Iraqi Journal of Oil and Gas Research

The main goal of the present work is a study to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere because it leads to higher temperatures, increased pollution, health problems, smog, and acid rain. Ionic liquids such as [bmim][BF4] were used at a concentration of (1.5 and 3) mole/l and the ionic liquid was mixed with alkanolamines such as (MEA) at the concentration (4mole/l) to increases the absorption efficiency. The absorption process was used to capture CO2. The absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the solutions to the greenhouse effect. Global warming, which makes human life and social development face severe challenges because it is considered to be an environmental problem that must be solved, especially the emissions of CO2. Carbon dioxide absorption can take place either physically or chemically. The process consists of two flow meters, a gas mixer, absorber cell (50ml), water bath, and CO2 analyzer connect between them. Using a central composite design (CCD) program to create a set of experimental processes can reduce the number of trials needed to improve operating conditions. In absorption experiments, the effect of temperature of the solution (25-40)˚C, the concentration of the solvent (0-3) mole/l, and absorption time (60-120) min were studied to determine the best-operating conditions on absorption process performance. The experimental results included removal efficiency at the best conditions is 88%.

The effect of a triangular configuration of heat exchanging tubes (HETs) on the instantaneous and local heat transfer coefficient (LHTC) has been investigated and quantified in an air-water bubble column (BC) utilising an advanced heat transfer technique. The bundle of heat exchange tubes was designed to cover 25% of the column's cross-sectional area (CSA) to simulate the heat exchanger tubes used in the industrial Fischer Tropsch (FT) process. The local heat flux, surface temperature, bulk temperature, and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were investigated instantaneously in a Plexiglass BC under a wide range of superficial gas velocity (5-45 cm/s). The obtained results reveal that the presence of a bundle of (HETs) and their arrangement effect the (HTC) in the bubble column, where unsymmetrical profiles for (HTC) were obtained with triangular tube pitch arrangement. Additionally, steeper (HTC) profiles notice were when the triangular tube pitch arrangement was utilized. High (HTC) values were obtained at the core region of the column relative to the wall region under all the studied operating conditions. It was discovered that the local and (HTC) increase as superficial gas velocity increases despite the fact that the bubble column is heavily packed with a bundle of (HETs). The rise in HTCs was higher at the core than at the wall region of the column. For example, at a superficial gas velocity of 45 cm/s and at an axial height of 65 cm (Z/D=5), compared to the wall, the HTC in the core of the column increased by 131 %.

Petroleum effluent is often made up of a complex combination of metals and organic molecules. In the present work, modeling of a tubular electrochemical reactor (TER) with a novel design operated at batch recycle for petroleum refinery effluent treatment by anodic oxidation was investigated. The reactor is composed from a cylindrical stainless steel cathode and a spiral porous graphite anode at its center. The impact of flow rate on the COD reduction and mass transfer coefficient (k) was studied. Results showed that increasing flow rate led to higher removal efficiency of COD and higher mass transfer coefficient where COD removal of 70% and k with value of 6.283x10-4 cm/s were obtained at flow rate of 4l/min. A power low correlation was obtained between mass transfer coefficient(k) and Reynolds number (Re) with coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.994869.This relation can be described as k=1.906x10-6(Re) 0.545 with range of Re 10000≤Re≤ 40000 prevailing turbulent conditions.

depolymerized Polyethylene terephthalate waste (DPET) particles were prepared by bubble column reactor adding ethylene glycol as a solvent and Nano MgO as a catalyst and using DPET particles to modify the mortar by partial replacement of sand. The mechanical hardness test, the physical ultrasonic pulse velocity test and the acoustic insulation test of the modified cement mortar composite have been studied. DPET particles were used with four percentages of (1, 3, 6 and, 9)%wt of sand for each one of them. All tests were done for 28 days of curing. The cement mortar composite was prepared using water/cement ratio of (0.48) while sand-to-cement material ratio of (1:2.75) (2.75 parts of sand and 1 part of cement). The findings showed that there was no clear influence of DPET on the hardness of the cement mortar, where the hardness of mixture with 3% DPET equal to that of mixture with no DPET was (91.7 shore A), while the hardness of other mixtures with (1, 6 and 9)% PET were (91.6, 91.2 and 90.8 shore A) respectively. While the UPV of the modified cement mortar decrease with increase the amount of DPET particles, where the drops in UPV were (-2.98%) at 9% of DPET particles. The acoustic insulation of the modified cement mortar composite increase as the DPET increases in all frequencies that were used. This is indicate that DPET particles which that made through depolymerized the PET of waste water bottles can enhancement the physical and insulating properties of the mortar.

