Journal of Historical studies

Arajeez and poems are important sources in writing history, and it is imperative to study them and know their depth and great impact in writing and recording history, and to identify the many fields and areas in which this type of writing and composition entered, and how this type of source provided fertile material for historical writing, the details of which were imitated by the poetic and literary culture that prevailed among Arabs and Muslims, who were able to transform it into a tool for preserving, presenting and facilitating sciences, as the basis of this method of preserving history through poems and poems was to facilitate and facilitate the preservation and circulation of information.
The importance of this topic is to stand on the great importance of this type of source that was able to preserve historical information in its written and oral form, and showed the extent of the intermingling between history, poetry, literature and the rest of the sciences and knowledge.
The goal that the research seeks to reach is to clarify how this type of historical source appeared, and whether researchers were able to employ it in the best way, and how to re-study and investigate sources that have not yet been studied and investigated in the necessary manner.
This research deals with multiple models of these sources across multiple historical times and different places in order to provide examples and indications that reinforce the answers the research seeks to reach

The most obvious way to recognize the truth of Islam. Its divine nature, not its human nature. Which some of those who denied its authenticity. Whose perceptions did not reach its true nature claimed? The method applied by the Great Messenger, in reality, in which he called to the true religion. Which is compatible, as it is and as those with insight see it, in a precise manner with human nature and lived reality. The limits of each individual’s perception of the truth and his existence, striving to free him from the shackles of ignorance by leading him toward the places of dignity and freedom sought for him, according to the explicit and clear method that the Noble Qur’an has defined for him
The entirety of God Almighty's commands in the Holy Qur'an in this regard. The adherence of the Greatest Messenger to them, as history books have attested. The true standard for the authenticity of Islam and the ideal method for calling to it and spreading it, not the personal endeavors of those with political and economic ambitions that contradict the spirit of religion recorded for them by history, as happened starting from the Umayyad era, with the exception of Omar bin Abdul Aziz, and passing through the Abbasid era and the small states and countries that arose in its embrace or at its expense, for whom Islam, as Islam itself, was not an end, but rather its name was a means for them to extend their authority over countries, using various methods. If the goal of some of them was Islam, their method of spreading it was not compatible with the method of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, in this regard. The consequence of this is that the image of Islam reflected negatively in those societies, and those with ill will in the past and present took it as a means to attack it by reducing its goals to the size of those ambitions.

The church had a great impact on the Islamic-Christian conflict in Andalusia. The popes realized that the peninsula was the ideal place to wage its wars, so it began preparing campaigns in order to make the policy that was about to emerge successful. Its propaganda campaign was not limited to the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. Rather, it went abroad to include the support of external powers such as the Frankish power, which strongly supported the conflict, and the Portuguese power with the same Frankish support, and then the powers in the country that were represented by funding from the church. There was a great deal of support from it by giving a sacred character to those conflicts, and by granting indulgences in which he did not participate. Likewise, it supported the feudal lords, the monasteries represented by the Monastery of Cluny and others, and the movements and role played by the men of the church in politicizing that political process. In addition to the alliances and union that were concluded between the kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Aragon and Castile, which helped to make that conflict a success on the side of the Christians, the speech launched by the church in order to win over the masses and mobilize the fighters also had an impact on the Christians in the conflict.

The ancient Arab countries knew the idea of offering human sacrifices, and this is evident through the archaeological signs that were observed in Iraq, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula in ancient times. It is also evident from these signs that human sacrifices were practiced in two forms: the first is that human sacrifices were offered in a special religious ritual, while the second form is that human sacrifices were offered in public forums. The second form usually consists of servants and followers. One of its rituals is the burial of servants and slaves of the royal palace with their master. The archaeological remains, inscriptions, and the architectural organization of the graves, as well as the scientific results resulting from the dissection and analysis of the bodies that were found of people who were sacrificed, contributed to identifying these two forms in detail. Therefore, we decided that the title of the research should be (Human sacrifices and their rituals in the ancient Arab countries / Iraq, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula / as a model), in order to shed light through it on this phenomenon.

