Tikrit Journal for Political Science

We know that Africa as a continent occupies an important position in the global oil map, as oil production is concentrated in the West African region, with Nigeria at the forefront, followed by Libya, and then Algeria, and therefore African terrorism poses a direct threat to the security and stability of African regions, but its danger is more evident in the inability of the authority and the army to know in advance about the time and place of its occurrence.

Perhaps among the main factors that contributed to the high level of threat posed by African terrorism to national security is the fragility and political corruption that the Sahel and sub-Saharan region in general, the absence of development initiatives by governments, and the deepening of ethnic and tribal conflicts, which provides a fertile field for the activity of terrorist organizations and their striking at the stability and national security of the countries of the region.

Modern technological developments have contributed to the emergence of alternative media and their widespread spread, as they have become a means of attracting social classes of all ages and interests. Although these means have positive aspects, they have also revolutionized communication between people of different cultural and intellectual orientations. They are not devoid of Of the negative effects and because of its misuse, it is a double-edged sword and the user can break or modify it. Alternative media plays an important role in politics that cannot be ignored because they contribute to the growth of politics, as they have contributed to increasing political awareness among their users, and helping in formulating public policies and imposing oversight on them. Encouraging participation through political and electoral campaigns , Effective mobilization of individuals around common issues, changing perceptions of struggle and protest, the globalization of local political campaign issues, the spread of electronic political satire, and the emergence of so-called virtual or digital democracy, virtual or digital citizenship, and digital or electronic diplomacy.

This research reviews the modern discrimination and its political and social role and the important and pivotal role it played in shaping the national identity. It also discusses the research on activation in Yemen through which the diversity of the formation of Yemeni society is highlighted, which is characterized by diversity by establishing the concept of Hadhra and its important and influential role in the life of Yemeni society and the societal and economic roles it enjoys. The research on the political role of the tribe in Yemen also takes a more focused picture on the important and influential political role in shaping the Yemeni political scene, and so on, stimulating the capabilities and potentials to create a social, political and political environment to create a state of backwardness and security in the country

The Russia–Ukraine war, which erupted in February 2022, caused global disruptions that affected markets and economies worldwide, including the Middle East. As both Russia and Ukraine are major producers of grain and energy suppliers, oil, gas, and grain prices were directly impacted due to Western sanctions on Russia and disrupted Ukrainian exports.

In the Middle East, oil-exporting countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE benefited from the surge in oil prices, leading to significant budget surpluses and stronger public finances. On the other hand, energy-importing countries such as Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon struggled with rising fuel and food costs, which exacerbated inflation and strained national budgets.

Disruptions in wheat supplies also triggered a food crisis, particularly in nations heavily reliant on Ukrainian imports, such as Egypt. This situation has pushed several Arab countries to reconsider their agricultural and food security strategies.

Overall, the war has posed both challenges and opportunities, prompting Middle Eastern nations to diversify their economies and strengthen their food and energy security.

Deterrence as an effective strategy to implement the state's strategic goals is affected by internal and external factors as a system affected by inputs, most notably its basic requirements and the impact of the broader system - the international environment or the regional environment, and results in outputs that subsequently change due to the feedback of the environment, which in turn aims to achieve a limited goal in the movement of the system, and the Middle East region as an arena of geopolitical and strategic conflict between the major powers, the transformations that affected the region, especially after the events of Gaza and the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, led to the conflict of influence between all powers to draw Tailored Deterrence as a new strategy characterized by redeveloping the capabilities of these powers and thus achieving the strength of their deterrence and the credibility of their capabilities and capacities.

Drugs have become a serious challenge in Iraq after 2003 as a result of the security, economic and social changes that have occurred. After Iraq was a transit point for drugs, it has become a consumer and producer of them. Despite the great government efforts in enacting laws and tightening security control, the continuation of corruption, poverty, unemployment, economic and religious reasons and other factors hinder the efforts made, The effects of the phenomenon have clearly appeared and are visible and have a significant impact on the individual, Iraqi society, and the country’s national security, as they contribute to institutional funding and cause disruption in the social fabric. Therefore, there is no harm in a comprehensive strategy that combines legal security solutions and sudden awareness of the phenomenon.

The research explores the internal and external challenges faced by the Qatari elite in achieving sustainable development in Qatar. It discusses internal challenges such as economic fluctuations, lack of economic diversification, and issues in the agriculture and industrial sectors, among others. Additionally, it examines political challenges related to political reform, as well as social and cultural challenges in their various aspects. The study also addresses external challenges, including regional and diplomatic relations and their impact on development progress, along with regional security and its role in creating a stable environment to achieve the state’s strategic goals. The research aims to provide a realistic perspective on the challenges facing Qatar's ruling elite in ensuring the sustainability of development across various sectors

This research explores the evolution of global supply chains and their transformation into strategic tools for major industrial powers. By analyzing the roles countries play within these chains, it sheds light on the structural gap between hubs of innovation and peripheral manufacturing zones. The study highlights the vulnerabilities of global supply chains amid rising geopolitical tensions, pandemics, and technological rivalries. The study employs a descriptive analytical methodology to trace the evolution of global supply chains and identify factors affecting their stability. It concludes that global economic stability now hinges not only on market performance, but on the resilience and strategic management of cross-border supply systems.