Time-resolved studies of silylene, SiH2, generated by laser flash photolysis of phenylsilane, PhSiH3 have been employed to obtain rate constants for its bimolecular reaction with deuterated hydrogen, D2. The monitoring laser was tuned to 17259.50 cm-1, corresponding to a known strong vibration-rotation transition, A (1B1)  X (1A1), in the SiH2 absorption band. The SiH2 concentration-time profiles were recorded for mixtures of phenylsilane and various partial pressures of D2 at temperatures in the range 300-553K. At three different temperatures, data were recorded in a series of runs for second order plots at 10 Torr total pressure. In addition to those experiments another set of runs was carried out at each temperature, in which the total pressure (SF6) was varied in the range 1 to 100 Torr in order to test the pressure dependence of the second order rate constants. In these runs second order kinetic behaviour was observed. The rate constants were found to be pressure independent. An Arrhenius equation was obtained with activation energy of E= -0.48 kCal/mol. The isotopic ratios obtained from experimental data for SiH2/SiD2 + D2/H2 were compared with those of Transition State Theory and found to be in reasonable agreement when the Transition State structure of Gordon et al was used.

One of the most promising new types of ecologically friendly solvents is deep eutectic (DES) solvents. The oil and gas industry is the primary subject of this quick introduction of DES applications. Readers are encouraged to take into account other DES applications in various fields of study. Ideally, this research would encourage industry scientists and problem solvers to choose more environmentally friendly alternatives in their applications as a result of their findings. To investigate atmospheric carbon absorption in choline chloride: ethylene glycol at various pressures. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in the isothermal–isobaric environment at pressures of 1.5 MPa and 6 MPa as well as at the appropriate experimental densities. Carbon dioxide absorption in the solvent has a significant anion and hydrogen bonding donor effect, as well as a moderate cation effect, according to the structural investigation. Instead of collaborating, The anion and the hydrogen bond donor (ethylene glycol) are competing for control of the carbon dioxide interaction. The ethylene glycol–CO2 interaction dominates at lower pressures, whereas the chloride–CO2 interaction takes over as the dominant interaction at higher pressures. Since this discovery, the CO2 absorbent can be employed in the deep eutectic solvent in the same way as ionic liquids do, but a donor can be utilized in the hydrogen bond.

Bulk density (matrix density and pores fluid density) is a very important physical property that is used as main parameter to estimate physical characteristics (porosity, water and hydrocarbons saturation, shale volume and many others). The compensation from bulk density and sonic velocity is used to calculate acoustic impedance, reflection coefficient, and other elastic properties. Gardner equation have default values for (a) (factor) = 0.31 if Vp in (m/sec) and (b) (exponent) = 0.25 for Vp (m/sec) and these values change according to the lithology condition in the study area to give more accurate results, for this reason The object of the presented work is to calculate new (a) factor and (b) exponent to measure bulk density from compressional velocity using Gardner1974 equation for two formations from middle Cretaceous age, the data was taken from two open hole well logs Am-6 and Am-10 in Amara oil field. Techlog 2015 software was used to complete this work. The results showed that the new values for Mishrif Formation factor (a) were (1.21) in Am-6 and (1.32) in Am-10 and (b) exponent values were (0.46) in Am-6 and (0.40) in Am-10, while for Rumiala Formation factor (a) were (1.35) in Am-6 and (1.333) in Am-10 and (b) exponent value was (0.40) in both Am-6 and Am-10, these values give best fitting with minimum err with field measuring bulk density logs data and these values can used to measure bulk density log in the study area when field measuring bulk density log is not available.