This study examines the cultural divergence and conflict that have emerged across centuries between the peoples of the Islamic East, reflecting the clash of values and cultural concepts between diverse civilizations in this vital region. Specifically, this research investigates the factors that have influenced this divergence across different eras, with particular emphasis on the roles of culture and religion in shaping this conflict and divergence. The cultural implications of this phenomenon as a primary element in ongoing cultural divergence will also be discussed.
Furthermore, this study explores the phenomenon of cultural fusion and its consequences, as well as the evolution of cultural conflict in the context of the transformations brought about by Islam. The emergence of new states on the political scene will also be examined. Case studies of cultural coexistence and positive interaction between Eastern peoples will be reviewed, and the challenges faced in the region will be discussed.
A historical and philosophical analysis of significant events and ideas related to cultural conflict will enhance our understanding of the causes, consequences, and implications of this ongoing divergence.
Keywords: cultural divergence, cultural convergence, Islamic East, cultural conflict, cultural fusion, Islam.

Although Cyprus is a European country, it was subjected to British colonialism, and after gaining its independence in 1960, it faced great challenges due to the Cold War, its strategic importance, and the Turkish-Greek competition over it. Its first president, Archbishop Makarios III, tried to follow a policy of avoiding his country's involvement in the Cold War first and not submitting to Turkish and Greek influence. Accordingly, he found in the Non-Aligned Movement the best means to achieve the goals of his policy. This research came to study the position of Cyprus from the Non-Aligned Movement 1955-1961, and the underlying reasons that made a European country like Cyprus join such a movement and participate in its conferences, and work hard to obtain the support of the movement in order to continue its independence and territorial integrity, as the Cyprus issue was a subject of discussion at the international level, especially within the framework of the Non-Aligned Movement, which sought to strengthen the role of non-aligned countries between the Eastern and Western camps. The research also sheds light on the internal and international positions on Cyprus's accession to the aforementioned movement.

The scientific dimension of the Prophet’s (PBUH) commandments regarding the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) and its practical reality includes the most important scientific commandments of the Noble Prophet (PBUH) regarding the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH), in which he emphasized that the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) have the scientific reference for Muslims after him, and Muslims must follow them, benefit from their sciences and knowledge, emulate them, and rely on them in their religious and worldly affairs. These commandments had a practical reality represented by the behavior of the individuals of the Islamic nation towards the knowledge of the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH).

The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women worked to adopt a declaration to secure human rights for women and grant women their rights to education, employment, inheritance, penal reform and other issues related to them. During its meeting held on December 18, 1972, it declared 1975 as the International Year of Women with the aim of raising awareness of women’s issues and preparing for the First World Conference on Women. The United States of America played a major and supportive role in the United Nations declaration through diplomatic efforts and financial contributions that it provided and had an impact on the success of the conference and its recommendations that helped in developing women and achieving gains for them later.

The study aims at the beginnings of the emergence of the Beitar organization during the period (1923-1925) through the efforts of Vladimir Zeev Jabotinsky in opposition to the global Zionist tendencies, and the contributions he actually made in establishing most of the Zionist organizations. Beitar was considered one of the most effective of those organizations in establishing the entity state. Zionism, and the study also started from the most prominent principles of the Beitar (Youth) Organization and the most important reasons behind its name. In addition, its goals varied between what was settler and sought to solve the Jewish problem, especially the difficulty of the integration of Jews into European societies in general and in Poland in particular, in addition to the perception of the Zionists. Since the beginning of their settlement project in Palestine, the importance of the reasons for possessing human power, meaning youth, and material power, meaning weapons, to achieve their colonial aspirations, and what is military, as the organization sought to establish independent Zionist military units to eliminate the Arabs without the need to support the British forces stationed in Palestine, in addition to that. I returned Beitar, the arm of my military youth, to the corrective movement
In addition to the above, although the traditional Zionists described the Beitar organization as extremist, at the same time it represented one of the most realistic Zionist movements and consistent with the Zionist reality.

The phenomenon of grave exhumation in Islamic history represents a thorny and complex issue, intertwining political, economic, social, and sometimes religious motivations. Throughout the ages, the Islamic State witnessed various incidents of grave exhumation, each with its own context and specific reasons. In the early periods of Islam, the sanctity of graves and the deceased was of great importance. However, some instances of grave exhumation began to appear for different reasons, especially during times of political turmoil. The exhumation of the graves of opponents or figures considered hostile to the ruling authority was sometimes a means of insulting memory and expressing political anger. Incidents of the exhumation of the graves of some prominent figures in the internal conflicts that the Islamic State witnessed in its early centuries can be recalled.
It is important to note that historical sources are fundamental to understanding this phenomenon. Therefore, the study of grave exhumation requires tracing the narratives and accounts found in history books and biographies, and analyzing them carefully to understand the context, motivations, and consequences resulting from these actions. Furthermore, the period up to the year 247 AH, which is the period covered by the research title, includes incidents of grave exhumation linked to early political conflicts, such as the attempted exhumation of the grave of Sayyida Amina bint Wahb, the mother of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), the exhumation of the graves of the martyrs of Uhud, especially the grave of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and the attempted exhumation of the grave of Sayyida Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her), as well as the attempted exhumation of the grave of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) during the Umayyad Caliphate, and the exhumation of the Umayyad graves at the beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate.

