Tikrit Journal for Political Science

We know that Africa as a continent occupies an important position in the global oil map, as oil production is concentrated in the West African region, with Nigeria at the forefront, followed by Libya, and then Algeria, and therefore African terrorism poses a direct threat to the security and stability of African regions, but its danger is more evident in the inability of the authority and the army to know in advance about the time and place of its occurrence.

Perhaps among the main factors that contributed to the high level of threat posed by African terrorism to national security is the fragility and political corruption that the Sahel and sub-Saharan region in general, the absence of development initiatives by governments, and the deepening of ethnic and tribal conflicts, which provides a fertile field for the activity of terrorist organizations and their striking at the stability and national security of the countries of the region.

Modern technological developments have contributed to the emergence of alternative media and their widespread spread, as they have become a means of attracting social classes of all ages and interests. Although these means have positive aspects, they have also revolutionized communication between people of different cultural and intellectual orientations. They are not devoid of Of the negative effects and because of its misuse, it is a double-edged sword and the user can break or modify it. Alternative media plays an important role in politics that cannot be ignored because they contribute to the growth of politics, as they have contributed to increasing political awareness among their users, and helping in formulating public policies and imposing oversight on them. Encouraging participation through political and electoral campaigns , Effective mobilization of individuals around common issues, changing perceptions of struggle and protest, the globalization of local political campaign issues, the spread of electronic political satire, and the emergence of so-called virtual or digital democracy, virtual or digital citizenship, and digital or electronic diplomacy.

This research reviews the modern discrimination and its political and social role and the important and pivotal role it played in shaping the national identity. It also discusses the research on activation in Yemen through which the diversity of the formation of Yemeni society is highlighted, which is characterized by diversity by establishing the concept of Hadhra and its important and influential role in the life of Yemeni society and the societal and economic roles it enjoys. The research on the political role of the tribe in Yemen also takes a more focused picture on the important and influential political role in shaping the Yemeni political scene, and so on, stimulating the capabilities and potentials to create a social, political and political environment to create a state of backwardness and security in the country

The Russia–Ukraine war, which erupted in February 2022, caused global disruptions that affected markets and economies worldwide, including the Middle East. As both Russia and Ukraine are major producers of grain and energy suppliers, oil, gas, and grain prices were directly impacted due to Western sanctions on Russia and disrupted Ukrainian exports.

In the Middle East, oil-exporting countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE benefited from the surge in oil prices, leading to significant budget surpluses and stronger public finances. On the other hand, energy-importing countries such as Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon struggled with rising fuel and food costs, which exacerbated inflation and strained national budgets.

Disruptions in wheat supplies also triggered a food crisis, particularly in nations heavily reliant on Ukrainian imports, such as Egypt. This situation has pushed several Arab countries to reconsider their agricultural and food security strategies.

Overall, the war has posed both challenges and opportunities, prompting Middle Eastern nations to diversify their economies and strengthen their food and energy security.

Deterrence as an effective strategy to implement the state's strategic goals is affected by internal and external factors as a system affected by inputs, most notably its basic requirements and the impact of the broader system - the international environment or the regional environment, and results in outputs that subsequently change due to the feedback of the environment, which in turn aims to achieve a limited goal in the movement of the system, and the Middle East region as an arena of geopolitical and strategic conflict between the major powers, the transformations that affected the region, especially after the events of Gaza and the Al-Aqsa Flood operation, led to the conflict of influence between all powers to draw Tailored Deterrence as a new strategy characterized by redeveloping the capabilities of these powers and thus achieving the strength of their deterrence and the credibility of their capabilities and capacities.

Drugs have become a serious challenge in Iraq after 2003 as a result of the security, economic and social changes that have occurred. After Iraq was a transit point for drugs, it has become a consumer and producer of them. Despite the great government efforts in enacting laws and tightening security control, the continuation of corruption, poverty, unemployment, economic and religious reasons and other factors hinder the efforts made, The effects of the phenomenon have clearly appeared and are visible and have a significant impact on the individual, Iraqi society, and the country’s national security, as they contribute to institutional funding and cause disruption in the social fabric. Therefore, there is no harm in a comprehensive strategy that combines legal security solutions and sudden awareness of the phenomenon.

The research explores the internal and external challenges faced by the Qatari elite in achieving sustainable development in Qatar. It discusses internal challenges such as economic fluctuations, lack of economic diversification, and issues in the agriculture and industrial sectors, among others. Additionally, it examines political challenges related to political reform, as well as social and cultural challenges in their various aspects. The study also addresses external challenges, including regional and diplomatic relations and their impact on development progress, along with regional security and its role in creating a stable environment to achieve the state’s strategic goals. The research aims to provide a realistic perspective on the challenges facing Qatar's ruling elite in ensuring the sustainability of development across various sectors