Bulk density (matrix density and pores fluid density) is a very important physical property that is used as main parameter to estimate physical characteristics (porosity, water and hydrocarbons saturation, shale volume and many others). The compensation from bulk density and sonic velocity is used to calculate acoustic impedance, reflection coefficient, and other elastic properties. Gardner equation have default values for (a) (factor) = 0.31 if Vp in (m/sec) and (b) (exponent) = 0.25 for Vp (m/sec) and these values change according to the lithology condition in the study area to give more accurate results, for this reason The object of the presented work is to calculate new (a) factor and (b) exponent to measure bulk density from compressional velocity using Gardner1974 equation for two formations from middle Cretaceous age, the data was taken from two open hole well logs Am-6 and Am-10 in Amara oil field. Techlog 2015 software was used to complete this work. The results showed that the new values for Mishrif Formation factor (a) were (1.21) in Am-6 and (1.32) in Am-10 and (b) exponent values were (0.46) in Am-6 and (0.40) in Am-10, while for Rumiala Formation factor (a) were (1.35) in Am-6 and (1.333) in Am-10 and (b) exponent value was (0.40) in both Am-6 and Am-10, these values give best fitting with minimum err with field measuring bulk density logs data and these values can used to measure bulk density log in the study area when field measuring bulk density log is not available.

Immobilization of microbial cells on nanomaterials opens up broad prospects in biotechnology applications including environmental pollution control and enhancement of biofuel production. Cell-immobilization contributes to improved microbial performance, protection of microbes, and further biomass degradation. Moreover, nanoparticles as biomass support is an advanced strategy in bioremediation. Nanoparticles are interesting for immobilizing microbes due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review throws some light on the recent advances in immobilization of microbial cells techniques onto nanoparticles as a carrier where they are subsequently used as an nano-bio-stimulator in bioprocessing. The benefits and drawbacks of immobilization techniques are included. The biotechnology applications of nano-biocatalyst in bioprocessing are covered including biosorption of pollutants from wastewater and stimulants in biofuel production processes for a green energy generation. The use of nano-bio-catalysts in bioprocesses is an effective strategy for achieving economic feasibility in many processes. Furthermore, future prospects for microbial cell immobilization techniques are discussed.

The One important rock mechanical property in geomechanical investigations is internal friction angle. In order to predict wellbore failure and construct a geomechanical earth model, friction angle is essential. It is usual to estimate the internal friction angle using core tests, but this approach requires more cores and is expensive. Instead, several empirical correlations were found to estimate the internal friction angle from logs data. The goal of this study was to determine the most accurate approach for estimating internal friction angle from log data and to demonstrate how clay volume and porosity influenced this estimate.
This property is estimated using three different correlations built within Techlog 2015 software depend on neutron, density, and gamma ray logs data. The findings demonstrate that Weingarten and Perkins Weal correlation is used, especially when water production is actually occurring. The gamma ray technique does not accurately match the core data since it only employs the gamma ray log. With effective porosity and clay volume used as input data for the Plumb Clay Volume and Porosity correlation, the findings demonstrate an excellent match with the core data. The frictional angle exhibits minimal values in the Tanuma formation and at various depths as a result of a decrease in effective porosity and an increase in shale volume. The results showed that for determining frictional angle, the Plumb correlation approach was the most accurate.

Optimum perforation location selection is an important task to improve well production, and hence the reservoir development process. This paper aims to detect the optimum perforation interval by determining the oil zone interval, petrophysical properties, and productivity ratio to check the efficiency of the perforating process. Drilling, geological and Well log data were used to achieve this study. Geological data such as the depth WOC and the contour map are used to make a 2D cross-sectional of the WOC by using petrel 2009 software. It has been used to determine the well location in the structure, whether it was in the crust or the flank of structure. The drilling history data such as mud weigh, mud cake resistivity...etc. are used to make environmental correction for well logs device to obtain corrected borehole readings. The well logs data are inserted into Interactive Petrophysics software to make the environmental corrections, interpretations and determine the oil zone interval.