The establishment of the Dar al-Fonun School in 1851 was a significant event and a major turning point in the educational and cultural system in Iran. It was the first modern educational center and, as such, the first university in Iran. The school succeeded in preparing an informed and educated class that was later able to manage the country's affairs and institutions according to the modern methods used in European countries. The cultural developments and the enlightenment and modernization movements in the field of science and knowledge witnessed by the Western world were not hidden from its founder, Amir Kabir. He was fully aware of the scientific and cultural movements in Tsarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire. These movements were not born of the moment, but rather the result of a set of observations and knowledge he gathered and acquired through his visits to those two countries.

Music is an integral part in the daily life of ancient Egyptian society, It was associated with work and worship, It played a significant part in the lives of both kings and commoners, The musical forms witnessed a dynamic evolution across generations, particularly influenced by the political realities of the modern state era, During the old kingdom era music was calm, however during the modern kingdom era it transformed into vibrant form, reflecting the diversity of its forms and the influence of musical instruments from neighboring countries .

Characterized with Personality Patriotism for all her country from Hindus and Muslim and she work with Muhmmad Ali Jinnah search instead for autonomy of India worked in to lokino , and she worked to get woman India on the right to vote ,and she has attiude towards from of political development of India such as Political of Government of united kingdom .and she Participated in the non- v tolence movement with Gandi in 1919 and she Participated with Muslome in Ah-Kalafa Movement at last she working fir Gandi way

Britain played a pivotal role in establishing the Sierra Leone colony in the late eighteenth century, as it was the result of efforts to cancel the slave trade that was a violation of human principles. Despite the humanitarian nature of the founding of the colony, it was carried by clear colonial dimensions, as Britain sought to exploit the colony to enhance its political and economic influence in West Africa, as Sierra Leone was a strategic base to control regional trade roads, as it constituted a starting point for projects Colonial economy aims to integrate the region into the British economy through export Resources and cheap labor. Moreover, Britain used the colony as a tool to spread its cultural and religious influence by sending missionaries and educational institutions, which contributed to the consolidation of its long -term colonial policies in the African continent.

After Libya gained its independence in 1952, the Iraqi military establishment played a significant and essential role in building and developing the Libyan military institution by sending Iraqi military training missions that included many prominent and important military figures, especially during the early establishment of the modern Libyan state after gaining independence. These missions had a substantial role in training, equipping, and organizing the Libyan army. The number of Iraqi military training missions was five, and the third mission is considered one of the most prominent missions that had a clear impact on the Libyan military institution.

This research deals with the Al Bu Said family in Oman, their rule during the period (1741-1783), the assumption of power by Ahmed bin Said Al Busaidi, the founder of the Al Busaidi state in Oman, his internal and external policy, the Omani position and the distinguished role of Ahmed bin Said in the siege of Basra in (1775-1776) imposed by the Persians under the leadership of Karim Khan Zand, as the governor of Baghdad requested aid and assistance from Ahmed bin Said Al Busaidi, who in turn sent an army of thousands of men who sailed on warships and were able to lift the siege and expel the Persians from Basra. In return for these victories, the Ottoman Sultan decided to grant Oman an annual tax as a reward for their support for Basra.

The political developments following the July 14, 1958, coup d'état posed a serious challenge to the leaders and symbols of the Iraqi state, regarding the possibility of implementing political participation in the administration of the state and the affairs of power. In the years following the 1958 revolution, the intentions of the coup leaders became clear: they did not want to implement the principle of participation in government according to the democratic principles for which the revolution was launched, after accusing the royal authority in Iraq (1921-1958) of monopolizing power in the royal family.
At the same level, the coup of February 8, 1963 witnessed the same dictatorial concepts in the administration of government, and the concept of the “village” in the administration of government emerged after it dominated the political class that ruled Iraq after 1963 until 1979 as a village system of government. With the arrival of President Abdul Salam Arif, the number of political leaders and army commanders from a specific city in Iraq increased, specifically Ramadi, the birthplace of the Iraqi president, While regionalism moved to the city of Tikrit, which established the concept of the "sole leader," after its leaders assumed administrative positions in most state institutions, starting with the president in 1968.