weakening the state’s condition, including illiteracy rates, poverty, weak technological incubator in the state, and many other consequences. The researcher adopted models of governance that would not rise to the level of good governance, such as the countries of Lebanon and Yemen. Another model contradicts the previous one, models that adopted the successful model of good governance in managing the state, represented by two models of countries, namely the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

This article addresses the problem of the relationship between demographic factors and international conflicts, aiming to explore its importance in the strength of states and the reliance of various societies on it to engage in wars even if their nature changes. The size of the population, age structure, and the cohesion of the population play a role in the decision to enter into a conflict, whether international or internal. As a result, we find that the demographic factor has a clear impact on the trajectories of conflicts, transitioning from a latent to a manifest state. Conflicts, in turn, negatively affect the demographic factor, leading to issues such as displacement, a decrease in population numbers, and disruption in natural population growth rates, consequently affecting the overall stability of the state

In this paper, the researcher examines the issues that render political phrases between Arabic and English into diplomatic speeches. Research employs comparative method of analysis, based on selected speeches, treaties and diplomatic statements. This research paper identifies the linguistic, cultural and ideological constraints that tend to block the proper translation. The practical challenges which translators might encounter in the suggested equivalent strategy are considered with particular attention to the research of scholars of translation and the actual political realities. Allusions to the past work of the University of Al-Mastansaria are also incorporated in order to have a local educational outlook. Results indicate that translation of politics necessitates not just linguistic competency, but also cultural sensitivity, situational sensitivity and diplomatic apathy. This analysis finishes with the suggestion of translation and translation of the diplomatic practice.

The study seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of the most important international and regional positions on the Israeli war on Gaza. The study will take 2023 as a starting point, as this year witnessed significant events, most notably the launch of Operation Flood of Al-Aqsa on October 7, 2023, by the Palestinian resistance, represented by the Hamas movement, which constituted a significant event in the history of the Palestinian resistance movement. The results of the study revealed that despite the losses that targeted innocent civilians, it also demonstrated the sympathy of Western peoples, represented by condemnations and denunciations of the Zionist entity for its crimes committed against innocent