This study examines the role of the Kuwaiti National Assembly in advancing political reform after 2020, focusing on the enacted legislation and its impact on enhancing public participation and maintaining a balance of powers. The findings indicate that the Assembly contributed through legislation and oversight to support reform; however, its effectiveness remained limited due to tensions between the executive and legislative authorities, socio-tribal influences, and weak civil society institutions. Laws addressing corruption media regulation, and protection against domestic violence represented significant steps toward promoting transparency and expanding public freedoms, despite ongoing political, social, and economic challenges. The study concludes that the future of political reform in Kuwait depends on three possible scenarios: progressive institutional reforms, political stagnation, or continuation of the status quo. Strengthening the Assembly’s authority and activating civil society institutions are essential for ensuring democratic sustainability, political stability, and long-term development.

The spread of drugs of all kinds has become a serious threat at the individual and societal levels in Iraq. This issue has emerged and worsened with the complexity of the circumstances and the increasing psychological pressures and economic burdens on the Iraqi individual and society.
This research sheds light on the issue of drugs and its effects in its social dimension. The research identified the societal effects of drugs in Iraq at the individual and social levels, as well as focused on finding ways to address them and the roles played by official and non-official institutions to limit the spread of this phenomenon and provide recommendations to the concerned authorities at the local and central levels from the perspective of participation in the design of public policies related to the subject of the research.

The international community is composed of a group of international and non-international actors, with no supreme central authority imposing and managing these actors within society. Each state enjoys sovereignty independent of other states. International interactions witness an increase in patterns of conflict and competition, while cooperation declines. This leads to the exacerbation of crises and conflicts between states, and subsequently to the prevalence of chaos in the international community. However, this does not prevent cooperation, whether broad or limited, between two or more states, for the purpose of achieving common interests and goals among the various members of the international community.

The United States of America was quick to condemn the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, describing it as a terrorist act, and to show military, intelligence, political and economic support, and to mobilize international support to provide cover for the military operation that Israel will carry out against Hamas in Gaza Strip
This clear position was based on its strategic determinants of its policy in the Middle East, considering Israel a fundamental pillar in it, which must preserve its security, taking into account that any tactical contradictions that appear in the relationship between the United States and Israel will not affect the essence of this policy. The relationship, such as the issue of allowing humanitarian aid to cross into the Gaza Strip, and protecting civilians.
American diplomacy played a role in marketing the Israeli narrative of the war, and prevented any Arab or international effort from issuing any Security Council resolution condemning Israel or forcing it to stop the war. In parallel, the US Department of Defense was constantly sending military aid and launching aircraft campaigns to deter Any party to intervene effectively alongside the resistance in Gaza, and to prevent the region from sliding into a comprehensive war.

The Iraqi economy is closely linked to crude oil prices, as Iraq relies on oil revenues to a high degree of 85% Consequently, fluctuations in oil prices in the international market significantly affect the instability of the Iraqi economy, including the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar, Because the rise and fall of oil prices controls the rise and fall of the dollar supply inside Iraq against the Iraqi dinar through oil revenues denominated in dollars, the oil price variable is one of the main factors affecting the value of the Iraqi dinar, Therefore, this study aims to analyze the economic relationship between the price of crude oil and the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the dollar using an analytical and quantitative approach. There are other variables that also affect the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar, including inflation. A rise in the general level of prices leads to a decline in the value of the Iraqi currency.

The concept of political stability does not differ from many other concepts in the humanities and political sciences, as it is characterized by ambiguity and complexity and lacks a comprehensive and universally accepted definition. It is a normative concept, meaning that the factors leading to the stability of one political system may, at the same time, cause instability in another. This concept represents an aspiration pursued by all nations and peoples, as it is regarded as a noble goal whose achievement brings about several key elements such as reconstruction, investment, development, progress, and growth.
Political stability cannot exist without a set of supporting factors and indicators, beginning with the orderly transfer of power, the establishment of legitimacy, and the ability to safeguard sovereignty, and culminating in the successful implementation of economic policies that promote individual welfare. Therefore, the stability of the political system is inherently linked to the stability and well-being of its citizens.

Extremism is a psychological and social phenomenon with political، religious، and societal implications، carrying negative consequences across all community spheres due to the emergence of unacceptable behaviors. The concept of extremism has been redefined to align with societal trends، individual experiences، and preconceived evaluations of personal and collective preferences.
Linguistically، extremism denotes a deviation from relative moderation، while its manifestations vary across societies based on differences in norms، values، and defined standards. It is a contested، relative concept lacking global consensus، given the abundance of theoretical contributions by thinkers. This stems from the fact that notions of extremism cannot be understood apart from power structures that label individuals or groups as "extremist “a designation that does not necessarily reflect their actual activities but rather their position within power dynamics.
The inherent ambiguity in defining extremism allows the concept to be weaponized as a political or social tool، whether to justify specific state policies or to recruit individuals into extremist organizations